We always use language to talk about the world，If the statement in question makes sense，Then they should be related to the world in question。So，We can’t help but ask: How are language and the world related？The mainstream view is that，Some words that make up sentences "hook" to things in the world in some way，And bet365 joining bonus code is one of the ways。Assume that some words do refer to certain rules，Then what is the mechanism by which these words achieve bet365 joining bonus code，becomes the most basic question。

The problem of reference in language is very complex，There are many kinds of words that may have a referential function，such as bet365 joining bonus code、Index words、Limited descriptions, etc.。Among them，Proper names as pure referring devices are the main objects of reference research。There are two main research directions in the theory of bet365 joining bonus code reference: one is that，The semantic reference of a bet365 joining bonus code is determined by the descriptive content or cluster of descriptions associated with it，That is, description theory。Another way of thinking，The semantic reference of a bet365 joining bonus code is determined by some connection between the referent object and the use of the corresponding bet365 joining bonus code，The speaker does not need to associate any identifying descriptive content with this bet365 joining bonus code，A bet365 joining bonus code is equivalent to a "label" for the referent object，The theory of direct reference。The representative theory is the historical causality theory that believes that the connection between the use of proper names and their referents is a historical causal chain。Both theoretical directions can explain some language phenomena，But at the same time, we also face many difficulties，Many scholars try to find more theoretical resources for improvement。

In recent years，The idea that language is a convention has regained attention and discussion，Can we examine the reference of bet365 joining bonus code names from this perspective？Traditionally, people’s understanding of language convention is: “Everyone sits around a table，After some discussion，The language is finalized、Handled down。”However，The formation of a language convention always requires some statements，These statements require existing language conventions，So how is the original language convention possible？In order to solve this problem，David Lewis believes in "Convention Theory" that the formation of a convention in a given scene is a type of coordination problem。Two or more people each choose an action among several action options，If they choose the same action，Then everyone will benefit；If they choose a different action，It will cause everyone to suffer。For example，Without presetting relevant traffic regulations，People driving on the road，It doesn’t matter if a car drives on the left or on the right，It is important that other vehicles are also traveling on the same side of the road。If someone drives on the left，Some people drive on the right，Everyone is at risk of crashing。At this time，A car chooses to stay on the right or on the left，Depends on the driver’s expectations of other vehicles，That is, if other cars drive on the right，Then he chooses to stay to the right；If other cars drive on the left，Then he chooses to stay on the left。

How is coordination possible？Lewis believes that the key lies in a consistent system of common expectations。Reaching an agreement with help、Outstanding Features、Precedent and other methods，bet365 joining bonus code type of coordination game problem can achieve balance。On bet365 joining bonus code basis，A certain pattern of selection is formed，Everyone in the group follows bet365 joining bonus code rule，And everyone expects everyone else to follow bet365 joining bonus code pattern。If everyone else follows bet365 joining bonus code rule，Then you are willing to follow it，Consistent compliance with laws is coordination and balance。Lewis called bet365 joining bonus code phenomenon "convention"，And think it can be applied to languages。

Coordination problems can be divided into two major categories，Precedented coordination problems and unprecedented coordination problems。For cases where there is precedent，The method for achieving coordination and balance is that both the speaker and the listener jointly know the coordination and balance in one or more precedents，And these precedents are similar to current coordination issues。Both parties regard the selection and association in precedents as a regularity，bet365 joining bonus code regularity determines the realization of coordination and balance in precedents。Understanding the regularity of precedents，Both parties in the dialogue can make inferences and expectations about the other party based on bet365 joining bonus code regularity。Every time you follow the rules, it will accumulate into the experience of the speaker and the listener，And further guide them to follow such regularity in future scenarios，Continuously strengthen from bet365 joining bonus code。As long as the laws that are followed together represent a coordinated balance that is easy to achieve，Everyone is willing to follow as long as the other follows，Such a desire creates an expectation that the other party will comply，And such expectations will produce choices that follow regularity。bet365 joining bonus code phenomenon can be called the "agreement" between the speaker and the listener。

　For unprecedented situations，If both the speaker and the listener have certain language abilities and common knowledge，They can make a deal，Then bet365 joining bonus code will become the aforementioned situation with precedent。If there is no pre-existing language system between the speaker and the hearer，Unable to form a statement to reach an agreement，For example，Ancient humans who have not yet developed systematic language abilities，Can they reach an agreement？Brian Skyrms’ Darwinian evolutionary thought based on differential reproduction and natural variation，bet365 joining bonus code issue was studied using evolutionary game and trial-and-error learning theory，And believes that bet365 joining bonus code type of language protocol can emerge naturally。

Based on Lewis’s definition of “agreement”，Related linguistic phenomena combining proper names，We can define the "convention" in bet365 joining bonus code reference as follows。

In any sentence S in which the speaker and the hearer use the bet365 joining bonus code N to communicate in language，There is a certain regularity in the relationship between the bet365 joining bonus code N and the object O in the cognition of the speaker and the listener R，The conditions for this regularity to become an “agreement” are:

(1) bet365 joining bonus code follows R;

(2) bet365 joining bonus code else to follow R;

(3) bet365 joining bonus code to follow R，On condition that others follow suit。

Since this is a coordination problem，Consistent observance of R is a harmonious balance in the use of bet365 joining bonus code names in sentence S。

In communication sentences in which the bet365 joining bonus code N appears on specific occasions，If there is an agreement between the speaker and the hearer regarding the bet365 joining bonus code N and the object O，Then the bet365 joining bonus code N in this case refers to the object O。

Based on this definition，Historical causality theory combined with proper names，We can initially draw a picture of bet365 joining bonus code reference from an agreed perspective。In the natural evolution process of human beings，Some words and objects are gradually related，Then it further evolves into an increasingly complex language system。With the help of evolved language system，People can use related sentences or ostensive methods to perform some kind of naming ceremony。For example，Mother points to the newborn baby，Said to other people present: "I named him Zhang San。"At this time, the mother is the speaker，Other people present as listeners，An agreement was formed between them，That is, the bet365 joining bonus code "Zhang San" refers to this baby。Or not by actual reference，Determined by a cluster of descriptions，For example, the object described by descriptions such as "Teacher of Alexander the Great" is called "Aristotle"。

After the initial naming ceremony is completed，The speaker and the listener participating in the ceremony formed an agreement that the bet365 joining bonus code N refers to the object O，And they are all willing to follow this agreement。Based on the concept of community proposed by Gareth Evans，These people constitute a community in a certain sense，The author calls it "the agreed community of bet365 joining bonus code N referring to object O"。If members of this agreed community intend to refer to object O in a specific conversation scene，And judge that the listeners are both members of the agreed community，Then the speaker can expect the hearer to be willing to follow the community’s agreement，Choose to use bet365 joining bonus code N to form a statement；The hearer receives the bet365 joining bonus code N and makes a judgment about the speaker，If the intended speaker is a member of the agreed community of the referent object O of the bet365 joining bonus code N，And follow the community’s convention when using it，Then he associates the bet365 joining bonus code N to the object O，At this time, both parties have reached a coordination and balance。

If the speaker expects that the hearer is not a member of the agreed community，There may be no agreement between them about the object O referred to by the bet365 joining bonus code N，Then the speaker’s best choice is to reach an agreement with the listener in advance through a certain method，The listener who successfully reaches an agreement becomes a member of the agreed community，The speaker then chooses the bet365 joining bonus code N to organize the sentence。In the process of new members entering the agreed community，The chain of transmission is formed。Visible，Members within an agreed community form one or more transmission chains with the agreement as the link。As the chain continues to grow，The bet365 joining bonus code N that refers to the object O also spreads。

From this perspective，The formation of the referential relationship between proper names and objects can be explained in a more natural way，Take the mystery out of it，And the reference transfer、bet365 joining bonus code theory problems such as reference confusion can also be better handled。The community formed by agreement determines the relationship between proper names and object reference，Also compatible with the possibility of relationship changes，This is consistent with common phenomena in natural language practice。What’s more important，The related concepts of agreement have been more clearly described under modern game and evolutionary theory，Thus providing a powerful theoretical explanation for the formation and transmission mechanism of bet365 joining bonus code reference。Of course，The convention theory of language itself is still in the development stage，Issues such as the internal evolution of the agreed community and the interaction between agreed communities need to be discussed in depth，The problem of reference of proper names is also extremely complicated，Involving various fields of philosophy of language，There is still a long way to go to complete a complete theory of bet365 joining bonus code reference based on convention theory。

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 joining bonus code, Renmin University of China)