"No rules cannot be done。"rules are not only the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient Chinese craftsmen，It is also a metaphor for the discussion of philosophy of ancient saints。But，As "Huainanzi · Qi Qi Training" states: "Ruofu ruled hook rope，This ingenuity also，instead of coincidence。"" Rules and Mornings are just two types of appliances that corrected circles and squares，How to use "rules" for metaphorical reason，Still "use the wonderful，Stop with one heart "。Mencius and Xunzi of the two wings of the pre -Qin Confucian development，is the typical typical of the use of "rules" for metaphor。

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Mencius's discussion on "rules"，The most well -known is the opening chapter of "Li Lou": "Lou Zhiming、Qiaozi of the Public Loss，No rules，Can't become a square;，Do not use six rhythms，Can't be in the five tones; the way of Yao Shun，No benevolence，Can't treat the world。"" in "Spring and Autumn Fan Lu · Chuzhuang King"，Dong Zhongshu interpreted this passage as: "Although there are clever hands，Fumensi Rules，Can't be a preparation。Although there are check -in，Do not blow six laws，Can't determine five sounds。Although I have knowledge，No look at King，Can't calm down the world。Ran of the first king，The rules of the world have been。"Mencius thinks，The princes have "benevolence" and "benevolent" on the surface，Subjectively there is a wish to govern the world，But failed to substantially enhance people's well -being，The reason is that the reasons are not as bet365 best casino games good as Yao Shun.。Mencius, who has always regarded the sage as "the master of the hundred generations"，It is the analogy of the rules with the way of the first king's benevolence，Highlight the model of the sage's politics and religion。

Not only in the political field，Mencius also focuses on the "rules" metaphor in the field of personal slimming，Proposal for the pursuit of sage realm。The positioning of "people" is the logical starting point of Mencius's ideological system。On the one hand，Mencius emphasizes the heart of the four ends of righteousness and wisdom compared to beasts through the "discern of human poultry"，Therefore, people can live a moral life，thus highlighting the absolute superiority of people。On the other hand，Mencius said: "Regulations，Fang members also; saints，Human Lun is also。"The rules symbolize an extreme。If the rules are the ultimate of the square，Then the sage seems to be like rules，Not only the best of the people，It is the most sufficient person of the virtue of righteousness and wisdom，People should work towards this extreme。Meng Zisu advocates "saint，Similar to me "," Everyone can be Yao Shun "" Saint I "，Explain that everyone is similar to the saint，This shows the universal equality of people's pursuit of Saint Chengde。Mencius's "Main Positioning Observatory"，revealed between the bipolar tension that people exist in the beast and the sage。Therefore，How to avoid becoming a beast，and continuously work hard to the realm of the saints，It is a very important practical topic for each individual。

From Mencius's view，Development of a moral realm，Its fundamental motivation is the diligently in the heart of the individual's way of righteousness Bet365 app download in order to practice and practice。Mencius said: "The master must use rules，Scholars must also use rules。"" Ziqi Wheels and Man's Rules，Can't make people clever。"If the artisan's law is the rules，Then the law of scholars is the way of benevolence。The question lies in，The external rules of the school can be popularized through teaching，The way of benevolence and meaning cannot be taught through simple skills，and all in the personal physical understanding。As the Eastern Han Dynasty, Meng Xue, Zhao Qi, said: "The method of rules，Yu Ruo Ruo Ceremony，Although recitation of constitutional national，Although recitation of constitutional national，Delivery is benevolence。"" A person who is familiar with the rules and laws but has a good test of a bad move。Mencius encourages people to learn to learn through the metaphor of the rules，Delivery is benevolence，Cultivate ideal moral personality。Compared with dependency external forces，The most fundamental thing is to find itself，Never be lazy，Never be lazy，。Different duty，Mencius advocates expanding the four ends、Ju Ren Youyi、Yang Haoran Qi and other cultivation workers，Make the individual's heart.，The beginning of the spring，Gradually expand open。The difference between the "Ji Xi" of people and beasts gradually expands，The gap between people and saints has gradually narrowed，Eventually, the Qi Ran's Qi "plugs between heaven and earth"，Stand up the saint weather of the moral subject。

　　Xunzi: Follow the norms of the ceremony

Extremely different from Mencius emphasizing the "rules"，Xunzi pays more attention to the norms symbolized by "rules" in group political life。Xunzi said: "Old rope，Straight;，Fangyuan is the best;，Fangyuan is the best;，Humanity Extreme bet365 Play online games ... So scholars，Solicology is also a sage，Non -special learning is the people who have no square。"The banner of Mencius Gao Yang's sexual theory，Xunzi advocates that there is no good quality in human nature through "sexual pseudo -division"，​​The nature of a person is always in nature，It is even easy to flow in the state of vulgar。In addition, people are social existence，When facing the social condition with limited material resources，The competition will inevitably occur，Then the society moves towards "dangerous danger"。The saint is therefore rationally coordinated with social resources through "making gifts"，Meet the needs of different social levels，to avoid the occurrence of this situation。So，Xunzi advocates that people need to learn the "accumulation of pseudo" process through the day after tomorrow，To achieve the realm of saints。From the perspective of Xunzi，Regulations、Rope Ink、Weighing, etc. It is like the external ritual specifications of the main country。He is based on this normative significance to demonstrate the rationality of the polite system for political life，And this advocates the necessity of accumulating pseudo -learning gifts for sanctification。can be found，Different from Mencius pays attention to the self -cultivation problem of the individual，Xunzi pays more attention to socialization when discussing "rules"，is human society。Its "people and energy group，Beast and Beasts cannot be group "people and poultry recognition also confirmed this point。

Xunzi said: "Everyone knows wrong，Cute customs，Daqi，It is a gentleman;，It is a villain。"Some people can make good accumulation through the" accumulation bet365 best casino games and pseudo -learning ceremony "of the day after tomorrow、Participate in heaven and earth，Therefore, it is called a saint; someone is indulgent，Lack of acquired studies and become villains。Therefore，Mortals only need to learn the effort of ritual norms through the day after tomorrow，The possibility of becoming a sage also has the same possibility。This is the point of view of Xunzi's "Tu's people can be Yu"。

"People of Tu can be Yu"，Makes people think of Mencius’s "Everyone can be Yao Shun"。Qing Confucian Chen Chen believes in "The Secretary of the East": "The people of Tu can be Yu，That is, Mencius so -called people can be Yao Shun，But changed Yao Shun as Yu Er。"" Fixed two，Xunzi is not simply replacing Yao Shun to Yu。Mencius thinks，Both Sheng Fan are all the hearts of the four ends and the ability to expand the good end，But the kindness of the sage can be well kept well，and mortal "or those who have no calculations，Those who can't do their talents also "，Its heart is often in a state of disappointment，Can't fully show its own goodness。Xunzi emphasizes that people who pass the way "All can know the quality of the law and righteousness，There are all kinds of beings that can be righteous and righteous "，This "quality" and "gifted" refers to people's hearts with the norms of rituals and concentrations、The potential of accumulating rituals。Strictly speaking，Xunzi believes that there is no exact good content in human nature，The results he will attribute to the study of the day after tomorrow。Meng Yue advocates human nature as a，Also show a possibility of sanctification。But for Mencius，Goodness is inherent and actual in human nature，People guard the "heart heart" and work hard to Bet365 app download "expand" the kindness，It is the biggest "rule" and duty of being a person。This is not only human nature，Of course it is even more person。Xunzi focuses on pointing out that there is a potential to know good in human nature，Stimulating this potential requires external ritual specifications to guide。So，He advocates that people must pass the long -term and special "accumulated pseudo" activity，Strengthen the learning and follow -up of external specifications，Give it out to realize the potential of "benevolence and righteousness"，to build a beautiful society with public order and good customs。This can be seen，"Xunzi" The whole book starts with "Persuasion"，No deep intention。

In philosophical discussion，The advantage of the metaphor is the use of a widely known object，Simple and straightforward、The vivid image explains the way。Liu Xiang of the Confucianist in the Western Han Dynasty said in "Sun Qing's Book": "，Ring Rope Ink，Poverty。Mencius，Yig Confucian，Goodness of human nature。Sun Qing after Mencius for more than a hundred years，Think of human evil，Previous "Sexual Evil" article with non -"Mencius"。"Thinking about Meng Yan's different metaphors on" rules "，We can find that it constitutes understanding the same difference between Meng Yan's philosophy，Cardinal concept of dealing with the problem of "integrating Meng"。Today in modern technology, it is increasingly involved in and even shaped the popular lifestyle today，How should we draw classical resources，Both the heart of the Chizi also strictly abide by the rules，So as to live more "from the heart"? Related discussions between Mencius and Xunzi，undoubtedly provided deep enlightenment。

　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Fund "New Mencius Justice" (22&ZD036) Pharmaceutical results)

(Author is an associate professor of the Ministry of Philosophy Teaching and Research Department of the Party School of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee (Guangdong Academy of Administration)