Intergenerational justice、Xenophobia、Terrorism and ecological environment issues，Consists of a severe challenge to the coexistence and development of mankind in today’s world。Morality as a norm for coordinating actions between people，Plays a key role in solving these problems。With the rapid development of science and technology，Some theorists and scientists try to solve these challenges faced by mankind through "Biomedical bet365 apuestas Enhancement"。The basic concept of biomedical ethics enhancement is，With the help of biomedical technology，Like stimulating nerves、Pharmacological and genetic intervention，Enhancing human bet365 apuestas abilities，Thus solving the bet365 apuestas problems of human society。The bet365 apuestas abilities involved include not only empathy、Trust and other human bet365 apuestas emotions，And includes some cognitive abilities related to morality，Such as the ability to understand bet365 apuestas judgment and the consequences of actions。

　New approaches to understanding biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement

Actually，People may be familiar with biomedical ethics enhancement。The sensational He Jiankui gene-edited baby incident in 2018，Already made people aware，Using biomedical means to interfere with basic human abilities，May bring about a series of complex ethical issues。In past research results，Most researchers do this by applying some existing normative ethical theory，Ethical evaluation of a dimension of biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement。For example，Main issues considered by theorists who support utilitarian ethics，Is whether biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement can achieve the greatest welfare for the greatest number of people in terms of consequences；Deontological theorists worry that biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement poses a threat to human dignity and autonomy；There are also some theorists focusing on human rights theory，Worried that enhanced biomedical ethics will violate human rights or have problems with enforcement。Although these theorists provide us with different ideas for understanding and regulating the problem of human bet365 apuestas enhancement，But these practices often presuppose the correctness of a certain normative ethical theory or rely on the justification of certain intrinsic values。Otherwise，There is no reason to believe that it is reasonable to apply these theories to the problem of human bet365 apuestas enhancement。Unfortunately，On the question of which normative ethical theory is bet365 apuestas truth and whether dignity and autonomy are intrinsic values，Philosophers do not agree。

The author thinks，The idea of ​​bet365 apuestas evolution provides a new way for people to understand biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement。The research approach of bet365 apuestas evolution theory is committed to applying the generally accepted evolutionary scientific theory to the field of morality，Thus the function of morality、Provide a set of naturalistic explanations for human bet365 apuestas psychology and its evolution。Understanding biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement from the perspective of bet365 apuestas evolution has the following advantages: First，The interdisciplinary nature allows this approach to make full use of resources and methods from various disciplines。Different from the previous purely normative ethics research approach，bet365 apuestas Evolution Theory Will Ethics、Political Philosophy、Anthropology、Biology、Medicine、Conceptual and methodological resources from archaeology and other fields are integrated，Thus having a broader perspective。Second，Previous research approaches can only explore biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement from one dimension，But the theory of bet365 apuestas evolution provides a more complete and systematic explanation for biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancement，And base it on a naturalistic account of the origin of morality。This also makes it independent of the truth of a particular normative ethical theory。

From the perspective of bet365 apuestas evolution，Why biomedical ethics enhancement is necessary，Because human bet365 apuestas psychology and bet365 apuestas abilities are naturally limited by evolution。Evolutionary explanation based on the origin of morality，Human morality evolved。Specifically，Morality was originally an adaptive product that humans evolved to adapt to the harsh living environment in prehistory。Its main function is to coordinate social behavior and manage internal conflicts among social members，Thus increasing human reproductive adaptability。Allen Buchanan examines the impact of the natural environment in the early stages of morality and the evolutionary process on human bet365 apuestas psychology，Considers that “core elements of human bet365 apuestas psychology are formed in conflicts between medium to large ethnolinguistic groups。and，‘Narrow altruism’, which is a combination of favoritism and empathy for the in-group and hostility and antipathy toward the out-group，It is one of the most cross-culturally powerful features of human bet365 apuestas psychology”。According to this explanation，Those groups that were able to evolve and act according to a bet365 apuestas system experienced greater reproductive returns，Groups that have not developed this kind of morality are eliminated by natural selection。

　The debate between evolutionary conservatism and evolutionary liberalism

This evolutionary explanation of the origin of morality well illustrates the limitations of human bet365 apuestas psychology in terms of empathy and tolerance of others，Thus it is generally accepted by people。However，On the issue of how people should carry out bet365 apuestas construction based on this fact，The evolutionary explanation of the origin of morality is divided into two camps: "evolutionary conservatism" and "evolutionary liberalism"。“Evolutionary conservatives” think，The evolved bet365 apuestas psychology can only support a limited kind of altruism。As pointed out by Stephen Asma，Human bet365 apuestas emotions “do not extend indefinitely into the vast realm of strangers and non-human animals”，Furthermore, human beings' altruistic tendencies can only act on the "emotional community" with whom they have a close blood relationship。So，People should reduce corresponding bet365 apuestas norms or lower bet365 apuestas requirements，To match bet365 apuestas norms with human bet365 apuestas psychology。As opposed to this，“Evolutionary liberals” argue，People should work hard to make limited human bet365 apuestas psychology consistent with modern bet365 apuestas judgment。Only by breaking through "narrow altruism" can we deal with the pressing bet365 apuestas issues existing in the modern world。

With the progress in the field of biomedicine，bet365 apuestas enhancement allows some "evolutionary conservatives" to see the possibility of breaking through evolutionary limitations。Therefore，They agree with “evolutionary liberals” on implementing biomedical bet365 apuestas enhancements。Since we only rely on natural evolution of human psychology，Unable to help mankind get rid of the exclusive and narrow-minded characteristics left over from prehistoric morality。Then，To solve the most pressing bet365 apuestas issues in modern life，We must use biomedical technical means，bet365 apuestas enhancement by changing the biological basis of humans。As Ingmar Persson and Julian Savulescu say，People’s evolved bet365 apuestas psychology is ‘short-sighted’，They are limited to focusing on nearby people and the near future”，And today, as the process of globalization accelerates，This evolved bet365 apuestas psychology is obviously no longer adaptive。Therefore we need to “improve the bet365 apuestas quality of citizens” through biomedical means，Expand the scope of their bet365 apuestas concerns beyond the small circle of acquaintances，Even future generations are included in the bet365 apuestas concerns of modern people”。

In fact，“Evolutionary conservatism” and “evolutionary liberalism” are like two sides of the same coin。They all hold a pessimistic attitude towards the development of human bet365 apuestas psychology - the development of human morality is completely limited by the prehistoric evolutionary process。With the support of this view，Evolutionary liberalism advocates the bold use of biomedical technology，Helping humans shorten the evolution process of bet365 apuestas psychology and bet365 apuestas ability，Through human intervention and design，Enable it to adapt to the great changes in modern society in a short period of time。Actually，A key premise for this proposition to be established is，Using biomedical means to enhance human bet365 apuestas abilities can indeed improve human bet365 apuestas standards，Thus resolving bet365 apuestas conflicts in modern life。And if biomedical ethics enhancement is adopted，It may not necessarily improve human bet365 apuestas standards，And we can also find other alternative solutions to improve human bet365 apuestas abilities or solve outstanding problems in modern society，So given the risks of enhanced biomedical ethics，We should consider the use of biomedical ethics enhancements more carefully。Here，We need to conduct a biocultural analysis combined with specific biological enhancement technology。

　Risks and limitations of biomedical ethics enhancement

The main scheme for bet365 apuestas enhancement proposed by Persson and Savulescu is，By injecting hormones such as oxytocin into the human body that can affect human bet365 apuestas emotions，Increase their ability to empathize，Thus causing people to have more prosocial responses。But we have at least three reasons to question，This solution may not be a better solution to the current bet365 apuestas problems faced by mankind。First，Although empathy can be achieved through people’s emotional reactions，Promote their concern for others，But as Jesse Prinz reminds us: “Empathy inevitably has limitations。”In other words，The development of human empathy is often limited by time and space。A large number of psychological studies show that，People are more likely to empathize with groups with whom they have had direct contact。Compared to a distant stranger，People’s ability to empathize always affects members of their own group first。In this case，Increased empathy does not necessarily lead to better compliance with universal bet365 apuestas norms，And in an environment where there is resource competition between groups，Stronger empathy will intensify people’s rejection of outside groups。Second，The fluctuation of hormone levels and the occurrence of empathy may only have a supervenient relationship rather than a causal relationship。The occurrence of empathy is often related to individual cognition and even past experience。If a person lacks experience about a certain experience，Then he may not understand in what sense that experience constitutes suffering，Therefore it is almost impossible to empathize with that experience。According to David Hume’s interpretation of the mechanism of human empathy，Empathy is essentially a process of projecting the actor’s own emotions and experiences onto the other party。This process will inevitably be affected by the limitations of the subject’s own experience and common cognitive biases。Therefore，Biomedical means may not necessarily promote the expansion of empathy。Third，Empathy means an extra level of concern and emphasis on a specific object，Therefore, empathy itself can also lead to some unfair behaviors。For example，Pointed out by Russell Powell，Empathy makes people pay more attention to those they feel the same way，But this attention is accidental，Others who failed to empathize may have been unfairly overlooked。Visible，Persson and Savulescu’s bet365 apuestas enhancement program does not necessarily improve people’s bet365 apuestas standards。As Powell pointed out，“When morality gets caught up in group identity、At a crisis of locality and concreteness...enhancing some of the biological underpinnings of prosociality may be counterproductive...many of the big ethical problems we face do not appear to stem from a lack of empathy per se，In fact, our current empathy is sufficient，But it is easily manipulated and misled，Thus fueling conflicts between groups or limiting people’s circle of care to within the group”。

Actually，The above issues are not limited to biomedical ethics enhancement programs that seek to enhance empathy，Any expectation through biomedical technology，A simple attempt to enhance some "bet365 apuestas ability"，All may not achieve their intended purpose。This is because，Morality is not just a product of natural evolution，It is also affected by social and cultural aspects。We can call this position biocultural evolution。According to this position，Compared to our hunter-gatherer ancestors，Modern human morality has shown considerable tolerance and altruism。The emergence of this bet365 apuestas progress，This is largely due to bet365 apuestas education and social and cultural construction。Analysis based on the theory of biocultural evolution，The emergence of modern bet365 apuestas problems is not due to the insufficient strength of certain human bet365 apuestas abilities，It’s because modern society itself lacks the conditions to inspire or promote people’s bet365 apuestas abilities。The theory of biocultural evolution reminds people，Biological basis is not the only decisive factor in human bet365 apuestas psychology and abilities。In fact，Cultural construction and bet365 apuestas education play a huge role in shaping human bet365 apuestas psychology and cultivating people's bet365 apuestas abilities。The development of cultural construction and bet365 apuestas education is inseparable from the material prosperity of society and the improvement of the overall cognitive level of society。History，Many significant bet365 apuestas advances，All are based on a series of social and cultural conditions being met。For example，The invention of the printing press；Significant increase in social literacy rate；The development of mature market economy；Progress in medical and health technology, etc.。

Therefore，If you want to solve the various bet365 apuestas challenges faced by modern society，Biomedical ethics enhancement may not be the best way out。First，Due to the irreversibility of biomedical technology’s transformation of human bet365 apuestas abilities，This method has greater risks than resorting to social and cultural methods。Secondly，The implementation process of biomedical ethics enhancement can change or deprive people of their emotions、Experience and even memory，Possible problems with personality identity。Finally，Because specific bet365 apuestas abilities may be distorted in certain circumstances，Even exploited。Therefore，Enhancing bet365 apuestas abilities only through biomedical technology，Without carrying out social and cultural innovation necessary for bet365 apuestas progress，Not only cannot solve modern bet365 apuestas problems，And it will turn the means to solve the problem into the problem itself。For now，The most reliable way to enhance bet365 apuestas ability is，Promote the improvement of people's bet365 apuestas abilities by creating an inclusive environment that is more conducive to bet365 apuestas education，At the same time, suppress people’s xenophobic bet365 apuestas reactions by improving the social factors that promote xenophobia and discrimination。

In summary，For the bet365 apuestas challenges faced by modern society，Biomedical ethics enhancement may be neither necessary，It also cannot achieve the expected effect。Therefore，Risks in biomedical technology are completely controllable，And before studying the development mechanism of bet365 apuestas ability at the socio-cultural level，We should all view biomedical ethics enhancement programs with caution。

(The author is a doctoral candidate at the School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China)