Since the 1980s，The academic community is focusing on "science" and "heart learning"，Digging the practical tradition in Chinese thought，Professor Ge Rongjin defines "Chinese practical studies" as "‘ Scholarship from the Northern Song Dynasty ’”。In other words，"Real" and "Virtual" relative，Originally from the Song and Ming dynasties, scientists in the Song and Ming dynasties、Taoism advocates the reflection of emptiness，Then from the cosmic body、Moral practice、The use of the world to show the practical tendency in the tradition of Confucianism。Of course，The connotation of "practical learning" and its focus in different periods is also different。In the narrow sense level，People are more used to refer to the practical tide formed by the Ming and Qing Dynasties。

At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties，Many Confucian scholars attribute the main responsibilities of the Ming Dynasty's demise to the empty talk of the aftermath of Yangming，"Don't look at the book、Talking to the root。At this time，Confucianists will "turn to solid moral practice，Orthodox to rebuild Confucianism "。Facing the great changes in the era of Ming and Qing Dingge，Cultural traditions have become the fundamental concern of Wang Shiphan (Wang Fuzhi)。According to the specific discussion of the Panthan Mountain，He criticized Yang Ming to learn "Waste Study，Chong Kong Shu，Scorn Rules，Murder "，"Plague Zen language，Not standing text，So the History Pavilion "，and pointed out "Six Six After I blame me to open the face"，Emphasizing Confucian classics is understanding、The meaning of reflection in the issue of the times。You can see，Pianshan's interpretation of the classic is not out of interest in pure knowledge，and more discuss the value concept contained in the classics，and use this as a guide to action。His son Wang Yan also pointed out in "Da Xingfu Junxing"，Its father Pianshan "Ming Human Madance thinks bet365 best casino games real learning，Want to exhaust the truth of ancient and modern virtuality "。The practical thoughts of Pianshan finally pointed to the reflection and reconstruction of political order，and the philosophical concept of Confucianism、Confucian classic interpretation of traditional interpretation of traditional constitutes the problem of the Time reflection of the Panthan、The theoretical resource that presents the characteristics of learning ideology。

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Different from Zhu Xi，In the theoretical system of Panthan，Qi has the root status，Actors in the process of being used as a gasification of all things appear，It also guarantees the validity of gasification operation。He said: "Heaven is born with the Qi of the Five Elements of Yin, Yang, and Five Elements，Reasoning is to be sexual。Therefore, there is a sound odor with thick life，There is benevolence, righteousness and wisdom with righteousness，Mo Feili is suitable for。"on one side，People are born from the Qi of Yin and Yang Five Elements，The energy required for people's lives is constantly giving people life、Vitality，The desire to smell the smell makes the energy enrich people's shape，Therefore, emotional desire has independent value and status; on the other hand,，Conflicts may occur between different emotional desires，Need to guide a certain inner rules、Adjustment，It is used as a regulator in the process of gasification，Care、Achieve the growth of life。In other words，Qi guarantees the authenticity of people's life world，The pursuit of the ideal order must never stay away from people’s real life。

Also because of this，Wang Shipayama does not stay in the form of speculation，but trying to start from the nature of the person，Establish a hook between the theoretical foundation and the construction of political order in shape，and use this as an important characteristic of the actual learning thinking。Guishan thinks，Even people’s identity、There are many differences in the environment where it is located，It has a good difference in emotional good and evil、Complex and changeable features，But in many differences，Bet365 app download People still have similar desires and emotional tendencies in the nature of people。

From the perspective of Chaoshan，The universal nature of the heavens guarantees people's lust、Good and evil common、Same Nature，That is "the same person with the husband's heart，Its reason is also，The same love is the same "。On the one hand，"What the people want，However，But the bitterness of this frozen evil "，The physiological requirements and material desires that people have inherently are the embodiment of the virtue of the heavens and the earth，Therefore, as a natural emotional desire, it is no longer just a negative meaning。People for food、The attention of color has natural rationality，The development of political life is inseparable from the importance of the people's life。On the other hand，"Love your dear、Respect the elderly，People are alone，The same place in the world，Knowing the poultry unknown、Can poultry cannot also，Therefore, Liangye。Therefore, gentleman is righteous，Decisions here "，Food、Outside color，People still have to have parents、Brother's love and energy。People are known by Ai Jing、Features that can be learned，It can be aware of the kindness of benevolence that is commonly possessed by people，The difference between people and beasts。

Visible，Wang Shiphan sees the rationality of material desires that come through general natural rationality，Seeing the meaning of family ethics based on natural blood to people's moral development。They are natural attributes given by God to people，Together as "physiological assets", enrich people’s lives。but，If the behavior loses the proper proportion，Tombs in the instinct of nature，It is easy to go to the opposite side。So，"The reason why people are people，Can't leave the relatives and friends of the monarchs and friends，If you can't give up the official and things to do everything，Of course "。This means the decent of people's behavior，Can't rely on the natural choice of natural instinct to achieve，It is also necessary to show the active power contained in people。

Guishan thinks，"After birth，People have the Bet365 app download right to，Can be used by yourself。Self -use，Because of the practice of Xi，歆 歆 歆，So pure defective "。That is to say，When the heaven and earth are transformed into all things，People are just passive beams running by heaven，Silently accepts everything given by heaven。Different from other creatures，People are born with the nostalgia of being angry，All have the kindness of righteousness and wisdom，It guarantees the possibility of people's good，The starting point of people's behavior。In other words，Although the root of humanitarian comes from heaven，People’s practice is to give play to active rights、Enriched humanity、The process of achieving human nature，instead of returning to the original original。The expansion of humanity finally guarantees the realization of the beautiful life that people look forward to。

In short，"The de -entity of 'reason" and the root cause of "qi"，In fact, the study of the thought of the Payhan provides a formal theoretical framework。According to the "Sexual Day of Sexual Day" in the Payon Mountain，Human nature is not completely determined by heaven at the beginning of life，Life in later generations，End of Qi Day to people，Human nature is also daily birthday，"Husband sex also，The sun is also daily。Zhefu destiny，How is the first life? "The acquisition in the day after tomorrow can shape humanity，Pianshan points out the achievements of life to people to undertake the process of heaven in a positive way。

　　Wang Shiphan practical thoughts constructed for political order

Wang Shipayama undertakes the theoretical characteristics of the shape of the heavenly path，It has a prominent manifestation in his thinking about political order。From the perspective of Chaoshan，Political practice is not just administrative governance，It is also better realizing people's nature，Different from the difference between people and all things in the world。In the discussion of Panthan，The construction of political order mainly has three features。One，Responsibilities of order construction more point to those who have political status，instead of excessive blame for the ordinary people who have suffered Bet365 lotto review the changes of the world，greater power means more responsibility。Its two，Political life has its own way of running，In the past, most of the Song Ming Confucian Confucianism ignored the way of running and moral cultivation of political life.，"You have your own body，Home has its own family model，The country has its own national politics "。There is a fundamental difference between governing the country and the Qi family，Can't regard the spirit of the king's mind and moral cultivation as governing the country、The only means of Pingtianxia。Its three，People's inspection and recognition of the truth，It can’t be achieved by verbal words，"Husband and virtue to transform the people，It is better to rule the people with politics。Government，So Treatment also。... Pseudo -German religion is with the people with the people，The pseudo -people of the people should "。

From the perspective of Chaoshan，Good public order is not in seeking everyone to become a moral person，Instead, keep returning to the world of people's lives，Realize a common good life in the process of specific practice and people's communication。"French preparation in the Three Kings，Too on Confucius "，The ruler needs to be in the operating logic of political practice，Through the understanding and resolution of the way of governing the king of the first generation，To realize the people's pair of warmth and rest in daily use、Expectation of human life。Payhan emphasized，The traditional king of the Confucian classics and the tradition of ritual production，It is presented as a way to enlighten a sage because of the inherent nature of the people，"Benevolence and Wefts is a gift，The sun was born in the heart of the people，and the sage shows it "。lifestyle built by the ritual and music system，It effectively satisfies the public's public desire、Good and evil。Wang Shiphan uses the explanation of Confucian classics，Digging the value ideal contained in it，Finally established a close connection between learning ideology and the classic tradition of Confucianism。

When Duke Mountain is discussing the king's politics，Emphasizing "King Tao is a human relationship。，The sympathy of gentlemen bet365 Play online games and villains also "。Visible，Moral is not a empty saying to others，Not a verbal preaching away from real life，Wangdao politics must be based on the realization of lifestyle that people look forward to。Therefore，When Chaoshan judges the traditional political system and the behavior of the behavior of the king of the past，I didn't just focus on the advantages and disadvantages of the individual cultivation of the king，Instead, I try to be under the guidance of value ideals，Comprehensive discussion from the effectiveness of behavior and its possible moral significance。He abolished the feudal of Qin Shihuang、Institutional changes to set up counties and counties，and the villain of Liu Yan in the Tang Dynasty and the evaluation of its outstanding financial management capabilities，Nothing is abandoned due to people，Instead of paying attention to the meaning behind this political behavior、The impact on the life of the people。Chuanshan once said: "The meritorious operator，Although it is wide and short;，Although narrow and long。"In his opinion，The advantages and disadvantages of judging the ruler are not all in whether it has a merit that unifies the world，More importantly，To consider whether it is in the direction opened in the first king，Shape a good and orderly social customs，continuously enrich the good qi existed in this area of ​​China，Achievement is worth cherishing life journey。

In short，This article attempts to present the characteristics of the practical thinking of Wangchangshan at the theoretical level，The specific claims of its experience are the expansion of this theoretical thinking。From the perspective of Wangyuan Mountain，Although different individuals show huge differences in social practice，But the political order is always based on the common level of people。Thinking about the foundation or political order，The practical thoughts of Wang Shipayama all face the expectations of people's natural nature。It is based on the universal significance of this ideal，Pantashan has closer the distance between China's own tradition and the history of later generations.，It also makes Confucian bet365 Play online games value ideals have the ability to respond to reality。

Pianshan said at the end of "Reading the Tong Jian": "‘ Zi Zhi ’，Non -Zhizhi Zhelian is just，So the asylum for governance。"" For him，Problem consciousness contained in Confucian classics、value ideal，It is providing ideological resources for the actual measure of the world。Under the background of social changes in the late Ming Dynasty，Payoshan is based on the understanding of the body and human nature of the universe，Try to find a path to the order in the own logic of political practice。This presentation of the ideological characteristics of the practical learning of Wangchangshan and the differences of many thinkers after the rise of the study of the early Qing Dynasty，It also shows its in a new historical environment，The return and reconstruction of the traditional issue of Confucianism。

　(The author is a lecturer at the School of Philosophy and Social Development of Overseas Chinese University)