Fei Zhengqing's life with Chinese research as a business。He is very good at capturing information in the historical materials of the vast and smoke with a keen academic consciousness，and pay special attention to comparison。In the study of foreign relations in ancient China，The interpretation of his "tribute system" has a huge impact，Make it an important academic concept describing the ancient Chinese exchanges，and have a profound impact on the tribute system of future generations。The ancient meaning of "Chaogong" from the traditional historical knowledge system，The concept of the "tribute system" in the modern knowledge system，It provides specific cases for understanding the construction and transformation of the knowledge system in modern China。Examination Fei Zhengqing's use and construction of the "tribute system"，You can also see the complexity and importance of conceptual construction and application in social sciences。

As a sinologist with the background of the knowledge of the "National State"，Fei Zhengqing's construction of the concept of the "tribute system"bet365 live casino games ，In a sense, it can be said to be driven by "heterogeneous"。This heterogeneity makes him focus on the level of the empire -this form of inequality but stable communication mode has attracted Fei Zhengqing's attention。In other words，His research on the "tribute system"，It is based on the constructed based on the consciousness。And this academic difference consciousness，It is actually relying on the premise of "Eastern and Western Different".。This assumption stipulates the essentialist differences in the sense of existence，That is, the East is the East，West is West。Understand this，Since the contact of East and West Culture，For a long time, the Western Studies of the History of Eastern and West Exchanges have been dominated by the West，Generally follows this research path，The philosophical roots of cultural differences and conflicts with it。For example，French scholar Alan Perefit's "Standard Empire -Back of Two Worlds"，Flexible described by British messenger Margali's journey to the Qing Dynasty，This reveals the differences and conflicts of Chinese and Western civilizations。

This prerequisite assumption has an inherent defect，It ignores the same attributes of things。If you just regard the differences in the East and the West as a physical existence，Then there will be a situation: Bet365 app download the West can only be the West，East can only be the East。Very obvious，The results of this logical derivation are not consistent with the objective facts。In addition to "heterogeneity" between East and West,，There is still "the same texture"。As far as the so -called overall existence in the West，The West itself is not stretched and has not been interrupted，Instead, the endogenous power is activated on the basis of extensive absorption of near -eastern civilization，Renaissance is an example of drawing nutrients from the East。Many facts of facts debate，The so -called "heterogeneity" between East and West is relative rather than absolute，You need to review it in the specific and micro communication field，Get confirmation in the field of field。Further talk，Western self -consciousness is the interchange with different objects to communicate with the medium structure，With distinctive inter -sexual features。but，After the philosophical proposition of "I think I am there" is proposed，In Western Philosophy，Self -dominated object (others)。From the perspective of French phenomenologist Levinas，Even the entire Western philosophy tradition is self -continuously digesting others、Absorb others，constantly incorporate others into self -consciousness、The bet365 best casino games process of perception and understanding of it。Under such thinking，Self -consciousness that should have been shaped by the subject，It becomes a product affected by dual -opposite thinking，It is manifested as the suppression of the consciousness of the self -consciousness，This is essentially a reflection of a deeper dual -opposing thinking。

From this perspective，The concept of the "tribute system" built by Fei Zhengqing is the observation of China as a "other"。The other consciousness of this concept is reflected in two levels: one level is the "self" of the Qing Dynasty and the surrounding "others"; the other is the "self" of the West and the "other of others" in China。The previous level is a bright line，The latter level is dark line。On the bright online，Fei Zhengqing thinks，China as the center of East Asia，With "Huaxia Centralism" consciousness，is in a world -centered world order structure; on the dark line，He is the concept of this concept under the traditional。In fact，Fei Zhengqing made tribute to diplomatic issues，It is the influence of Jiang Tingyu and others on the modernization of China，Serving the view of linear one yuan history。Under this ideological architecture，"Treaty System" gradually replacing the "tribute system" seems to have some reasonableness，This is also consistent with bet365 best casino games Fei Zhengqing later proposed the logic of the "impact -reaction" model -traditional Chinese society generated endogenous motivation for transformation due to contact with the West。From Guanzhi，The concept of the tribute system implies dual other consciousness。Fundamental speaking，This concept is affected by the dual opposite thinking，implicit induction to China as a Chinese、Definition and judgment。

The other consciousness contained in this concept is not consistent with the actual situation，There are still many controversial points。The tribute system is similar to a product of the overall observation of the ancient Chinese foreign -related system under the cultural perspective。From a historical point of view，This static concept cannot fully interpret foreign policy changes from ancient times to the Qing Dynasty。Even for the interaction between China and the West during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The tribute system can not become the only accurate explanation。The trade carried out by Western countries in China seems to be more dependent on the "Monthly Hong Kong Commercial Ship System" outside the so -called tribute system、The "Fan Ship System" in Guangzhou and the "Guangzhou Trade System" in the early Qing Dynasty，These systems have greater correlation with the ancient "mutual Bet365 app download market" system rather than the tribute system。，A group of Chinese scholars have gradually realized the interpretation limit of the concept of the tribute system，and more consciously explore more accurate concept vocabulary from historical documents。For example，Some scholars refer to ancient Chinese foreign policies as "fertility relations"。

The controversy of the concept reflects ideological contention，Perhaps it is the entry point that we break through academic discourse dependence。For Chinese scholars，The concept used by Western scholars，You should first understand the invention history of the concept and the author's intention，Otherwise, it may be conscious or unconsciously sliding into the discourse trap。Now，Facing the era mission of constructing China's independent knowledge system，It is more important to pay more attention to the academic concept as the foundation of the academic building -not only criticize the western academic concept，It is necessary to give play to the original power of Chinese scholars，Do a good job of in -depth excavation of Chinese ideological materials and the transformation of the times，Contributing to the identifiable academic concept。

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