Fairbank has devoted his life to studying China。He is very good at capturing information in the vast sea of ​​historical materials with his keen academic awareness，And pay special attention to the role of comparison。In the study of ancient China’s foreign relations，His interpretation of the "tributary bet365 bonus code pa" has a huge influence，Making it an important academic concept describing ancient China’s foreign exchanges，It also had a profound influence on the research on the tribute bet365 bonus code pa in later generations。From the ancient meaning of "tribute" in the traditional classical and historical knowledge bet365 bonus code pa，To the concept of "tribute bet365 bonus code pa" in the modern knowledge bet365 bonus code pa，Provides specific cases for understanding the construction and transformation of China’s knowledge bet365 bonus code pa in modern times。Investigating Fairbank’s use and construction of the “tributary bet365 bonus code pa”，It also provides a glimpse into the complexity and importance of concept construction and application in social sciences。

As a Sinologist with a knowledge background of “nation-state”，Fairbank’s construction of the concept of “tributary system”，In a sense, it can be said to be driven by "a sense of foreignness"。bet365 bonus code pa sense of heterogeneity led him to focus on the hierarchy of the empire - bet365 bonus code pa unequal but orderly pattern of interaction attracted Fairbank's attention。In other words，His research on the "tributary system"，It is constructed based on the awareness of difference。And bet365 bonus code pa awareness of academic differences，In fact, it is based on the premise that "East and West are different"。What is stipulated behind bet365 bonus code pa assumption is the essentialist difference in the ontological sense，That is, the east is the east，The West is the West。According to bet365 bonus code pa understanding，Since the contact between Eastern and Western cultures，Western studies that have dominated the history of exchanges between East and West for a long time，Generally follow bet365 bonus code pa research path，And use it to explain the philosophical roots of cultural differences and conflicts。For example，"The Stagnant Empire - The Collision of Two Worlds" by French scholar Alain Perefette，A detailed description of the British envoy Macartney’s door-knocking trip to the Qing Dynasty，bet365 bonus code pa reveals the differences and conflicts between Chinese and Western civilizations。

There is an inherent flaw in bet365 bonus code pa presupposition，It lies in ignoring the same properties of things。If we only regard the differences between East and West as substantial existence，Then a situation will arise: the West can only be the West，The East can only be the East。Obviously，The result of bet365 bonus code pa kind of logical deduction is not consistent with the objective facts。In addition to the "sense of heterogeneity" between the East and the West，There is also a "sense of homogeneity"。In terms of the so-called holistic existence in the West，The West itself is not continuous without interruption，It is the endogenous power that is activated based on the extensive absorption of Near Eastern civilization，The Renaissance is an example of drawing nourishment from the East。Many facts eloquently prove，The so-called "heterogeneity" between the East and the West is relative rather than absolute，Needs to examine in specific and subtle communication fields，Confirmed in the contextualized field。Go further，Western self-awareness is constructed through interaction and communication with different objects，Has distinctive intersubjective characteristics。But，Since Descartes’ philosophical proposition “I think, therefore I am” was put forward，In Western philosophy，The self dominates the object (other)。In the view of French phenomenologist Levinas，Even the entire Western philosophical tradition is that the self constantly digests the other、Absorb others，Continuously incorporate others into self-awareness、The process of perceiving and understanding it。Under the constraints of such thinking，Self-awareness that should be shaped by intersubjectivity，Become a product influenced by binary opposition thinking，Exhibited as the suppression of other consciousness by self-awareness，bet365 bonus code pa is essentially a reflection of deeper binary opposition thinking。

bet365 bonus code pa，The concept of "tributary system" constructed by Fairbank is a reflection of China as the "other"。The consciousness of the other in this concept is reflected on two levels: one level is the "self" of the Qing Dynasty and the surrounding "others"；Another level is the Western “self” and the Chinese “other”。The previous level is a bright line，The latter level is a hidden line。On open thread，Fairbank thinks，China as the center of East Asia，Have a sense of "Chinese centralism"，In a China-centered world order structure；On the dark line，He elaborated this concept in the context of tradition and modernity。In fact，The reason why Fairbank regards tribute as a diplomatic issue，It was influenced by Jiang Tingfu and others’ hopes for China’s modernization，Follow the linear monistic view of history。Under this ideological framework，There seems to be a certain rationality in the "treaty system" gradually replacing the "tributary system"，This is also consistent with the logic of the "impact-response" model later proposed by Fairbank - the endogenous driving force for the transformation of traditional Chinese society due to contact with the West。Look at it bet365 bonus code pa，The concept of tribute system implies a double consciousness of the other。Fundamentally speaking，This concept is influenced by binary opposition thinking，Implicit in the induction of China as the other、Definition and evaluation。

The awareness of the other contained in bet365 bonus code pa not consistent with reality，There are still many controversial points。The tributary system is similar to a product of an overall reflection on ancient China’s foreign-related systems from a cultural perspective。From a historical perspective，This static concept cannot fully explain the changes in foreign policy from ancient times to the Qing Dynasty。Even for the interaction between China and the West during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The tribute system cannot be the only accurate explanation。The trade carried out by Western countries in China seems to rely more on the so-called "moon port trading system" besides the tribute system、Guangzhou’s “Fanbo System” and the “Guangzhou Trade System” in the early Qing Dynasty, etc.，These systems are more related to the ancient "mutual market" system rather than the tribute system。To this，A group of Chinese scholars have gradually realized the limits of interpretation of the concept of tribute system，And more consciously explore more precise conceptual vocabulary from historical documents。For example，Some scholars call ancient China’s foreign policy “tributary relationship”。

Conceptual disputes reflect ideological disputes，Perhaps bet365 bonus code pa is the starting point for us to break through our reliance on academic discourse。For Chinese scholars，For concepts used by Western scholars，You should first understand the invention history of bet365 bonus code pa concept and the author’s intention，Otherwise, you may consciously or unconsciously fall into a discourse trap。Present，Facing the task of the times to construct China’s independent knowledge system，It is necessary to pay more attention to the academic concepts as the basis for building an academic building-it is necessary to critically learn from Western academic concepts，It is even more important to give full play to the originality of Chinese scholars，Do a good job of deeply exploring China’s ideological materials and their contemporary transformation，Contributed iconic academic concepts。

　　(bet365 bonus code pa is a doctoral candidate at the School of Marxism, Lanzhou University)