Different ethics and taste，This seems to be a recognized fact。If a person who likes to eat bananas is full of character and person who likes to eat durian，We will not agree with this person's behavior。Because of the concept of generally accepted modern society, it is warned that we have no difference in high and low.。But，If we face the marriage system and mainstream monogamy of the Mosuo people，Can it be so certain that the two living forms are equally reasonable? Philosopher Rachel Jesse thinks，Philosophy can criticize the formal form of life。

According to Jesse's definition，The so -called form of life，refers to the form of human coexistence in culture，Not only does it contain a whole set of practice and value tendency，It also includes things presented in institutionalized and materialized。Therefore，The differences in the form of life are not only reflected in different beliefs、Value tendency and attitude，It is also reflected in fashion、Architecture、Legal systems and family organization forms such as physicalization。Robert Musle calls it "like architecture、Law、rules and historical traditions holdings "。According to this definition，The form of life is a very broad concept，both involved a macro social system，It also involves social practice shared by people at the mid -micro level。

，The mainstream value concept of modernity and the dominant philosophical research focus on Professor Jessis is completely opposite。Since Kant，The philosophical world has gradually abandoned the discussion on good life，Instead of seeking the correct life rules that ensure people's harmonious bet365 best casino games coexistence。This concept has become a wide range of consensus under the principle of liberal value neutrality and Habermas's tip of morality and ethics。Habermas thinks，Moral and unconditional、Generally effective social life rules related，The field of ethics mainly treats those who affect our personal and collective identity, as well as the problem of self -understanding of existentialism。Overall，Ethical field is related to the success or failure of life。Habermas defines the distinction between morality and ethics as ethical restraint (Ethical Abstinence)。The research theme of ethics should be limited to the moral field，Mainly explore related justice、Equality、Freedom, etc., is related to the basic principles of people's peaceful coexistence，Solve the differences in concept or practice，Strive to reach a consensus。As for ethical issues，You need to adhere to a "black box mentality" (The Black Box Mentality)，What kind of life is given to your personal self -choice，Philosophy and politics should not intervene in discussing or intervening in the form of life。From Habermas，It is not enough to have the principle of neutrality of liberalism，People need the sensitivity of the context，Aware that the value concept of the individual should not adhere to it，The culture and value of the community you are located are imposed to other individuals or communities。

This ethical restraint position of Habermas is also known as "liberal avoidance strategy" -the difference in the field of life outside the public field，People have sufficient freedom in this field。The purpose of this position is very clear: respond to people's desire for autonomy。At the same time，This position is also an unavoidable result brought by the transformation bet365 best casino games of social structure。Former modern society has a relatively stable and clear social structure，But modernity has changed this pattern，People who are unfamiliar with each other influx into the city from all directions，How to coexist has become an unavoidable question。This aspect is difficult to reach a consensus due to the diverse value concept between strangers，It is even full of irrelevant conflicts，On the other hand, because people move from their hometown to big cities，Get rid of the moral bondage of the original acquaintance society，Aware of the valuableness of freedom and autonomous decision，I don’t want to be drew myself by others。So，philosophers who adhere to the concept of liberalism believe，In addition to the rules that ensure peaceful coexistence，In principle, it is not advisable to interfere with others' words and deeds，This is an unavoidable and helpless strategy。

Now，Habermas' ethical restraint concept is getting deeply rooted in people's hearts。But，Jesse put forward two different views。He thinks，This evasion strategy of liberalism has two fatal defects。First，Habermas's morality and ethical distinction boundaries are blurred。Habermas used cruelty as an example to show the distinction between ethics and morality。He thinks，If we see that people in any place are abused，We will all condemn this cruel behavior，But if it is just an disturbing way of child care or marriage form，As long as you do not violate the moral principles that we generally accept，We cannot prove that they are unreasonable。For this case，Jesse refute saying，What kind of breeding can be considered just disturbing，What kind of situation should be condemned，This distinction is not as obvious as it looks at first。European society 50 years ago，A corporal punishment children are bet365 best casino games not only regarded as morally acceptable and even morally allowed，And being considered a private affairs within the family，It was not allowed to be morally not allowed until it was very late。The distinction between morality and ethics is not only vague in terms of dynamic time，Different communities may also have different value concepts due to cultural differences at the same time。For example，Letting children cry in Vietnam will be considered cruelty，and in Germany may be considered to help lung health and personality cultivation。So，According to Habermas's distinction between morality and ethics，We may condemn corporal punishment children，Because this meets the cruel standards，But we cannot prove that those involved in decent、Disciplinary or nurturing methods, such as uneasy parenting behavior。

Another refutation opinion of Jesse is，The concept of contemporary morality believes that it has the driving force for liberation，Can always be vigilant and opposed to the patriarchalism and moral commands that are prevalent.，So resolutely defend the individual autonomy。But，Ethical restraint concept for the avoidance strategy adopted by the form of life is essentially hindering the liberation commitment。Because，The rapid development of modern technology and infrastructure has made people's dependence on public cause increasingly increased，People’s actions are largely subject to various public affairs rules and continuously reshape these rules，This means that public decision -making has a great impact on personal choices and happiness。Actually，These public affairs rules themselves are also used as a more macro -level life form to play their standardized strength。Therefore，If these public affairs rules are avoided discussions in accordance with the Bet365 app download principle of ethical restraint，The conflicts and contradictions it contain can only be temporarily covered instead of being clarified and solved。Compared with these problems with philosophy bravely，Avoiding strategy may be more negative。Female -based concern domestic violence issues are a typical case。If domestic violence is only limited to the field of personal life without being placed under public concern，The life of the victim will obviously be damaged。

，We carefully examined that Jesse's refutation opinion does not have a strong persuasion。First，Habermar's ethics and moral distinction do not need to be unchanged and clear。Although Habermas does emphasize morality with universal characteristics and ethics is only a specific effective proposition，This dividing line standard is very clear，But this does not mean that the content belonging to morality and ethics is based on this dividing line.。Actually，Even in the practice of child breeding，What content belongs to morality is also a gradual process that is a gradual process with people's moral cognition and debate。Changes in the concept of parenting have the contribution of moral philosophy，Analysis of utilitarianism on bitterness，More about the impact of the change of social system reform and subtleness。For example，Development of the market economy、The disappearance of the apprenticeship system and the setting of various educational institutions have allowed children's rights to be faced，The moral issues of child abuse phenomenon are only concerned about。Next，According to Jesse's definition of life form，The principle of neutrality of liberal values ​​contains the rules and practice of the entire set of cultural shapes，Unsuvantly belongs to a form of life。So，The violent defense and questioning Bet365 app download of contemporary philosophy of contemporary philosophy indicates that the violent defense and questioning indicate，The concept of ethical restraint does not ignore the form of life，Ethical restraint theory's avoidance strategy for the form of life is more for political practice rather than philosophical theory。It is impossible to separate the problems in the field of ethics because of philosophy discussing the moral field.，The value framework system established by the principles of morality itself sets the choice and action of people as a form of life。Last，Ethical restraint positions for the avoidance strategy for the form of life will hinder your own liberation commitment，This is a question that needs to be verified。Because，There is no philosophical criticism without position，Social criticism theory, whether it is drawn from psychoanalysis，Or absorbing Hegel or Marxist thought，There are no so -called objective scientific stances with an objective perspective，Criticism based on these positions must inevitably be fair to the specific form of life。Take a step back，Even if it is an objective and fair clarification analysis，How much does philosophical theory affect specific social life practice，It is difficult to determine research and difficult to quantitative measurement。So，Jesse's refutation can only be regarded as a theoretical hypothesis that is difficult to prove falsification。

To sum up，Ethical restraint concept adopts a avoidance strategy for the form of life，Although not so satisfactory，But it is also an unavoidable reality of social development。In an era with a deep recognition in a diverse and individual autonomous consciousness，Criticism in the form of philosophy from the form of life has never stopped，It's just focusing on the moral field。Since the form of life depends largely in bet365 best casino games public affairs，Then the criticism of the moral field will also indirectly affect and shape people's understanding of the form of life。But，If the criticism of the form of life cannot start from an objective perspective，Therefore, it may affect a fair evaluation of the form of life，So，The theme of the marginalization of philosophy may be understandable。

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