The problem of how to perceive bet365 sportsbook review and the mind-body problem are considered to be the two basic problems in the philosophy of mind。17th century，Descartes started the "asymmetric" tradition of other-mind perception in modern Western philosophy - we are directly accessible to our own mental state，The mental states of bet365 sportsbook review are mysterious to us、Not directly accessible。This lack of direct accessibility，Consists a special challenge to other people’s perception。After Descartes，The discussions surrounding this topic in the history of philosophy mainly include: argument by analogy、Behaviorist Argument、Symbolic language argument、Inductive Argument、Hypothesis-deductive proof, etc.。Among them，Analogy argument has the most far-reaching influence。

The founder of the analogy argument is Mill (J. Mill）。The premise of other-mind perception based on Descartes asymmetry，Mill believes，Although it is impossible to directly perceive the mental state of bet365 sportsbook review，But we show it by observing the behavior of bet365 sportsbook review，Be able to detect similarities between the behavior of bet365 sportsbook review and our behavior，From this we can infer that bet365 sportsbook review have similar mental states as us。The analogy argument proposed by Mill through Russell、The development of Ayer and bet365 sportsbook review，Became the main solution for dealing with the problem of other mind perception for a long time。

Although the analogy argument has a huge impact，But it has been severely criticized since it was proposed。For example，Wittgenstein and Strawson (P. Strawson) deny the legitimacy of analogical reasoning，Proposes that we cannot use the description of our own mental state using the first person as the subject to describe the mental state of bet365 sportsbook review using the second person and the third person as the subject；Scheller and Gallagher (S. Gallagher) and other phenomenologists deny the premise of the analogy argument that "other minds are inaccessible"，Emphasize that the mental state of bet365 sportsbook review can be directly perceived in our interactions with bet365 sportsbook review。

In fact，When philosophers try to resolve the other-mind problem by subverting the argument from analogy，This really touches on the theoretical core of other people’s perception - how we perceive other people’s mental states in different ways and achieve interaction with bet365 sportsbook review？Today，Such a question is no longer just a philosophical question，Also a scientific question。To answer such complex questions as other people’s feelings，Must resort to an interdisciplinary perspective at the intersection of philosophy and empirical science。Dennett (D. Dennett once distinguished two different levels in the study of philosophy of mind: the sub-personal level and the personal level。Subhuman level explanations appeal to events and processes in the brain and nervous system；The whole-person interpretation views the other person as an agent capable of making choices based on his or her own beliefs and judgments。

From the perspective of the subhuman level，The process of other-mind perception is the brain’s sensory evidence based on the moment (it can be the words of bet365 sportsbook review we hear、Observed actions and expressions of bet365 sportsbook review, etc.)，Use hierarchical generation model，The process of probabilistic prediction of other people’s mental states。In recent years，This approach to explaining social phenomena is based on the “predictive processing” model in neuroscience，Attracting more and more attention from philosophers。The basic claim of the predictive processing model is that the brain is a probability-based reasoning system，It is based on existing perceptual structures and current sensory input，Perform neurostimulation cycles between different levels，This generates the best prediction of the distal cause of the perception。

In social situations，The brain makes probabilistic predictions of other people’s mental states in the same way。For example，See his crimson face，I predicted his inner shyness；See his gesture，I predicted his intention to pick up the water glass and drink water。However，When I predict bet365 sportsbook review，bet365 sportsbook review are also predicting me。When the brain’s prediction results are basically consistent with the current sensory input，We have achieved understanding of bet365 sportsbook review；When the brain’s prediction results are inconsistent with the current sensory input，The prediction error is generated。At this time，Higher-level neural circuits adjust prediction errors through rapid perceptual reasoning or physical action，Finally form the best prediction of the mental state of bet365 sportsbook review。Therefore，From the perspective of neural information processing，Other mind perception is the continuous bidirectional prediction between morphologically similar but different prediction brains，The process of obtaining the best prediction results。In this sense，Language、Physical behavior、Emotions, etc. are means spontaneously derived by human beings in order to minimize prediction errors about bet365 sportsbook review。

We see，This theoretical model that highlights the neural dynamics of the brain eliminates the "mystery" of other mind perceptions，Provides a concise and clear explanation of the neural processes of other-mind perception at the sub-individual level。But，As Dennett realized: "If we ignore the whole person，Then we have ignored (the core content of personal mental state) in a real sense。”Therefore，We not only need to pay attention to the bottom-up sub-individual level explanation of other people’s perception，We also need to pay attention to top-down individual-level explanations。As opposed to sub-individual level explanation，The whole-person level explanation first regards the other person as a rational actor who acts based on beliefs and judgments in the world。This means，Perception of other minds involves not only bidirectional prediction between neural levels in the brain，Also involves the subtle and complex embodied coupling between us and bet365 sportsbook review。

Berkeley’s extreme subjectivism emphasizes the private nature of perception，Kant’s transcendental idealism emphasizes the universal validity of knowledge。But Merleau-Ponty hopes to unify the two in perceptual experience。He emphasized，Perception precedes consciousness。For example，When we touch a piece of cloth with our hands，The experience of fabric is a real and full tactile experience。This experience has not been transformed by consciousness，It is the original experience presented to us by the cloth itself。In this sense，The perceptual world is not a purely physical world，It is not a world constructed by pure conscious activities，But a "people and the world、With bet365 sportsbook review、The living environment of dealing with oneself。When we deal with bet365 sportsbook review，We “neither place bet365 sportsbook review at ease，Neither put bet365 sportsbook review in their own hands”。Opposite，We participate with bet365 sportsbook review in an intersubjective perspective: “There is rationality，This is to say，Perspectives confirm each other，Perception mutual confirmation，Some meaning emerges”，As if sensing the left hand requires the touch of the right hand，Our perception of his heart also comes from the interaction between the two parties。

In Merleau-Ponty’s view，The interaction between us and bet365 sportsbook review is essentially an inter-subjective physical interaction。In other words，In social situations，We are always guided by motor-perception of other people’s emotions and actions、Goal-directed and emotional physical responses。On the one hand，This kind of action guided by motor-perception is not based on universal、On top of a decontextualized world model，But it is based on specific social situations，Have certain goal orientation；On the other hand，This kind of activity guided by motor-perception has a basic cognitive function。We assume that bet365 sportsbook review express their intentions in their actions，Achieve understanding of bet365 sportsbook review through motor-perception coupling with bet365 sportsbook review。

In recent years，Ratcliff (M. Ratcliffe) and Stuart (S. Stuart) and bet365 sportsbook review further developed Merleau-Ponty’s insights on interbody sex through the concept of “enkinaesthesia”。The concept of joint kinesthesia includes two levels: the neuro-muscular dynamic process of the subject (including the sense of ownership and action of self-experience)，And the emotional experience of fusion caused by the presence of bet365 sportsbook review。Ratcliff emphasized，Our interaction with bet365 sportsbook review is essentially an "experiential entanglement" of the body: "The experience of the world cannot be separated from one's physical sensations；The two are completely inseparable。The empirical involvement of the body and the world is phenomenologically original，The two are not independent of each other。”

Stuart also regards bodily experience as the basis for the construction of intersubjectivity: "We are essentially kinesthetic and co-kinesthetic，Able to perceive one’s own body movement and movement in the world，At the same time, mutuality can be achieved、Emotional nerve-muscle time flow，To affect bet365 sportsbook review emotionally and to be affected emotionally by bet365 sportsbook review，Moving and being moved。The unfolding of this perceived body-perceptual relationship (through our kinesthetic imagination and its associated body-perceptual expectations) collectively influences how we shape and adapt to the world，And how we will adapt to these changes, etc.。”Through joint kinesthetic experience，We don’t just sense other people’s emotions、Intentions and Desires，And take the changes in other people’s actions back to yourself and actively respond to bet365 sportsbook review in an appropriate manner。This means，When I see angry expressions on bet365 sportsbook review，My brain didn’t just predict this observed facial expression as an emotion named “anger”，At the same time, my body responded positively: I also felt anger or fear，Even take flight behavior to avoid being hurt, etc.。

Therefore，The process of perceiving bet365 sportsbook review involves more than just the neural architecture of the brain，Also involves the perceptual experience of the body。From a sub-individual level，The brain is based on the existing experience structure and current sensory input，Formulate the best prediction about the mental state of bet365 sportsbook review；From an individual level，bet365 sportsbook review are not only objects of our perception，More rational actors that we can respond to and interact with。In this picture，Brain and Body、Perception and Action、Self and bet365 sportsbook review are inseparable。

　　(bet365 sportsbook review article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation project "Research on Group Intelligence from the Perspective of Predictive Mind" (22BZX040)

(The author is a professor bet365 sportsbook review Department of Philosophy, East China Normal University)