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"Sleep thousands of years，Awakening the world "，This is the world's high praise for the world's two large "sacrifice pits" and a large number of exquisite and strange cultural relics that were found in the Sanxingdui site in Sichuan in 1986。Since the fall of 2019，Archaeologists to excavate again for the area near the Sanxingdui site "Sacrifice Pit"，Six pits were found again，and have been cleaned up to the unearthed large -scale golden mask、Bronze wares such as large bronze people top、Jade、A group of precious cultural relics such as ivory and ivory carving works。These findings，Fully demonstrated the huge achievement of the most brilliant Fang Guo civilization outside the Central Plains Merchants Dynasty，shows the bright Samsung Doufeng civilization of the world。However, for a long time，The age of the academic community to the civilization of Sanxingdui，When the Sanxingdui civilization is formed、When will end，How long has the entire Sanxingdui civilization continued and waited for the problems，Not in -depth exploration has not been conducted yet。I based on the archeological excavation information of the Sanxingdui site that has been announced now，Exploring the era of Sanxingdui civilization and its relationship with Xia Shang civilization micro explanation。

　　When will Sanxingdui civilization formed

Exploring the age of the formation of Sanxingdui civilization，Can't simply use the two "sacrifice pits" that have been excavated and the previous six pits that have been excavated as the main basis，Because these pits are formed in the late stage of Sanxingdui civilization，Instead, it is necessary to use the earlier or earliest batch of high -end cultural relics that reflect the formation of Sanxingdui civilization in the middle of Sanxingdui civilization as the main analysis object。Current，There are mainly the following items。

1929，Moon Bay Yanjiayuan found in front of the yuki pits，The number of unearthed jade artifacts bet365 Play online games reaches three or four hundred pieces，Most of the later lost。In the relics currently seen，Jade in the Longshan Cultural Period、Erlitou Culture 4th Phase II、Jade and jade of Qijia culture、Erligang Cultural Period has the leading jade、In the late Shang Dynasty, Ying Yingyu。

1976，Gaozheng Township mechanism near the Sanxingdui site found a pit remaining in the brick tile factory，1 piece inlaid inlaid inlaid with green pine bronze medals、1 piece of Yuqi、1 piece of jade knife、1 piece of jade spear，It is the work of the late stage of the Shang Dynasty and the third phase of the Sanxingdui site.。

Discovered two large "sacrifice pit" in Sanxingdui in 1986，The pits are full of precious cultural relics，Most of them are works equivalent to the late Shang Dynasty，A small amount is early works，If the original it was restructured to jade and carved the "sacrifice chart" was the early tooth of the two mile culture、Jade 琮 琮。

1987，Sanxingdui site Moon Bay Yanjiayuan is about 400 meters east of the warehouse and found a pit relic，3 pieces of bronze medals unearthed、1 piece of jade chisel、1 piece of jade hoop shaped device、1 piece of jade chisel、11 pieces of stone 11、10 pieces of stone spinning wheel、3 pieces of stone ax、1 piece of stone 1。relics with cultural factors with two miles (3 bronze medals)、Disasia with the characteristics of the Qi family (stone and stone spinning wheel)、Destinations (jade ring) with late Shang Dynasty characteristics。

1998，Archaeologists discover the cemetery of Rensheng Village on the west side of the Sanxingdui site，Clean 29 Blocks，Unearthed 66 pieces with funeral，Among them, 5 pieces of pottery、61 pieces of small jade artifacts，Phase II of Sanxingdui Site。Among them, the snail -shaped jade、The snail -shaped ivory may be the cultural relics of the cultural relics of Erlitou's cultural dissemination to the Samsung Dou area of ​​Chengdu Plain or the cultural relics caused by the culture of Erlou。

From 1989 to 2017, the Great City Wall of Sanxingdui site was discovered，and Cangbao Town in the northeast of Sanxingdui City。Dacheng City Wall built in the second phase of Sanxingdui bet365 Play online games site，Local location is used to the fourth phase of Sanxingdui site。Cangbao Xiaocheng built in the third phase of Sanxingdui site。

Since 2005，Three buildings found on the high platform in Qingguanshan, northwest of Sanxingdui City，One of them (F1) is a large building base address with a area of ​​thousands of square meters。The remaining two small building bases belong to the Sanxingdui site。F1 late than two small buildings base address，But it is not yet accurately defined for its use，It is only preliminarily set at the lower limit of its age in the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the spring and autumn (the excavation of the Qingguanshan No. 1 Building Site of Sanxingdui Site in Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute，"Sichuan Cultural Relics" 2020, No. 5)。It is speculated that it will not be earlier than the Sanxingdui site three periods，It will not be late until the mid -term stage of the Western Zhou Dynasty。

Since the fall of 2019，Sanxingdui site has newly discovered six pits，A batch of exquisite cultural relics unearthed again，Most of them are works in the late stage of Shang Dynasty，Some of them are early works，Rujia Culture Jade。

Above these high -end cultural relics，The earliest in the age is mainly Rensheng Village Cemetery、Sanxingdui Dacheng Phase II City Wall，and the ruins of jade pits in the Yan family yard in the Moon Bay、Gaomingkeng's relics、Sanxingdui two large "sacrifice pits"、Moon Bay Cangbao Baokeng Category、The newly discovered Sanxingdui six pits unearthed from the Erlitou cultural relics and Qijia cultural relics。These relics belong to the second phase of the Sanxingdui site。If said，The emergence of these legacy existence of the Sanxingdui site indicates that Sanxingdui civilization has formed，So the initial formation of the Sanxingdui civilization can be determined in the second phase of the Sanxingdui site。

The age of the second phase of the Sanxingdui site，According to the cultural relics of the second phase of the Sanxingdui site and the age data of the carbon fourteen measurement，Snail -like jade in Rensheng Village Cemetery、Erlitou Culture 4th Phase IV of various pit ruins、Inlaid with green pine bronze medals、Bet365 app download Yuyu and Yuyu of Qijia Culture，It can be presided as roughly between 1600 and 1500 BC。Because the fourth phase of the Erlitou Culture was 1560 BC，Works used in Erlitou in the Central Plains region，Targeting was taken to the Sanxingdui site in the Chengdu Plain area，The age of its arrival will not be earlier than the age of production。According to this, it can be pressed，The formation of Sanxingdui civilization is roughly between 1600 BC and 1500 BC。

　　When will Sanxingdui civilization end

The end of the end of Sanxingdui civilization，refers to the age when the role of the Sanxingdui site as the national capital of Sanxingdui Civilization。So，How to determine the role of Sanxingdui sites as Fang Guodu City has lost? At present, it can be destroyed according to the important facilities and important items of the Sanxingdui site、The phenomenon of being buried or abandoned to determine。

Important construction facilities and important items found at the Sanxingdui site，Mainly a small city、Qingguanshan F1 large -scale building base address、Dacheng Wall，and a large number of exquisite cultural relics unearthed in various pit relics。

Cangbao Xiaosheng Town belongs to the Sanxingdui site。Qingguanshan F1 large -scale building base address cannot be accurately defined。Dacheng City Wall built in the second phase of Sanxingdui site，The local area has clearly continued to use it to the fourth phase of the Sanxingdui site。The latest relics unearthed in various pit relics are the late stages of the Shang Dynasty，Some belong to the last stage of the business，Show the age of these pit ruins，That is, the buried age of cultural relics in the pit is in the late Shang Dynasty or even at the end of Shang。From this，In these four types of high -end cultural relics，Only the two categories of the local area and various pits of the Grand City Wall that continues to the fourth phase of the Sanxingdui site，can be used as a basis。

The part of the local area of ​​the Great City Wall is still in the fourth phase of the Sanxingdui site，It is a manifestation of the continued role of Sanxingdui Fangguo City，It is still a manifestation of continuing to use as Sanxingdui settlement after the loss of Sanxingdui Fangguo City，There is no way to judge at present。Bet365 lotto review So，Only the burial era of various pit relics buried in a large number of exquisite items，It can be used as a basis for judging the role of Fangdu City, the capital of Sanxingdui,。The burial era of various pit ruins，All in the late Shang Dynasty，It is roughly between 1300 BC and 1046 BC。and the latest buried era，The shape features of the tip of the tip pottery unearthed from the "Sacrifice Pit" of Sanxingdui 1，and the newly discovered carbon of Sanxingdui No. 4 pit measured in the 14th of the 14th pits for presumption。

Sanxingdui No. 1 "Sacrifice Pit" unearthed with a sharp bottom pottery and pottery seat (Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology Institute "Sanxingdui Sacrifice Pit"，Cultural Relics Publishing House 1999 edition)，These two types of pottery may be used for use，and better preservation，It should be interested in buried。This kind of sharp -bottomed pottery cup is also seen in Chengdu Twelve Bridge sites。The difference is，Samsung Dou No. 1 "Sacrifice Pit" sharp bottom pottery cup is open，There are obvious differences in the top pottery cup of the tip of the Chengdu Twelve Bridge site。Its shape feature display，Samsung Dou No. 1 "Sacrifice Pit" open -bottomed pottery cup is an early form of this type of pottery，It should be the early stage of the fourth phase of the Sanxingdui site。According to this, it can be determined，The burial age of Sanxingdui No. 1 "Sacrifice Pit" In the early stage of the fourth phase of the Sanxingdui site。

Research on the 14th Dynasties of Sanxingdui No. 4 Pit of Sanxingdui,，Data samples of 6 carbon 14 years，After the Bayesian Statistical Tree Run Correction, the probability of 68.3%in its buried age is within the time range of 3072-3003 (Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute、The Archaeological Research Center of the State Cultural Relics Bureau and the Peking University Archaeological Expo College Archaeological Age Joint Laboratory "The Research on the 14th Dial of Carbon Fourteen Pit in Sanxingdui Site, Sichuan, Sichuan"，"Sichuan Cultural Relics" 2021, No. 2)。The Chinese historical development stage of Sanxingdui No. 4 Pit in this era of data，In fact, it has arrived at the end of Bet365 lotto review the business。This should also be an important basis for judging the age of Sanxingdui No. 1 "Sacrifice Pit" and the early period of Sanxingdui site。

Sanxingdui civilization should be ended after these pits that are buried in a large number of exquisite items。According to the above analysis，It can be presumed that the end of the Sanxingdui civilization is roughly at the end of business and early week，Around 3000 years ago。

　　What is the relationship between Sanxingdui civilization and Xia Shang civilization

To sum up，The beginning of the formation of Sanxingdui civilization was between 1600 BC and 1500 BC，The end of the end is around 1050 BC，I have experienced about 500 years before and after。The existence time of Sanxingdui civilization is roughly during the business dynasty。

The cultural relics unearthed from the Sanxingdui site also show that Sanxingdui civilization is greatly affected by the Central Plains business civilization。but，The most important cultural features presented by Sanxingdui civilization，That is the civilized factors that indicate the characteristics of Sanxingdui civilization，Civilized factors reflected in the relics related to sacrifice activities，but very different from business civilization。This may initially formed with the Sanxingdui civilization in the Chengdu Plain area，It is the input of Xia culture represented by Erlitou culture in the core area of ​​the Central Plains in the core area of ​​the Central Plains，and the influence of Qijia culture in Longxi area。

If you say，The phenomenon of using the toothy sacrifice activities is a civilized factor with the characteristics of Sanxingdui civilization，The cultural tradition of using Yajie is an important cultural characteristics of Xia civilization，Then the formation of Sanxingdui civilization may be related to the continued development of the Xia civilization in the core area of ​​the Central Plains。Some civilized factors that show the characteristics of Sanxingdui civilization are actually inherited from the summer civilization，It has nothing to do with business civilization，Therefore，and is greatly affected by commercial civilization，But very different from commercial civilization。Turn in turn，Some characteristic civilization bet365 live casino games factors of Sanxingdui civilization may still be the basis for exploring some important characteristics of Xia civilization。This needs to be further explored in the future。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)