Soul、The concept of soul is the most basic understanding of life and death among pre-Qin Confucians。According to the explanation bet365 apuestas ancients，The breath a person breathes in and out is called the soul，Clear ears and eyes are called soul。Because the energy possessed by the soul is often mysterious，So later generations often call it the soul；The sensory functions such as hearing and vision possessed by the soul are mostly related to the human body，So later generations often call it physique。Soul and body，That is the spirit and body we are talking about now。While a person is alive，Soul、The soul is here，At the moment of death，The soul energy leaves the body，People enter the state of death。Calling the soul is to hope that the dead can be resurrected，If not，People are really dead。

Life and death are eternal topics for human beings，Confucius talked a lot，But rarely talk about death and bet365 apuestas。"The Analects·Advanced": "Ji Lu asked about bet365 apuestas and gods。Confucius said: ‘Failure to care for others，How can you be a ghost？' said: 'Dare to ask death。’ said: ‘Unknown life，How to know death？’”Confucius in Sheng、Death pays more attention to life，Therefore, the Analects of Confucius discusses more things about the living，But rarely talk about death and bet365 apuestas。Confucius is not ignorant of death，He thinks，If too much emphasis is placed on death，I’m afraid people will pay too much attention to death and underestimate the present。Actually，Confucius valued both life and death。

"The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng" contains "Bury with etiquette"，Sacrifice with ceremony” statement，Even if you treat the deceased with the same courtesy as before you were alive，Show filial respect to the deceased。Confucianism pays attention to etiquette，And extend the scope of ritual from life to death，Life requires "doing things with courtesy"，If someone dies, he must be buried with ceremony，Sacrifice with ceremony”。Therefore，Pre-Qin Confucianism also formulated rituals for the deceased and bet365 apuestas and gods based on the content of "filial piety"-funeral rituals and sacrificial rituals。

"The Analects of Confucius·Wei Zheng" says: "Today's filial piety，It means being able to support。As for dogs and horses，Everyone can be nourished；Disrespect，Why not！”Filial piety to the living，It must be “able to support”，But also "respect"。The same is true for the dead，“Can support” mostly refers to the body bet365 apuestas deceased，“Respect” refers to the spirit、Spiritually speaking。The ancients believed that human beings have souls and souls，To die is to serve the spirit and body bet365 apuestas deceased，That is, the continuation of "nourishment" and "respect" for things。Funeral ceremony is the continuation bet365 apuestas gift bet365 apuestas living，Emphasis on "things die as things live"，So the entire funeral ceremony is also conducted around the soul and body bet365 apuestas deceased。From the perspective bet365 apuestas entire burial ceremony，The burial process bet365 apuestas deceased is more like a journey for the living，The difference is that the dead will not return as the living after leaving。After death，The body will be buried in the earth，The soul will be welcomed back by relatives，Sacrificing time in the temple。To this point，The body bet365 apuestas deceased、The soul has its home。

After death，From a soul to a ghost。"Zhou Li" divides the entire etiquette into auspiciousness、fierce、guest、Army、Jiawuli，God、human ghost、The land only belongs to Ji Li，This division is based on the country。Confucius did not say "weird power confuses the gods"，If we look at the entire content discussed in The Analects，What Confucius did not say about ghosts and gods should be related to gods、Land is only relevant。Sacrifice to humans, ghosts or ancestors，The Analects of Confucius covers a lot of content。It can be seen from this，In God、human ghost、The land is only in the third category，Pre-Qin Confucianism represented by Confucius paid more attention to humans and ghosts who were more closely related to people's daily lives。For humans and ghosts, it is necessary to "sacrifice them with propriety"，This is still a continuation bet365 apuestas gift to strangers，It is also a continuation of "filial piety"。

Funeral、The ritual of sacrifice is the continuation bet365 apuestas ritual of strangers，It is also an imitation bet365 apuestas courtesy of strangers。Courtesy reciprocity，Emphasis on the Lord、Etiquette interaction between guests。However, people and ghosts have different paths，People are real individuals，Ghosts and gods are empty existences。How should people complete this etiquette of expressing "filial piety" through sacrifice？If there are only invisible ghosts and gods in the sacrificial ceremony，Then the sacrificial ceremony is no different from the drink offering，The rich etiquette contained in it will not be able to be presented。In order to realize the ceremonial interaction between living people and ghosts and gods，You need to materialize the ethereal ghosts and gods，Looking for a person to be sacrificed on behalf bet365 apuestas ancestors，This is the "corpse"。The corpse is the person who was sacrificed on behalf bet365 apuestas ancestors。In this way，The image bet365 apuestas ancestors has become concrete。So，The ancestors once again borrowed the "corpse" to return to life，Completed Soul、Gathering of souls，The corpse represents the ancestor and accepts the owner’s sacrifice，Frequent meetings with the priest、Rich etiquette interaction。

From the perspective of identity，To be sacrificed on behalf bet365 apuestas ancestors，Therefore it has the attributes of ghosts and gods。Man and ghost have different paths，From this perspective，Zombies cannot interact directly with strangers；From the source，The corpse is a living person again，It is impossible to communicate directly with ghosts and gods。But，This special existence that is neither god nor human，But it makes it possible to communicate between humans and ghosts。This may require a special medium，This medium is "wishes"。Blessings are included in the entire ceremony of worshiping ancestors，Communicate with God from beginning to end、The important role of guiding the host in sacrifice。If Zhu does not exist，Sacrificial rituals cannot be carried out normally。Corpse as God Lord，Complete the soul again、Gathering of souls；Wish as a special medium，communicates between ghosts and gods and the real world。The existence of corpse and wish，It is an important guarantee for the realization bet365 apuestas entire sacrificial activity。

The most direct humanistic significance of ancestor sacrificial activities is "filial piety"，But if we look at the entire ideological system constructed by Pre-Qin Confucianism，It also has a deeper meaning、Broad social and political significance。The "Book of Filial Piety·Sancai Zhang" says: "The Master said: A husband is filial，The Scripture of Heaven，The meaning of earth，The journey bet365 apuestas people。”“Filial piety” is the moral concept in the family，But through the elucidation of pre-Qin Confucian scholars，It has universal social significance。

Life and Death Constructed by Pre-Qin Confucianism、World of Ghosts and Gods，Although it is just an image bet365 apuestas world of strangers，But it can still have an impact on the living world。For example，Sincere sacrifice to the gods will receive their blessings and blessings。"Jiao Te Sheng" says: "There are prayers for sacrifices，There will be rewards，There is a reason。" "Zhou Li Chunguan" says: "The position bet365 apuestas great uncle，The God in charge of founding a nation、human ghost、A gift from the earth，To assist the king in building and protecting the country。”For the country，The emperor passes to the gods、ground、Sacrificial activities of humans and ghosts，You can also receive blessings from God，Bless the country’s stability。

Professor Wu Fei once said: “The world of ghosts and gods starts from one’s own life，Imagination bet365 apuestas order of heaven and earth。”The prototype of this “imagination” is the real world where people live。Sacrifice of humans and ghosts is one bet365 apuestas important contents of Confucian etiquette，Although the object of its sacrifice is ghosts and gods，But its practical significance refers directly to "humanity"。The emergence of sacrificial rituals，Making communication between the world of living beings and the world of ghosts and gods possible，The existence of Corpse and Zhu makes this possibility become a reality。With the continuous interpretation bet365 apuestas meaning of "filial piety" by Pre-Qin Confucians，Filial piety has become a social law that people generally abide by；The development of ancestor worship activities，The concept of "filial piety" has once again been realized in the world of ghosts and gods。Pre-Qin Confucianism on life and death、Construction bet365 apuestas world of ghosts and gods，Once again confirms the legitimacy bet365 apuestas existence of Confucian ethical thought，It further strengthens the influence and role of Confucian ethical thought in the real world。

　　(The author is an associate professor bet365 apuestas Department of Philosophy, Chongqing University)