■The unearthed situation of the bronze square statue and the bronze human face statue in bet365 Play online games Pit No. 3。Image source: CFP

"Sleeping for Thousands of Years，Wake up and shock the world”，This is the world’s high praise for the two large “sacrificial pits” discovered in 1986 at bet365 Play online games in Guanghan, Sichuan and a large number of exquisite and unique unearthed cultural relics。Since autumn 2019，Archaeologists excavated the area near the "sacrifice pit" of bet365 Play online games again，Six more pits were discovered，A large gold mask has been unearthed、Large bronze human head and other bronze vessels、Jade articles such as jade cong and jade Ge、A number of precious cultural relics including ivory and ivory carvings。These findings，Fully demonstrates the great achievements of the Fangguo civilization, one of the most brilliant and dazzling areas outside the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains，Shows the splendid Sanxingdui civilization that amazes the world。However, for a long time，Academic views on the age of Sanxingdui Civilization，That is, when did the Sanxingdui Civilization form、When will it end，Questions such as how long the entire Sanxingdui civilization lasted，Not yet explored in depth。The author is based on the currently published archaeological excavation data of bet365 Play online games，Discuss the age of Sanxingdui Civilization and its relationship with Xia and Shang Civilization。

　　When did the bet365 Play online games civilization form

Exploring the age of the formation of bet365 Play online games Civilization，We cannot simply rely on the age of the two "sacrifice pits" that have been excavated and the six pits that have been recently excavated as the main basis，Because these pits were formed in the late bet365 Play online games Civilization，Rather, we should focus on the earlier or earliest batch of high-end cultural relics reflecting the formation of bet365 Play online games Civilization as the main analysis objects。Currently，The main ones are as follows。

　1929，bet365 Play online games pit-type relics found in front of Yan’s courtyard in Moon Bay，The number of bet365 Play online games artifacts unearthed reaches three to four hundred，Most of them were later lost。Among the relics seen so far，There are bet365 Play online games congs belonging to the Longshan Culture period、Yazhang from the fourth period of Erlitou Culture、bet365 Play online games Cong and bet365 Play online games Bi from Qijia Culture、Collared bet365 Play online games from the Erligang Culture Period、Collared bet365 Play online games from the late Shang Dynasty。

1976，A pit-like relic was discovered at the machine-made brick and tile factory in Gaopian Township, Guanghan near bet365 Play online games，1 piece of turquoise bronze medallion unearthed、1 jade piece、1 piece of jade knife、1 jade spear，Respectively, works from the late Shang Dynasty and possibly the third phase of bet365 Play online games。

　Two large “sacrificial pits” were discovered in bet365 Play online games in 1986，The pit is filled with a large number of precious cultural relics，Most of them are works equivalent to the late Shang Dynasty，A small number are early works，If it is transformed into a jade bag and the original "sacrificial picture" is engraved, it is a jade bag from the early Erlitou culture、Jade congs from Qijia culture。

1987，A pit relic was found in Cangbaobao about 400 meters east of the Yanjia Courtyard in Moon Bay at bet365 Play online games，3 bronze medal decorations unearthed、8 pieces of jade rings、1 jade hoop-shaped device、1 piece of jade chisel、11 pieces of stone jade、10 pieces of stone spinning wheels、3 stone axes、1 piece of stone cong。Remains belonging to Erlitou cultural elements (3 bronze medals)、Remains with Qijia cultural characteristics (stone bis and stone spinning wheels)、Remains (jade rings) with characteristics of the late Shang Dynasty, etc.。

　1998，Archaeologists excavate the cemetery of Rensheng Village on the west side of bet365 Play online games，Cleaning 29 tombs，66 funerary objects unearthed，5 pieces of pottery included、61 small jade items，It belongs to the second phase of Sanxingdui site。The spiral-shaped jade article、The spiral-shaped ivory ware may be a cultural relic from the Erlitou Culture that spread to the Sanxingdui area in the Chengdu Plain or a cultural relic that was influenced by the Erlitou Culture。

　The Great City Wall of the Sanxingdui Ruins was discovered from 1989 to 2017，And the small town of Cangbaobao in the northeast of Sanxingdui City。The city wall of Dacheng was built in the second phase of Sanxingdui site，Part of the area was used until the fourth phase of bet365 Play online games。Cangbaobao Town was built in the third phase of Sanxingdui Site。

Since 2005，Three building foundations were discovered on the high platform of Qingguan Mountain in the northwest corner of Sanxingdui City，One of them (F1) is a large building base covering an area of ​​thousands of square meters。The remaining two small building foundations belong to the third phase of bet365 Play online games。F1 is later than the base of two small buildings，However, the age of its use cannot yet be accurately determined，The lower limit of its age is only tentatively set at the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period (Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology "Excavation of the Qingguan Mountain No. 1 Building Site at bet365 Play online games in Guanghan City, Sichuan"，"Sichuan Cultural Relics" Issue 5, 2020)。It is speculated that its use age will not be earlier than bet365 Play online games Phase III，It won’t be as late as the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty。

Since the autumn of 2019，Six more pits were discovered at bet365 Play online games，A batch of exquisite cultural relics were unearthed again，Most of them are works from the late Shang Dynasty，Some are early works，Ruqijia Cultural Jade Cong。

Among the above high-end cultural relics，The earliest one is mainly the Rensheng Village Cemetery、Sanxingdui City Wall Phase II，And the remains of jade pits in Yan’s courtyard in Moon Bay、Gao Pian Pit Relics、Two large "sacrificial pits" in Sanxingdui、Yueyuewan Warehouse Baobao Pit Relics、The newly discovered Erlitou cultural relics and Qijia cultural relics unearthed from six pits in Sanxingdui。These remains belong to the second phase of Sanxingdui Site。If you say，The appearance of these remains at bet365 Play online games shows that the Sanxingdui civilization has been formed，Then it can be determined that the Sanxingdui Civilization was first formed in the second phase of bet365 Play online games。

The age of the second phase of bet365 Play online games，Based on the cultural remains of the second phase of bet365 Play online games and the age data of carbon 14 dating，And the spiral-shaped jade objects in Rensheng Village Cemetery、Yazhang from the fourth phase of the Erlitou Culture unearthed from various pit remains、Inlaid turquoise bronze medallion、Relics such as jade congs and jade bis from the Qijia culture，It can be estimated that it was roughly between 1600 BC and 1500 BC。Because the fourth phase of the Erlitou Culture was from 1560 BC to 1530 BC，Works produced and used in the Erlitou culture in the Central Plains，Being taken to the Sanxingdui Ruins in the Chengdu Plain，The age of its arrival will not be earlier than the age of production and use。It can be inferred from this，The Sanxingdui Civilization was formed roughly between 1600 BC and 1500 BC。

　　When did bet365 Play online games civilization end

The end of Sanxingdui Civilization，refers to the era when bet365 Play online games lost its role as the capital of the Sanxingdui civilization。Then，How to determine that the role of bet365 Play online games as the capital of Fang Kingdom has been lost？At present, it can be mainly based on the destruction of important facilities and important items in the Sanxingdui Ruins、Determined by the phenomenon of being buried or abandoned。

Important architectural facilities and important items discovered at bet365 Play online games，Mainly a warehouse town、Qingguan Mountain F1 Large Building Base Site、Great City Wall，And a large number of exquisite cultural relics unearthed from various pit ruins。

Cangbaobao Town belongs to the third phase of Sanxingdui Site。The age of the Qingguan Mountain F1 large-scale building foundation cannot be accurately determined。The city wall of Dacheng was built in the second phase of Sanxingdui site，Some areas have been clearly extended to the fourth phase of bet365 Play online games。The latest relics unearthed among various pit relics belong to the late Shang Dynasty，Some are in the late Shang stage，Indicate the age of these pit remains，That is, the cultural relics in the pit were buried in the late Shang Dynasty or even at the end of the Shang Dynasty。From this，Among these four types of high-end cultural relics，Only the partial sections of the city wall and various pit relics that continued to be used until the fourth phase of bet365 Play online games，Can be used as a basis。

Some sections of the Dacheng city wall are still in use in the fourth phase of bet365 Play online games，It is a reflection that the capital city of Sanxingdui Fang Kingdom continues to play a role，This is also a reflection of the continued use of Sanxingdui as a settlement after the capital city of Sanxingdui lost its role，No way to tell at the moment。So，Only the burial age of various pit-type ruins where a large number of exquisite items were buried，Can be used as a basis to judge that the role of the capital of Fang Kingdom at bet365 Play online games has been lost。The burial age of various pit relics，All in the late Shang Dynasty，That is, roughly between around 1300 BC and 1046 BC。The latest burial age，It can be based on the shape characteristics of the pointed-bottomed pottery vessels unearthed from Sanxingdui No. 1 "Sacrifice Pit"，And inferred from the carbon 14 dating data measured in the newly discovered Sanxingdui Pit No. 4。

The sharp-bottomed pottery cups and pottery holders were unearthed from Sanxingdui No. 1 "Sacrificial Pit" (Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology "Sanxingdui Sacrificial Pit"，Cultural Relics Press 1999 edition)，These two kinds of pottery may be used together，And better preserved，It should be buried intentionally。This type of pointed-bottomed pottery cup is also found in the Chengdu Twelve Bridges site。The difference is，The sharp-bottomed pottery cup in Sanxingdui No. 1 "Sacrifice Pit" is open，Obviously different from the pointed-bottomed pottery vessels at the Twelve Bridges site in Chengdu。Its shape characteristics are shown，The open-pointed bottom pottery cup in Sanxingdui No. 1 "Sacrificial Pit" is an early form of this type of pottery，It should belong to the early stage of the fourth phase of bet365 Play online games。It can be determined based on this，The burial age of Sanxingdui No. 1 “sacrificial pit” is in the early phase of the fourth phase of bet365 Play online games。

Carbon dating study of the newly discovered Sanxingdui Pit No. 4 shows，6 carbon 14 dating data samples，After Bayesian statistical tree-ring correction calculation, its burial age is 68.3% probability falls within the time range of 3072-3003 years ago (Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology、Joint Laboratory of Archaeological Chronology between the Archaeological Research Center of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the School of Archeology and Museology of Peking University "Research on the Carbon Dating of the No. 4 Sacrificial Pit at bet365 Play online games in Guanghan, Sichuan"，"Sichuan Cultural Relics" 2021 Issue 2)。The historical development stage of China in Sanxingdui Pit No. 4 reflected in the data of this era，It has actually reached the end of Shang Dynasty。This should also be an important basis for judging the burial age of the Sanxingdui No. 1 "sacrifice pit" and the early age of the fourth phase of bet365 Play online games。

The bet365 Play online games Civilization should have ended after these pit ruins with a large number of exquisite items were buried。According to the above analysis，It can be inferred that the bet365 Play online games Civilization ended roughly at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty，About 3000 years ago。

　　What is the relationship between bet365 Play online games Civilization and Xia and Shang Civilization

In summary，The bet365 Play online games Civilization began to form between 1600 and 1500 BC，Ended around 1050 BC，It took about 500 years。bet365 Play online games Civilization existed roughly during the Shang Dynasty。

The cultural relics unearthed from bet365 Play online games also show that the Sanxingdui civilization was greatly influenced by the Shang civilization of the Central Plains。But，The main cultural characteristics of Sanxingdui Civilization，That is, those civilizational factors that indicate the characteristics of Sanxingdui civilization，Civilization factors reflected in various remains related to sacrificial activities，But it is completely different from Shang civilization。This may be related to the initial formation of the Sanxingdui Civilization in the Chengdu Plain，It is the input of Xia culture represented by Erlitou culture in the core area of ​​the Central Plains，Related to the influence of Qijia culture in Longxi area。

If you say，The phenomenon of using Yazhang for sacrificial activities is a civilization factor with the characteristics of bet365 Play online games civilization，The cultural tradition of using Yazhang is an important cultural feature of Xia civilization，Then the formation of bet365 Play online games Civilization may be related to the continued development of Xia Civilization in other places after its decline in the core area of ​​the Central Plains。Because some of the civilization factors that express the characteristics of bet365 Play online games civilization are actually inherited from Xia civilization，Not related to Shang Wenming，So although the bet365 Play online games civilization was at the same time as the Shang civilization in the Central Plains，And was greatly influenced by Shang civilization，But it is very different from Shang civilization。In reverse，Some of the idiosyncratic civilization factors of bet365 Play online games Civilization may also be the basis for exploring some important characteristics of Xia Civilization。This needs to be further explored in the future。

　　(Author’s unit: bet365 Play online games Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)