"Mill's Notes" is an experimental text written by the young Marx when he first encountered political economics，Because of its relatively concentrated commentary, it has become an important link in understanding the logical evolution of Marx's thought at this time。Based on MEGA2, a detailed examination of the historical context of economic thought and its complex theoretical effects of the evolution of bet365 offer logic in "Mill's Notes"，will help us deeply grasp the ideological development process of young Marx，Rethinking the relevant debates in the current academic circles。

There has been a long-term debate in the academic community surrounding the writing order and theoretical status of "Mill's Notes" and "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" (hereinafter referred to as "1844 Manuscripts")，And has achieved fruitful results in literature research and ideological and logical interpretation，Mainly includes three interpretation modes。The first is Zhang Yibing、The “precursor theory” represented by Wei Xiaoping and other scholars，That is, "Mill's Notes" were written before the "1844 Manuscript"；The second is Erabim、The "middle theory" represented by Han Lixin and other scholars，That is, "Muller's Notes" were written in "1844 Manuscript" Notebook I and Notebook II、between III；The third one is Taubert、Luo Yang、“The Later Theory” represented by Yao Shunliang and other scholars，That is, "Mill's Notes" were written after Notebook III of the "1844 Manuscript"。Although the latter two views are supported by most scholars，But it still needs to be discussed in depth。Some scholars deny the first view from a philological perspective，Based on the fact that Marx did not directly quote the works of Ricardo and Mill in Notebook I of the 1844 Manuscript。But actually，Marx already made use of the theoretical resources of Ricardo and Mill in Notebook I。For example，Marx pointed out in the "wages" column，The expansion of division of bet365 offer and accumulation of capital have reduced workers to machines。You will find out by comparing the relevant excerpts in "Paris Notes"，This expression comes from Marx’s excerpts and commentaries on the works of Ricardo and Mill。This shows，The tracing of Marx’s theoretical origins cannot be based solely on direct text quotations，It is also necessary to combine the clues hidden in Marx’s excerpts and notes。Some scholars emphasize from the ideological and logical level that the alienation of communication in "Mill's Notes" is higher than the alienation of bet365 offer in Notebook I，The reason is: the former demonstrates Marx’s social relations perspective，Constitutes the bud of criticism toward historical materialism and even fetishism，The latter stays in the subject-object relationship structure of isolated individuals。But the problem is: (1) The core of bet365 offer alienation is not an isolated subject-object relationship，It is the exploitative relationship between bet365 offer and capital behind private property；(2) The social relationships in "Mill's Notes" are mainly exchange relationships，The freedom and equality it represents is just an ideological illusion，Obscuring the private property and its exploitative essence as its premise。Therefore，The perspective of social relations at this time is not a scientific insight。To further clarify the above issues，We need to return to the intrinsic connection between the deep political economic context of "Mill's Notes" and the logic of alienation。

By examining the second chapter of "Paris Notes"、Three notebooks can be found，Say、The works of Skalpek and Smith showed Marx the picture of "commercial society" in the context of political economy。First，The motivation of the agent comes from self-interest and needs。Skarpek emphasizes，People’s altruistic behavior is motivated by selfishness to satisfy their own needs。Smith pointed out，People’s exchange behavior is a natural tendency out of self-interest，And thus construct a commercial society。Second，The premise of commodity exchange is the recognition of private property。Say emphasized，Private property is recognized possession。Skarpek further pointed out，Property rights are the first basic condition for commodity exchange。Third，Currency is the universal intermediary for commodity exchange。Skarpek and Smith identified the value measure and exchange function of currency respectively，That is, money gives exchange value a material form of existence，Otherwise exchange value is just an abstraction，Thus becoming a common commercial method for all civilized nations。This just constitutes the entry point for Marx to construct the theory of communication bet365 offer in "Mill's Notes"。He pointed out，The essence of money is that the intermediary activities (social actions) of human products are alienated into the attributes of things external to human beings。Compared to Hess’s appropriation of Feuerbach’s logic of religious bet365 offer and direct comparison of currency to God，Marx more accurately grasped the intermediary function and bet365 offer structure of money，Thus, money is compared to Christ: Christ, as the intermediary between God and man, manifests the double bet365 offer of the two，Currency as an intermediary between people and things manifests itself in the double bet365 offer of people and things。Later，Marx continued to explore the origins of the development of private property into money along the lines of economics: people’s tendency to communicate will inevitably develop into exchange，Exchange based on private property will inevitably develop into value。Value is an abstract relationship between private properties，Currency is the realistic way of existence of this abstract relationship。Visible，At this time, Marx consciously realized that money is an abstract value relationship or social relationship with the help of the thoughts of Smith and Skarpek。

Then，Marx analyzed individuals and their social nature in commercial society from a philosophical humanistic perspective。He pointed out，National economics explores the common nature of people in the form of exchange and trade，This common essence arises from individual needs and egoism，is realistic、living、The direct product of a special individual actively realizing his or her existence。Because human nature is self-alienation，Therefore，This common essence must be presented in the form of alienation。It can be seen from this，The picture of commercial society painted by Smith and others constitutes the direct theoretical background of Marx’s theory of communicative alienation，But the appearance of equal exchange demonstrated by the concept of commercial society itself conceals the exploitative essence of private property as its premise，If we only stay at the level of communication and alienation，It is impossible to break through the implicit constraints of this bourgeois ideology。Therefore，Marx did not stop there，But a keen awareness of the reality of “living work”，And then shift from alienation of communication to alienation of bet365 offer。

Marx pointed out，The premise of the exchange relationship is that bet365 offer becomes direct bet365 offer for a living。The context of the appearance of "bet365 offer for a living" comes from the clues of "division of bet365 offer-bet365 offer machines-private property based on exploitation" in "Paris Notes"。Marx via Say、Recognized by the works of Smith and others，Division of bet365 offer can improve productivity、Promote social welfare，It will deprive and devalue personal abilities。The inherent contradictions in the division of bet365 offer constitute the overall economic context of Marx’s concern about livelihood bet365 offer，And reached its culmination in Ricardo。Marx saw through Ricardo，On the one hand，Workers work just to get the minimum wage to survive，Thus falling into widespread poverty，Reduced into a "bet365 offer machine"；On the other hand，Private property based on deprivation is a necessary prerequisite for capital accumulation，Workers become machines that create private interests for capitalists。This means that the deprivation of private property is the root cause of "bet365 offer becoming bet365 offer for a living"，It is also the foundation of business society。Anyway，Marx saw the extremely contradictory situation of real bet365 offer in the context of political economics: bet365 offer is an important source of creating wealth and value，But suffered cruel exploitation under bourgeois private ownership，Reduced to making a living。For that matter，Some scholars have suggested that "bet365 offer for a living" should be translated as "bet365 offer for profit", which just ignores this important aspect。This actually constitutes the theoretical activation point for Marx to initially construct the theory of bet365 offer alienation from a humanistic perspective。

Based on business society and livelihood bet365 offer in the context of political economy，Marx initially constructed the theory of bet365 offer alienation under humanistic discourse。First，Marx pointed out that the realistic roots of alienated bet365 offer as subsistence bet365 offer are: First, subsistence bet365 offer and its products lose direct contact with the needs and missions of workers，It completely depends on "alien social combination"。Division of bet365 offer and exchange make bet365 offer increasingly one-sided，Making people into highly abstract beings。The theoretical support here obviously comes from the business society picture of Smith and others and Ricardo’s concept of “bet365 offer machine”。Second, the production and consumption of products are separated，The root lies in the bet365 offer and ownership caused by capital’s monopoly of private property、The separation of bet365 offer and capital。This perspective of the exploitative relationship between bet365 offer and capital became an important opportunity for Marx to begin to break the logic of alienation in communication。Secondly，On this basis, Marx preliminarily elaborated on the four manifestations of bet365 offer alienation: the alienation and contingency of bet365 offer on the bet365 offer subject、The alienation and contingency of bet365 offer to bet365 offer objects、The mission of workers depends on social needs、Sustaining survival is the only purpose of workers。From this，We can draw the following conclusions: First，At this time, the overall logical framework of Marx’s bet365 offer alienation theory is still an exchange relationship，But he is concerned about the living conditions of workers and the implicit relationship between bet365 offer exploitation and class antagonism，Constitutes the germ of his comprehensive construction of the humanistic bet365 offer alienation theory in the "1844 Manuscript"。Second，At this time, Marx’s bet365 offer alienation theory lacks the link of “sublating alienation”，But he later constructed the complete logic of the bet365 offer alienation theory by drawing on Hegel’s negative dialectics。

　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Youth Project “Research on bet365 offer ‘Notes on Machinery and Technology’ and Historical Materialism Innovation” (21CZX002))

(The author is an associate professor at the Marxist bet365 offer Theory Research Center and Department of Philosophy, Nanjing University)