How to perceive the problems of others and physical and mental problems.。17th Century，Descartes has opened up in modern Western philosophy "asymmetric" and he perceives tradition -we are directly accessible to our own mental state，And the mental state of others is mysterious for us、Can't directly reach。This is unable to directly access，Awareness of his mind constitutes a special challenge。After Descartes，The discussions on this theme in the history of philosophy are mainly: analogy demonstration、Comemism argument、Symbol Linguistics Anximity、Sumulatory argument、hypothesis -interpretation certificate, etc.。Where，The impact of analogy demonstration is the most far -reaching。

The pioneer of the analogy demonstration is J. Mill (J. Mill)。Based on Cartesian's non -symmetrical prerequisites，Mier thinks，Although it can’t directly perceive the mental state of others，But we observe the behavior of others，The similarities between the behavior of others and our behavior，It can be inferred。The analogy demonstration of the analogy proposed by Mier is via Russell、Development of Aerner and others，It has become the main solution for dealing with his mind -perception issues for a long time。

Despite the huge impact of analog argument，But it has been violently criticized since it was proposed。For example，Vitgustein and Strawson (P. Strawson) and other linguists have denied the legitimacy of analogy reasoning，It bet365 best casino games is advocated that we cannot describe the description of their own mental state of the first person as the subject of the first person. Phenomenologist denies the premise of analogy demonstration "He can't reach"，Emphasize that the mental state of others can be directly perceived in our interaction with others。

A fact，When philosophers try to eliminate his heart problems in a way of disrupting analogy,，Only to truly touch the theoretical core of his mind -how can we perceive the mental state of others in different ways and achieve interaction with others? today，This problem is not just a philosophical problem，It is also a scientific question。To answer, he feels so complicated questions，Cross -disciplinary vision that must be resorted to the cross -disciplinary vision of philosophy and empirical science。D. Dennett once distinguished two different levels of mental philosophical research: sub-personal levels (Sub-Personal Level) and Personal Level。The explanation of the Asian -level interpretation resort to the events and processes in the brain and nervous system; the explanation of the whole person level regards others as a actor who can make a choice based on his beliefs and judgments。

From the perspective of the Asian level，The process of his mind perception is the brain based on the current sensory evidence (can be the words of others we heard、Observe the action and expression of others)，Use hierarchical generation model，The process of probability prediction of the mental state of others。In recent years，This kind of "Predictive Processing" model based on neuroscience to explain the way to social phenomena，The attention of more bet365 Play online games and more philosophers。The basic idea of ​​predicting the processing model is that the brain is a probability -based reasoning system，It is based on the existing perception structure and the current sensory input，Terminal nerve stimulation cycle between different levels，This generates the best prediction results about the cause of a conscious distant cause。

In social situations，The brain predicts the probability of the mental state of others in the same way。For example，Seeing his crimson face，I predict his inner shyness; see his gesture，I predict that he intention to pick up the water cup to drink water。but but，When I predict others，Others are also predicting me。When the prediction results of the brain are basically the same as the current sensory input，We have reached a understanding of others; when the prediction results of the brain do not match the current sensory input，There is a prediction error。At this time，High -level neural circuit adjusts the prediction error by rapid conscious reasoning or taking physical action，The best prediction of the mental state of others。So，From the perspective of neural information processing，His mind perception is a two -way prediction between the brain that is similar but different in the form.，Process to obtain the best prediction results。In this sense，Language、Body Behavior、Emotions, etc. are a means to spontaneously derived to minimize prediction errors about others。

We see，This theoretical model that highlights the neurodynamics of the brain eliminates the "mystery" of his mind perception，It provides a concise and clear explanation for his neural process Bet365 app download at the sub -individual level at the sub -individual level。but，As Dannite realized: "If we ignore the level of the whole person，Then we ignored in the real sense (the core content of the personal mental state)。"So，We not only need to pay attention to the explanation of his mind -mindedness at the bottom sub -individual level，I also need to pay attention to the explanation of the top -down individual level。Interpretation of the individual level of the subtype，The explanation of the whole person level first regards others as a rational actor who takes action in the world in the world。This means，His perception not only involves two -way predictions between the brain nerve levels，It also involves the fine and complex body coupling between us and others。

Berkley's extreme subjectism emphasizes the personal nature of perception，Kant's priority idealism emphasizes the general validity of knowledge。But Mero-Ponter hopes to unify the two in the experienced experience。He emphasizes，Perception first in consciousness。For example，When we touch a piece of cloth with our hands，The experience of fabric is a real and full touch experience。This experience has not been consciously transformed，It is the original experience presented by the fabric itself。In this sense，The Performance World is not a pure physical world，It is not a world constructed by pure conscious activities，but a "man and the world、with others、A living environment for dealing with yourself。When we deal with others，We "neither put others in being free，Do not place others in itself "。On the contrary，We and others Bet365 lotto review participated in a inter -subjective perspective: "There is reasonableness，This means，Confirmation of the perspective，Confirmation of perception，A certain meaning appears "，It seems like I feel the left hand that needs the right hand to touch the right hand，Our perception of his heart also comes from the interaction of both parties。

From the view of Merlot Ponty，The interaction between us and others is essentially a physical interaction between the subject。In other words，In social situations，We always perform movement of the emotions and actions of others、A target -oriented and emotional physical response。On the one hand，This kind of movement -perception guidance is not based on common、Above the world model from the situation，but built in a specific social situation，but built in a specific social situation，This kind of movement -perception -guided activity has a basic understanding function。The premise of the intention of others in action，Movement with others -perception coupling to achieve understanding of others。

In recent years，M. Ratcliffe and S. Stuart, etc., further developed Merlot Ponte's insight into physical insights through the concept of "Enkinasthesia".。The concept of joint consciousness contains two levels: the nerves of the subject -muscle dynamic process (including the sense of own experience and action)，and an emotional experience that has a fusion due to others。Ratcirov emphasized，Our interaction with others is essentially a body of "Experiential Entanglement": "The experience of the world cannot be separated from a person's body; the two are completely Bet365 lotto review inseparable。Experience about the body and the world is involved in the originality of phenomenon，Both are not independent of each other。”

Stuart also regards physical experience as the basis of the inter -subjective construction: "We are essentially conscious and united，Being able to perceive your physical movement and exercise in the world，At the same time, it can be in interdependence、Emotional nerves -muscle time flow，Emotionally influence others and affected others emotionally，Sports and exercise。This kind of perceived body perception relationship is unfolding (through our perception imagination and its related physical consciousness expectations) together affects how we shape and adapt to the world，and how we will adapt to these changes。》 "Through union experience，We not only perceive the emotions of others、Intent and desire，Bring the changes in other people's actions back to themselves and actively respond to others。This means，When I see the angry expression of others，My brain not only predicts this observed facial expression as a emotion named "Angry"，At the same time, my body also made a positive response: I also felt the emotion of anger or fear，Even takes escape to avoid damage, etc.。

Therefore，The process of perception of others not only involves the nerve construction of the brain，It also involves the body's perception experience。Speaking from the sub -individual level，The brain is based on the existing experience structure and the current sensory input，The best prediction of the mental state of others; in terms of individual levels，Others are not only our conscious objects，It is a rational Bet365 app download actor who can respond and interact with it。In this picture,，Brain and body、Perception and action、Self and others are inseparable。

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(The author is a professor at the Department of Philosophy of East China Normal University)