In recent years，Academic circles are very concerned about the introduction of exotic bet365 sportsbook review in historical periods，Especially the late American environmental historian Alfred W..Crosby) proposed the classic concept of "Columbian Exchange" in 1972，Relevant research at home and abroad on the number of sand in the Ganges River。

　　The importance of exotic bet365 sportsbook review and native bet365 sportsbook review

The "Columbian Exchange" focused on American bet365 sportsbook review。In fact，Except for the American bet365 sportsbook review introduced since the Ming Dynasty，Pre-Qin、Han Jin、In the Tang and Song dynasties, a large number of exotic bet365 sportsbook review were introduced that had a profound impact on the course of Chinese history，Especially food bet365 sportsbook review (wheat、Sorghum)、Oil bet365 sportsbook review (sesame)、Fiber bet365 sportsbook review (Asian cotton)、Various vegetable bet365 sportsbook review, etc.，It is difficult to judge which is more important。In recent years，The de-marginalized crop life history research advocated by the author，I hope to break away from the research paradigm of “achievement description”，To research the spread of technology (the introduction of exotic bet365 sportsbook review itself is a technological innovation)、Evolution and the interaction with various social factors are for the purpose，Knowledge production and text generation in interpretation and context。

The reason why the research results on the history of American bet365 sportsbook review are relatively fruitful，There are several reasons: First，The great geographical discovery set off the prelude to globalization，American bet365 sportsbook review are the “pioneers”。Through American bet365 sportsbook review，Integrating food history and cross-cultural communication、Capitalist global markets unite，Focus on matter and its impact on culture and imperial power，It is an excellent global history proposition。Second，The spread of American bet365 sportsbook review among the Old World countries is only about 500 years ago，Compared to other bet365 sportsbook review，Relatively abundant information，It’s easier to tell their stories。Third，Although there are multiple paths for the spread of bet365 sportsbook review in the Americas，But basically through the new route，This is the highest peak of China’s maritime trade in modern times，Witnessed the rise of the Western maritime empire。In response to the boom in maritime history research during this period，It can be seen that the exchange of marine species is an extremely important part。Fourth，American bet365 sportsbook review are the collective name for New World bet365 sportsbook review，Any other era、No crop in any region has such a strong overall aspect，It is easier to generalize commonalities when studying American bet365 sportsbook review、Highlight individuality，Produce agglomeration effect。Fifth，Many American bet365 sportsbook review are functional within hundreds of years、Benefits、Achieved transcendent status in culture，Become a field crop，Impressive。

It can be said，The introduction of these bet365 sportsbook review established today’s agricultural geographical pattern，Realized China’s leap-forward development from river civilization to sea civilization。Today，Daily life without the participation of exotic bet365 sportsbook review is unimaginable。Therefore，Chinese agricultural civilization can last forever，Benefit from two magic weapons-intensive farming and diversified intersection。But，The current research trend is to overexaggerate the importance of exotic bet365 sportsbook review (such as the "American crop determinism" criticized by the author)，Ignoring China’s native bet365 sportsbook review，Also ignores intensive farming based on native bet365 sportsbook review (or exotic bet365 sportsbook review that have already been localized)。

Viewed from today’s perspective，Even the exotic bet365 sportsbook review introduced to China later，Like cauliflower、Chicory、Coffee、Strawberry、Celery、Broccoli、Apple, etc.，It’s also a hundred years old，Belongs to the "middle period" of Braudel's historical time。Predictable，The importance of exotic bet365 sportsbook review will continue to increase。“American crop determinism” and other views，Exotic bet365 sportsbook review acquired an important status as soon as they were introduced or within a short period of time。For example，They not only believe that American bet365 sportsbook review contributed to the population explosion in the Qing Dynasty、Guided the food revolution in the 18th century，Even the demise of the Ming Dynasty was related to their failure to be promoted in time。This is a typical fallacy。

　　The embedding of planting system and bet365 sportsbook review culture

In ancient China，It takes a long time for new things to become popular，In a sense，“Technical dissemination” is more important than “technical invention”。As the "Dianhai Yu Heng Zhi" said: "However, things advance at the same time，Everyone is limited in his own way，This is prosperous but the other side doesn’t know how to grow it，Alfalfa has been in China for two thousand years，There are many bet365 sportsbook review north but not cultivated bet365 sportsbook review south。”

​​From this，The author puts forward the view of "China's ultra-stable dietary structure"。In short，Due to technology、Taste、Culture and other factors，Chinese people’s acceptance and adjustment of exotic bet365 sportsbook review，It is a rather slow process。Under this stable diet，The advantages of exotic bet365 sportsbook review were initially ignored，Their influence needs to be buffered for hundreds or thousands of years，The American crop that was introduced to China the latest，In modern times and even before the founding of New China，The impact is relatively small。

The proposal of “China’s ultra-stable dietary structure” is based on the characteristics of Chinese farming culture。Due to the highly developed traditional Chinese agriculture，Traditional bet365 sportsbook review are more conducive to agricultural production (stable production、High yield)，More suitable for the agricultural system，Easier to be made into dishes and accepted by the food system，More cultural resonance。The factors involved，The most important thing is the embedding of the planting system and food culture。

The first is the planting system，That is, a relatively stable crop planting arrangement。At the latest in the north during the Wei and Jin Dynasties、The South during the Southern Song Dynasty，A complete set of mature dryland farming has been formed、Paddy farming system，The technical form is basically finalized，The level of intensive farming has reached a very high level，The status of dominant bet365 sportsbook review is basically established。The emergence of "Essentials for Elevating the People" has become a symbol of the maturity of the "ploughing-raking-raking" technical system in the north。But the northern region may have reached this height in the Han Dynasty，That’s why Xu Zhuoyun said，The Han Dynasty was the formation period of early China’s agricultural economy。

Since the Six Dynasties，The process of Chineseization bet365 sportsbook review south is accelerating，The "Great Discovery of the South" (Wang Lihua) was finally completed bet365 sportsbook review Southern Song Dynasty，The symbol is the "ploughing - harrowing - plowing - plowing - plowing" technical system in "Chen Chang's Book of Agriculture"。The large number of terraces during this period also proves this point of view。

So far，Traditional agriculture has basically formed a mature system of intensive farming，In the north, wheat, beans, and autumn miscellaneous grains or grains and cotton are mostly grown in two years and three seasons.、Grain, grass and livestock rotation，In the south, it is mostly flood and drought cropping，Exotic bet365 sportsbook review are difficult to integrate，Especially integrated into the field planting system。

The second is food culture，That is, people’s adaptation to exotic bet365 sportsbook review。Just like today, many northerners still eat noodles、Southerners eat rice the same way，Food culture varies widely among regions in China，Not to mention the differences between national dietary systems。Exotic bet365 sportsbook review，The earliest wheat integrated into the planting system，Localization in China has gone through a long process of two thousand years，The status of staple food was established in the north in the middle of the Tang Dynasty at the latest。Although wheat has been promoted to a certain extent due to the growth of population in the Han Dynasty，But without the development of flour fermentation technology and flour processing technology after the late Eastern Han Dynasty，It is hard to imagine that wheat can gradually replace millet。

Same reason，The reason why wheat can be promoted on a large scale in Jiangnan，One of the important reasons is also the need for northerners to eat wheat after Yongjia moved south，The first "Mai Island" was formed bet365 sportsbook review southern rice region，This is true for several major population migrations southward，Driving wheat production、Consumption and Pasta Diversification。

Exotic bet365 sportsbook review in the early stages of their introduction，Mostly for viewing、Medicinal use，Eating a small amount is mostly due to curiosity，Rarely eaten in large quantities，Even eating large amounts is a last resort，It is difficult to accept both mentally and physically。

　　Objective evaluation of the impact of exotic bet365 sportsbook review

“American Crop Determinists” on Corn、Sweet potato、Potatoes are extremely popular，They do have the qualities of food bet365 sportsbook review，It is one of the few food bet365 sportsbook review among exotic bet365 sportsbook review，But its proportion of people’s food and cultivation area in China，It has not reached the status that food bet365 sportsbook review deserve。

According to the author’s research，Mid 19th century，Corn、Sweet potatoes provide 43 per capita grain share.83 jin，Can feed 24.73 million to 27.98 million people，At least the population pressure before the Taiping Rebellion (population peak) did not originate from them，That is, they are not the main factor stimulating population growth。Nationally，The time when they played a greater role was in modern times，And mainly relieve population pressure in mountainous areas，Already missed the stage of population surge。The promotion of bet365 sportsbook review in the Americas was determined by population growth，Can’t reverse cause and effect。It is worth explaining，The reason why the impact of American bet365 sportsbook review is limited is that the yield is not as high as expected，Under the tax system of “money and food”, it is just a subsistence crop after all，It is a supplement to the food shortage of agricultural commercialization。

The most important corn among American bet365 sportsbook review、Sweet potatoes are still like this，The impact of other bet365 sportsbook review can be seen，Even after they have spread for a while，Basically still a subsistence crop for the people at the bottom。So，The beginning of the introduction of exotic bet365 sportsbook review，There are indeed documents recorded as "wonderful objects"，Is this new thing not strange?，The influence is nothing more than "one or two even species"，To entertain children”。

Question，Due to “China’s ultra-stable dietary structure”，The impact of alien bet365 sportsbook review must be treated objectively，Some exotic bet365 sportsbook review are just short-lived passers-by，Of course, more exotic bet365 sportsbook review will shine later，But it did not have strong vitality when it was introduced。Exotic bet365 sportsbook review can “take root and settle” in China，It often requires multiple introductions，Cultivation may be interrupted due to various reasons。After the founding of New China，Remarkable achievements in the cultivation of exotic bet365 sportsbook review，In fact, it is related to the upgrading of food consumption and the change of planting structure、Modern agriculture is closely related to food supply under global trade。Since 2012，Corn has always been the largest food crop in my country，But it is not the largest ration；2015，The country launches the “Potato Staple Food Strategy”，But the prospect of becoming a staple food has a long way to go。The internal logic of this is still “China’s ultra-stable dietary structure”。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Foundation Youth Project "Research on the Economic Geography of Food bet365 sportsbook review in the Americas since the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (18CZS072)

(Author’s unit: Chinese Agricultural Civilization Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University)