The Spring and Autumn Period in History,It is the prosperity of Chinese app bet365 download、The era of transformation,This means that Confucius has faced various forms of app bet365 download from the beginning,Existing vertical three generations of app bet365 download,There are also horizontal civilizations of states。Confucius’ view of app bet365 download is reflected in how to view and judge these forms of app bet365 download。
Civilized concept of profit and app bet365 download
For Xia、Businessman、app bet365 download form of the Three Dynasties,Confucius adheres to a "profit and loss" approach。When disciple Zi Zhang asked "How can we know the tenth life",Confucius replied: "Yin Yin Yu Xia Li,Profit and loss,It can be known;Zhou Yin Yu Yin Li,Profit and loss,It can be known;It may succeed Zhou,Though it can be known for a hundred generations。"("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng") Confucius' "ritual",It has transcended specific rituals and etiquette,It has become a kind of "ritual" with a civilized meaning,And "Xia Li", "Yin Li" and "Zhou Li",means summer、Businessman、The form of ritual and music app bet365 download in the Zhou Dynasty。In the process of changing dynasties,Profits and losses between different civilizations are a normal state。Maybe it’s because of Xia、Due to insufficient documents from the Shang Dynasty,"Xia Li,I can speak,Qi is not enough to sign it;Yin Li,I can speak,Song Dynasty is not enough to conquer。There is insufficient documentation。Foot,Then I can conquer them” ("The Analects of Confucius·Bayi")。“Documents” are classics that carry app bet365 download。Qi、Song Dynasty is a Xia people、After the Yin people,"Xia Li" and "Yin Li" due to insufficient documentation,Can’t see its full picture,So we can only "speak" but not "conquer"。In comparison,Xia、Businessman、Three generations,Confucius was more devoted to "Zhou Rites",High praise for Zhou people’s app bet365 download,"Zhou Jian was in the second generation,Yu Yu Hu Wen Zai,I Congzhou。” ("The Analects of Confucius·Bayi") on the basis of the profits and losses of "Xia Li" and "Yin Li","Zhou Rites", that is, the app bet365 download of the Zhou people, has undergone changes。From the perspective of expression,Zhou people’s app bet365 download not only includes the app bet365 download of “ritual” and “music”,Also includes "poetry" and "book" app bet365 download;From the inner meaning,“Morality” became the core theme of Zhou people’s app bet365 download,The concept of "virtue" spread across all fields of Zhou app bet365 download,So much so that Wang Guowei inferred: the result of the dramatic political and cultural changes during the Yin and Zhou dynasties,He is the "Emperor" of Zhou people、Princes、Qing、Doctor、Science、Common people form a moral group"。
"I follow Zhou" shows Confucius' admiration for Zhou app bet365 download;But "obey" does not mean blind obedience、Follow,Shows that Confucius did not lose his rational judgment on the form of app bet365 download。"It may succeed the Zhou Dynasty,Though it can be known for a hundred generations”,Zizhang asked how to know the future,Confucius asked Xia、Businessman、The selection process of three generations of app bet365 download,Summarize the "profit and loss" of app bet365 download。This way of "profit and loss",From Confucius’ rational judgment on the continuity of civilizations in the three generations,“It can be known for a hundred generations” is Confucius’ philosophical explanation of the changes in the form of app bet365 download,This is also his theoretical presupposition on the continuity of Chinese app bet365 download。
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Confucius’ “Ancestors Narrated Yao and Shun”,Charter Civil and Military。"("Book of Rites· Doctrine of the Mean") But,Even in the face of the saints Yao and Shun,Confucius did not worship him either,But adopt a very sober and rational attitude。“Zigong said: ‘If there is a gift to the people,And can help everyone,He Ru?It can be said to be benevolent?'Confucius said: 'What is the matter with benevolence,Biye Shenghu!Yao and Shun were still sick!’” ("The Analects of Confucius·Yongye") Zigong believes that "giving generously to everyone" can be called "benevolence",Confucius thought that if it could really be like this,It does not stop at the level of "benevolence",But it has reached the realm of "holy"。However,Yao and Shun did not reach this situation,“Yu Bing” has its shortcomings。Visible,The state of “sainthood” is not achieved overnight,It also requires a kind of effort to improve morality。The last article of "The Analects" lists Yao's admonitions to surrender to Shun,Shun surrendered to Yu's resignation,Confucius’s emphasis was not on the abdication of the throne,But "poor everywhere",Heavenly fortune will last forever”,“I am guilty,Nothing is possible;Wan Fang is guilty,The sin is my fault" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yao said") sense of worry,is one of the "respectful ones",Trial Method,Repair and abolish officials,The government of the four directions is carried out" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yao said") from generation to generation,They carry the institutional app bet365 download of early China、Political app bet365 download。Compared to the abdication of Emperor Yao and Shun,Confucius paid more attention to the historical achievements of Yao and Shun in creating early Chinese app bet365 download。
Although Confucius admired Zhou app bet365 download,But he did not belittle other regions、Bangguo、The app bet365 download level of the dynasty。Judging from the civilizational achievements of past dynasties,Confucius saw its "profit and loss",At the same time, we advocate equal treatment of its contribution to app bet365 download,"The time of summer,Cheng Yin's chariot,Serving Zhou Zhimian,Le Ze "Shao" dance" ("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Linggong")。"Xia Shi", "Yin Ren" and "Zhou Mian" are the civilizational achievements of various early Chinese dynasties,Each has its own strengths and uses,This shows that Confucius values the diversity and originality of app bet365 download。"Shao" is the joy of Emperor Shun,"Wu" is the joy of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty,"Zi said "Shao",‘It’s perfect,Also good。'Calling "Martial Arts",‘It’s perfect,Not perfect。’” ("The Analects of Confucius·Bayi") "end" means "stop" and "extreme",Emperor Shun's "Shao" is happy to stop at "perfection" and "perfection",That is, the perfect unity of moral spirit and aesthetic spirit;Although "Wu" music is part of Zhou people's app bet365 download,“Not perfect” means there are still deficiencies in moral spirit,It has not reached the state of being both "perfect" and "perfect"。Visible,Compared with dynasty changes,Confucius is more inclined to a value orientation that prioritizes app bet365 download。
With King Wen from the Western Zhou Dynasty、Compared to King Wu,For the survivors of the Yin Shang Dynasty and their outstanding figures in the east,app bet365 download also adopted the attitude of "treating everyone equally",Also promised "benevolent people", "sage people" and "easy people"。"Go away with the particles,Ji Zi is a slave,Bi Gan remonstrated and died。app bet365 download said: ‘Yin has three benevolences。’” ("The Analects of app bet365 download: Wei Zi") Boyi、Shu Qi is the son of Dongfang Guzhujun,app bet365 download praised it,"Bo Yi、Shu Qi does not remember the old evil,Resentment is the use of hope。" ("The Analects of app bet365 download·Gongye Chang") "app bet365 download said: 'If you don't lower your ambitions,Do not disgrace yourself,Bo Yi、Uncle Qiyu!’” ("The Analects of app bet365 download: Wei Zi") Another place promises "virtuous people" and "benevolent people","Say: 'Who is Boyi Shuqi?'?’ said: ‘The sages of ancient times’。' said: 'Resentment?' said: 'Seek benevolence and gain benevolence,Why complain?’” ("The Analects·Shuer")
From the perspective of differences in different regions,Confucius also upheld the value orientation of giving priority to app bet365 download,"The son wants to live in Jiuyi。Or: ‘humble’,Ruzhihe?’Confucius said: ‘The gentleman lives here’,What a shame!’” ("The Analects·Zihan") Spring and Autumn Period,The "Nine Barbarians" belong to Chu、Wu、Vietnam Three Kingdoms,The Warring States Period was exclusive to Chu State,Its area is on the edge of Chinese app bet365 download,"shabby",That is, low level of app bet365 download,A gentleman symbolizes a higher level of app bet365 download,"Living" refers to his words and deeds、Appearance,Can it contribute to civilized assimilation。In reply to Zi Zhang,“The Master said: ‘Speak faithfully and be faithful’,Be respectful and respectful,Although a barbaric country is doing well。Unfaithful words,Disrespectful behavior,It’s okay to be in the state?’” ("The Analects of Confucius·Wei Linggong") Man,Southern Barbarian;貊,Beidi。“Loyalty” and “reverence” are the normative requirements for a gentleman’s words and deeds,Confucius believed that even a "barbarian country",We should also pursue the cultivation of the quality and personality of "loyalty in words" and "respect in deeds",Meet the quality requirements of Chinese app bet365 download for the words and deeds of a gentleman。Confucius’ value orientation of “app bet365 download first”,It is a pair of sages、Dynasty change、Regional differences、Beyond race differences,Demonstrates a focus on diversity、Inclusiveness、Rich app bet365 download orientation。
The civilized dimension of “benevolence”
The State of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period,Although politics、The economic strength cannot be compared with the Five Hegemons of Spring and Autumn Period,But it is a center of app bet365 download。This point can be supported by two documents,The first is "Zuo Zhuan·The Second Year of Zhao Gong",Han Xuanzi of Jin State visited Lu State,Sent a sigh: "The rites of Zhou are all in Lu!I now know the virtues of Duke Zhou and the reason why he is the king of Zhou。"The second is recorded in "Historical Records: Lu Family","The Emperor of Lu You is a man of ritual and music,To praise the virtues of Duke Zhou”,This makes Lu the "center of the center" of Zongzhou app bet365 download。Compared to Duke Huan of Qi、The "dominance" of Jin Wengong and other princes over other weak states,Confucius advocated the diplomatic strategy of "being gentle" and "educating"。The Ji family of Lu State will conquer Zhuanyu,Zhuanyu is a small vassal state of Lu,Ji wants to take it for himself。Confucius believed that Zhuan Yu was the first king to seal the country,Indestructible;It is located in the territory of Lu State,No need to cut it down。Confucius’s disciple Ran Qiu not only gathered for the Ji family,And conspired with the Ji family,Confucius said to Ran Qiu: "This is what I am doing,People from far away are dissatisfied,I came here to cultivate literature and virtue。Come now,Just be safe。" ("The Analects of Confucius·Ji") Confucius responded to Duke Ai's political inquiry,Believe that there are "Nine Classics" to govern the world,Among them, "Rou Yuanren" and "Huai Princes" are listed at the end,"Rouyuan people,Then all directions return;Happy princes,The world will be afraid of it"。Visible,"Xiuwende" "Rouyuanren",This is the diplomatic strategy that Confucius always affirmed。
For this,I’m afraid app bet365 download’s evaluation of Guan Zhong is the most outstanding。Zilu、Zigong criticized Guan Zhong,“Zi Lu said: ‘Dong Huan killed the young master to correct the problem,Zhao suddenly died,Guan Zhong is not dead。’ said: ‘It’s not benevolent’?’app bet365 download said: ‘Gong Huan and the nine princes’,Not with chariots,Guan Zhongzhi’s power。Ru Qiren!Ru Qiren!’” ("The Analects·Xianwen") "Zigong said: 'Guan Zhong is not a benevolent person'?Dong Huan killed the young master to correct the problem,Can’t die,Also。’app bet365 download said: ‘Guan Zhongxiang Huan Gong,Overlords,Yi Kuang Tian Xia,The people are now receiving its blessings。Microtubules,I was sent to the left。How can we forgive each other?,I’ve been through the ditches but I don’t know it。’” ("The Analects of app bet365 download·Xianwen") Zilu said "Isn't it benevolent",Zigong judged Guan Zhong as "not a benevolent person",app bet365 download said, "Be as benevolent as you are"!Ru Qiren!”Judge Guan Zhong。
What is the profound meaning of Confucius repeatedly stating his position to his disciples?Spring and Autumn Period,Guan Zhong was an early thinker who realized the difference between "Yi" and "Xia"。"Zuo Zhuan·Min Gongyuan" records: "Guan Jingzhong (Guan Zhong) said to the Marquis of Qi: 'Rong Di Jackal',Not disgusting。Zhu Xia intimacy,Can’t abandon it。’” “disgusted” means satisfied,"Intimacy" means identity。Min Gong Year,Beidi Faxing,Entered the Guards the following year,Qi Huangong saves Xing、Cunwei,Promoting the rise of Qi’s hegemony,This period coincided with the "crossing between Southern Yi and Beidi",At the time of crisis when China is as endless as a line" ("The Legend of Gongyang: The Ten Years of Duke Xi")。"Zhuxia" refers to Chinese app bet365 download,Guan Zhong advocates maintaining the order of Chinese app bet365 download。Confucius did not evaluate Guan Zhong based on the small etiquette of daily life,But at the height of Chinese app bet365 download,Fully affirmed Guan Zhong’s historical contribution to Chinese app bet365 download。First,"Being given a left-hand collar" is a custom among Yi and Di,It is a barbarian lifestyle that is opposite to app bet365 download,"Micro-Guan Zhong" is a hypothetical sentence pattern,Referring to Guan Zhong maintaining the purity of Chinese app bet365 download;Second,"Nine princes" and "one world",Referring to Guan Zhong's maintenance of the unity of Chinese app bet365 download;Third,"The people are now receiving its blessings",Confucius praised Guan Zhong for his contribution to correcting Chinese app bet365 download,Enable Chinese app bet365 download to benefit the people of the world。This is the profound meaning of Confucius' "ru Qiren" thought,“Benevolence” also gained a “civilized” dimension。
Confucius lived a wandering life,But what he is thinking about most is the sacred mission of inheriting Chinese app bet365 download。"King Wen has neither,The article is irrelevant?Heaven will mourn the loss of gentle people,The deceased shall not be with Yu Siwen;Heaven has not lost its grace yet,What should Kuang people do??” ("The Analects of Confucius·Zihan") As long as the lineage of Chinese app bet365 download still exists,As long as "Heaven" is not "elegant",Confucius never forgot his sacred mission,This is Confucius’ consciousness and responsibility for the inheritance of Chinese app bet365 download。
(The author is a professor app bet365 download School of Philosophy and Sociology, Hebei University)
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