Since the 1980s，Academic circles focus on “Neo-Confucianism” and “Xinxue”，Exploring the practical learning tradition in Chinese thought，Professor Ge Rongjin defines “Chinese Practical Learning” as “the ‘substantial and practical learning’ that began in the Northern Song Dynasty”。In other words，"Real" and "Virtual" are opposite，Originally from the Song and Ming Dynasty scholars’ discussion of Buddhism、Reflections on Taoism’s advocating the theory of emptiness，Then from the universe ontology、Ethical Practice、Reflecting the practical tendency in the tradition of Confucian thought from the aspects of managing the world and applying it。Of course，The connotation and emphasis of "practical learning" in different periods are also different。At the practical level in a narrow sense，bet365 bonus bets use it more to refer to the practical trend of thought formed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。

At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty，Many Confucian scholars attribute the main responsibility for the demise of the Ming Dynasty to the empty talk of Yangming scholars，“Watch the book without reading、Lobbying has no roots”。At this time，Confucian scholars jointly turn their attention to sincere moral practice，To rebuild the orthodoxy of Confucianism”。Facing the great changes of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The survival of cultural traditions has become the fundamental concern of Wang Chuanshan (Wang Fuzhi)。Based on Chuanshan’s specific discussion，He criticized the post-Yangming studies for “wasting practical learning，Chong Kong Shu，Contempt the rules，Crazy”，“Plagiarizing Zen sayings，No writing，So Jingshi Gaoge"，And pointed out that "the Six Classics charge me to open up new perspectives"，Emphasize the importance of understanding Confucian classics、The significance of reflecting on the issues of the times。It can be seen，Chuashan’s interpretation of the classics is not out of pure intellectual interest，bet365 bonus bets more about exploring the value concepts contained in the classics，And use this as a guide to action。His son Wang Ao also pointed out in "The Travels of Daxingfujun"，His father Chuanshan "understood the way of humanity and believed in practical learning"，Want to discard all the false and wonderful theories of the past and present and return to the reality”。Chuashan’s practical thoughts ultimately point to the reflection and reconstruction of political order，The metaphysical philosophy of Neo-Confucianism、The Confucian classic interpretation tradition together constitutes Chuanshan’s reflection on the issues of the times、Theoretical resources that present the characteristics of pragmatic thought。

　　The metaphysical basis of Wang Chuanshan’s bet365 bonus bets thoughts

Different from Zhu Xi，In Chuanshan’s theoretical system，Qi has a fundamental status，Li appears as the mediator in the process of transformation of Qi into all things，Also ensures the effectiveness of gasification operation。He said: "Heaven gives birth to man with its energy of yin and yang and the five elements，Principle is what is contained and condensed into nature。So there are sounds, colors and smells to enrich his life，Have benevolence, justice, propriety and wisdom to correct your virtue，Is it reasonable?。”On the one hand，Human beings are born from the energy of yin and yang and the five elements，Qi continuously gives people the energy they need for life、Vitality，The desire for sounds, colors and smells fills bet365 bonus bets bodies with energy，Therefore, emotional desires have independent value and status；On the other hand，Possible conflicts between different emotional desires，Need a certain amount of internal guidance、Adjustment，Li as the adjuster in the gasification process，Care、Achieving the growth of life。In other words，Qi ensures the authenticity of the living world in which people live，The pursuit of ideal order can never be far away from bet365 bonus bets real life。

It is for this reason，Wang Chuanshan did not stop at metaphysical speculation，But try to start from human nature，Establish the connection between the metatheoretical foundation and the construction of political order，And regard this as an important feature of his theoretical thinking。Chuashan thinks，Even bet365 bonus bets identities、There are many differences in the environment，There are huge differences in emotional likes and dislikes、Complex and changeable characteristics，But in many ways，Similar desires and emotional tendencies are still prevalent in bet365 bonus bets nature。

From Chuanshan’s perspective，The universality of heavenly principles guarantees bet365 bonus bets sexual desires、Commonality of likes and dislikes、identity，That is, "the husband's heart is the same"，The same reason，Then the sentiment is the same"。On the one hand，"What the people want，This is just a safe way to give birth；What the people hate，It’s just the pain of separation and separation”，The physiological requirements and material desires that people are born with are the embodiment of the virtues of heaven and earth，Therefore, sensual desires as nature no longer have only a negative meaning。People think about food、The focus on sex has natural rationality，The development of political life cannot be separated from the emphasis on bet365 bonus bets lives。On the other hand，"Love his relatives、Respect their elders，It is unique to each person，Everyone is the same，Knowing what birds don’t know、What a bird can do is impossible，So it’s called Liangye。That’s why a gentleman expresses his nature with benevolence and righteousness，It’s decided”，Eating、Outside of Color，People are also born with a love for their parents、Knowledge and ability of brotherly love and respect。People know by the carelessness of love and respect、The characteristic of being able to do without learning，You can realize the kindness and kindness that are common to all human beings，And the differences between humans and animals。

Visible，Wang Chuanshan has seen the rationality of material desires through universal heavenly principles，Also see the significance of family ethical life based on natural blood to bet365 bonus bets moral development。They are natural attributes given to people by God，Working together as "physiological resources" to enrich people's lives。However，If the behavior loses its appropriate proportion，Nature in the sense of natural instinct，It’s easy to go the other way。Therefore，“The reason why people are human，Don’t leave the ruler, the people, relatives and friends as the way，You can’t abandon people, officials, and things to fulfill your purpose，Of course it is”。It means people behave appropriately，It cannot be achieved only by natural choice in the sense of natural instinct，You still need to show the active power inherent in being a human being。

Chuanshan thinks，“After birth，People have rights，You can get it for yourself and use it yourself。Self-use，It’s because of habit，Because of his love，Therefore, there is no choice between pure flaws”。In other words，When heaven and earth transform into all things，People are just passive recipients of the movement of heaven，Silently accepting everything God has given。Different from other creatures，People are born with the healthy Qi and follow the five constant principles，All have the goodness of benevolence, justice, propriety and wisdom，It guarantees the possibility of people doing good，Constitutes the starting point of bet365 bonus bets behavior。In other words，Although the root of humanity comes from the way of heaven，bet365 bonus bets practice is to use their initiative、Enrich humanity、The process of achieving humanity，Rather than a return to the original form。The unfolding of humanity ultimately ensures the realization of the good life that people naturally desire。

In short，“The dematerialization of ‘Li’” and the root status of “Qi”，Provides a metatheoretical framework for Chuanshan’s discussion of practical thoughts。According to Chuanshan’s statement that “sexuality is born every day”，Human nature was not completely destined by God at the beginning of life，In later life，Qi Sun is bestowed upon bet365 bonus bets，Human nature also grows day by day，"Husband's nature is physiological"，If you are born every day, you will be successful every day。Zehu Destined One，Isn’t it just the first moment of life?？”Acquisition in acquired practical activities can shape human nature，Chuashan points the achievements of life to the process of bet365 bonus bets inheriting the way of heaven in a positive and promising way。

　　Wang Chuanshan’s bet365 bonus bets Thoughts Facing the Construction of Political Order

Wang Chuanshan’s metaphysical theoretical characteristics of inheriting the way of heaven with the way of humanity，It is prominently reflected in his thinking on political order。In Chuanshan’s view，Political practice is not just about administrative governance，It also lies in better realizing bet365 bonus bets nature，Highlight the difference between people and everything in the world。In Chuanshan’s discussion，The construction of political order mainly has three characteristics。One，The responsibility for order construction is directed more toward those with political status，Rather than criticizing ordinary people who silently endure the changes in the world，Greater power means more responsibility。Part 2，Political life has its own way of operating，In the past, most Confucian scholars in the Song and Ming Dynasties ignored the operating methods and significance of political life that are different from the moral cultivation of mind，"You have your own affairs，Every family has its own style，A country has its own state affairs”。There is a fundamental difference between running a country and managing a family，Cannot regard the king’s moral cultivation as governing the country、The only way to bring peace to the world。Part 3，bet365 bonus bets understanding and recognition of truth，It cannot be achieved by speaking，“I seek to transform the people with virtue，It is better to govern the people through politics。Politician，So cure。...Fake moral teachings to match the people，People should be hypocritical”。

From Chuanshan’s perspective，Good public order does not seek to make every individual a morally blameless person，But keep returning to the world where people live，Achieve a common good life in concrete practice and the process of people-to-people interactions。"The law is prepared for the three kings，Tao comes from Confucius”，Rulers need to be within the operating logic of political practice itself，Through understanding and imitating the ways of governing the country by the ancient saint kings，Realize the common bet365 bonus bets desire for food, warmth and comfort without knowing the daily necessities、Expectations of human ethics and life。Chuashan emphasizes，The concept of governing the country and the tradition of ritual and music production in Confucian classics，Represented as a way for saints to teach people according to their inherent nature，"The warp and weft of benevolence are the rites"，Sun is born in the heart of the people and cannot be tolerated，And the saint appeared"。The lifestyle constructed by the ritual and music system，Effectively satisfies the public desires of the people、Likes and Dislikes。Wang Chuanshan relied on his interpretation of Confucian classics，Discover the value ideals contained in it，Finally established a close connection between pragmatism thought and Confucian classic tradition。

When Chuanshan discusses royal politics，Emphasize that "the king's way is based on human feelings。Favorite，The sympathy between a gentleman and a villain”。Visible，Morality is not empty words to others，It is not a verbal preaching far away from real life，Kingly politics must be based on the realization of the lifestyle expected by bet365 bonus bets nature。Therefore，When Chuanshan is judging the gains and losses of the traditional political system and the behavior of kings in the past，Didn’t just focus on the pros and cons of the king’s personal cultivation，But try to be guided by value ideals，Comprehensive discussion from the aspects of the utility of behavior and its possible moral significance。He opposed Qin Shihuang’s abolition of feudalism、Institutional changes to establish counties，As well as the evaluation of Liu Yan’s villainous behavior and his outstanding financial management ability in the Tang Dynasty，Nothing is ruined because of others，But focus on the meaning behind this political behavior、Possible impact on bet365 bonus bets lives。Chuashan once said: "Those who see the merits，Wide but short；Those who keep their hearts and customs，Narrow but long。”In his opinion，The merits of a ruler are not all judged by whether he has the merits of unifying the world，What’s more important，We need to consider whether it is in the direction opened by the previous king，Create good and orderly social customs，Continuously enrich the good spirit that exists in this area of ​​China，Achieving a life course worth cherishing。

In short，This article attempts to present the characteristics of Wang Chuanshan’s practical thoughts at the theoretical level，His specific propositions in managing the world are the development of this theoretical thinking。In Wang Chuanshan’s opinion，Although different individuals show huge differences in social practice，But political order is always based on the commonality between people。Whether it is thinking about metaphysical foundation or political order，Wang Chuanshan’s practical thoughts all face bet365 bonus bets natural expectations for a better life。It is based on the universal significance of this ideal，Cuanshan has narrowed the distance between China’s own long tradition and the direction of future history，It also makes Confucian value ideals have the ability to respond to reality。

Chuanshan said at the end of "Du Tongjian Lun": "Those who say 'Zi Zhi'，It’s not just about controlling chaos，So bet365 bonus bets a resource for seeking treatment。”For him，Problem awareness contained in Confucian classics、Value Ideal，Providing ideological resources for effectively proposing measures to manage the world。In the context of social changes in the late Ming Dynasty，Cuanshan is based on the understanding of the universe and human nature，Trying to find a path to good order within the own logic of political practice。This shows the difference between Wang Chuanshan’s ideological characteristics of practical learning and many thinkers after the rise of textual criticism in the early Qing Dynasty，Also shown in the new historical environment，Return and reconstruction of Confucian traditional issues。

　(The author is a lecturer at the School of Philosophy and Social bet365 bonus bets, Huaqiao University)