In recent years，The academic community pays great attention to the introduction of foreign crops in the historical period，Especially the late American environmental historian Alfred W.crosby proposed the classic concept of "Columbian Exchange" in 1972，Related Studies at home and abroad。

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"Columbus Exchange" focuses on American crops。In fact，In addition to the American crops introduced by the Ming Dynasty，Pre -Qin、Han Jin、During the Tang and Song dynasties, a large number of foreign crops that had a deep impact on the historical process of China，Especially food crops (wheat、Sorghum)、Oil crop (sesame)、Fiber crops (Asian cotton)、Various vegetable crops, etc.，It is difficult to judge the weight。In recent years，Research on the history of life history advocated by the author，It is the research paradigm that hopes to jump out of the "achievement description"，Research technology (the introduction of foreign crops itself is a kind of technological innovation) spread、Evolution and interactive relationships with various social factors，Explanation and knowledge production and text generation。

Research results in the history of the American crops are richer，There are the following reasons: First，Geographical discovery set off the prelude to globalization，The American crops are the "Speed ​​Pioneer"。Through American crops，Communicate with the history of food with cross -cultural communication、Capitalist global market combination，Pay attention to the impact of material and material on culture and empire power，It is an excellent bet365 live casino games global historical proposition。2，The history of American crop communication in the old continent is only about 500 years，Compared to other crops，The information is relatively rich，easier to tell their stories。third，Although there are multiple paths for the spread of crops in the Americas，But basically through the new route，This is the highest peak of China's maritime trade in modern times，I witnessed the rise of the Western Marine Empire。Study on the Shengsheng of Marine History for this period，It can be seen that the exchange of maritime species is an extremely important part。Fourth，American crops are the collective name of the new continent crops，Any other era、Nothing in any region has such a strong overall face，Studying American crops is easier to summarize commonality、Highlight personality，Gathering effect。Fifth，Many American crops will be functional within hundreds of years、benefits、Cultural status has achieved transcendence，Employment in the field，Make impressive。

It can be said，The introduction of these crops lays the agricultural geographical structure today，Realized the leap -up development of China from Dahe civilization to the sea civilization。Today，Daily life without foreign crops is unimaginable。So，Chinese agricultural civilization can be prosperous，Thanks to the two major magic weapons -fine cultivation and diversified intersection。but，The current research trend is the importance of excessive analogy outside (such as the "" "Theory of" American Crop Decision ")，ignored Chinese native crops，It also ignored the precision cultivation based on local crops (or foreign crops that has long been realized)。

From today's perspective，Even the late foreign crops that were introduced into China，such as cauliflower、Bitter、Coffee、Strawberry、bet365 live casino games Cyan、broccoli、Apple, etc.，There is a hundred years of history，"Medium Time" belonging to the historical time of Brostel。It can foresee，The importance of foreign crops will continue to increase。"American crop decision theory" and other viewpoints such as，Foreign crops have an important position as soon as they pass in or have a short period of time。For example，They not only think that the American crops help the population explosion of the Qing Dynasty、Guided the Grain Revolution of the 18th century，Even the demise of the Ming Dynasty was related to them that they were not promoted in time。This is a typical fallacy。

　　Embedding of the planting system and food culture

In ancient China，The popularity of new things must pass a considerable time，In a sense，"Technical Communication" is more important than "Technical Invention"。As the "Yu Hengzhi of the Yunnan Sea" states: "However, there is one for the same time，Each 囿 囿，This recipe is Xing and the other party does not know species，苜蓿 苜蓿，There are many in the north but there is no kind of south。”

From this，The author proposes the view of "China Super Stable Food Structure"。In short words，Due to technology、Taste、Culture and other factors，Chinese people's acceptance and commissioning of foreign crops，Is a quite slow process。Under this stable diet structure，The advantages of foreign crops were first ignored，The performance of their influence will take hundreds of thousands of years of buffer，The latest American crops that have been introduced into China，Before the establishment of modern and even New China，The influence is relatively small。

Proposal "China Super Stable Food Structure" is based on the characteristics of Chinese farming culture。Due to the high development of traditional Chinese agriculture，Traditional crops are more helpful Bet365 lotto review for agricultural production (stable production、High yield)，More in line with the agricultural system，It is easier to be made into dishes and accepted by the catering system，Can more cause cultural resonance。This factors，The most important thing is the embedding of the planting system and food culture。

First is the planting system，That is the more stable crop planting arrangement。To the north of the Wei and Jin dynasties、South of the Southern Song Dynasty，It has formed a whole set of mature drought farming、The paddy field farming system，Basic setting of technical form，The level of fine cultivation has reached a high level，The status of superior crops is basically established。The emergence of "Qi Min Yao Shu" has become a sign of a mature technology system in the north。But the northern region may have reached this height，Therefore, Xu Yiyun said，The Han Dynasty was the formation period of the early Chinese agricultural economy。

Since the Six Dynasties，Southern Huaxia process accelerate，"Southern Discovery" (Wang Lihua) was finally completed in the Southern Song Dynasty，The logo is the technical system of "Farming -Rakes -耖 — Yun — 耥" in "Chen Yinong's Book"。During this period, a large number of terraces also demonstrated this view。

So far，Traditional agriculture basically forms a mature system with fine cultivation，Most of the north is two years of three -year -old wheat bean miscellaneous or grain cotton、Grain, grass and animal wheel work，The south is mostly water and drought,，It is difficult to integrate in foreign crops，Especially incorporated into the field planting system。

Followed by food culture，That is the problem of adaptation to foreign crops。Just like there are still many northerners who eat noodles today、Southerners eat rice，Food culture between China is very different，Not Bet365 lotto review to mention the difference between the country's food system。In foreign crops，The earliest wheat that integrates into the planting system，The localization in China has gone through a long two thousand years of journey，The main food status was established in the north of the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty。Although the growth of the population in the Han Dynasty, the wheat was promoted to a certain extent，But without the development of flour fermentation technology and flour processing technology after the late Eastern Han Dynasty，It is difficult to imagine that wheat can gradually replace the status of millet。

Similarly，The reason why wheat can get scale promotion in Jiangnan，One of the important reasons is that the northerners have the needs of eating wheat after Yongjia moved to the south，The first "Mai Island" in the southern rice area，This is the case for several large populations to move south，Drive the production of wheat、Diversity of consumption and noodles。

Foreign crops are introduced in the early stage，Most of them are viewed、Pharmaceutical，A small amount of consumption is mostly due to the psychology of hunting，Rarely eaten a lot，Even if a lot of consumption, it is a last resort，Psychological and physical is difficult to accept。

　　Objectively evaluating the impact of foreign crops

"American crop decision theory" for corn、sweet potato、Potato is extremely popular，They do have the characteristics of food crops，It is a rare grain crop for foreign crops，But its proportion and cultivation area in China，It does not reach the status of the position of food crops。

According to the author's research，mid -19th century，corn、Sweet potato provides per capita grain share of 43.83 pounds，Able to feed 24.73 million to 27.98 million people，At least the population pressure before the Taiping Heavenly Bet365 lotto review Kingdom (Peak Population) is not derived from them，That is, they are not the main factor that stimulates population growth。As far as the country is concerned，The time they play a greater function is since modern times，and mainly relieve population pressure in mountainous areas，I have missed the stage where the population surge。The promotion of American crops is determined by population growth，Can't pour it because of fruit。It is worth explanation is，The reason why the impact of crops in the Americas is not as high as expected，Under the taxation system of "Qian and Grain" is just a crop，It is a supplement to the lack of agricultural commodity food。

The most important corn in American crops、Sweet potato is still like this，The influence of other crops can be seen，Even after spreading for a while，Basically, it is still the crop of the people at the bottom of the people。So，At the beginning of the introduction of foreign crops，Indeeds are recorded as "Strange Things"，It is not strange to see when this new thing is seen，Its influence is just "even one or two，Entertainment child childhood。

Words，Due to "China Super Stable Food Structure"，The influence of foreign crops should be treated objectively，Some foreign crops are just a hurry to pass the passenger，Of course, more foreign crops will be shined later，However, it did not have a strong vitality at the beginning of the introduction。Foreign crops can "take root and settle" in China，Also often quoted multiple times，During many reasons, the cultivation is interrupted。After the founding of New China，Significant achievements in the planting of foreign crops，In fact, the transformation of food consumption upgrade and planting structure、Modern agriculture is closely related to food supply under global trade。Since 2012，Corn has always been the largest food crop in my country，But Bet365 lotto review it is not the largest ration; 2015，The State launched the "Potato Main Food Strategy"，But the prospect of its main grain is also long。The inner logic of this is still "China Super Stable Food Structure"。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "The Study of Economic Geography of Grain Crops since the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (18czs072) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: The Institute of Agricultural Civilization, Nanjing Agricultural University)