4th-7th century AD，bet365 offers (bet365 offers) is the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire，Early and mid-Byzantine historical materials pay great attention to the area、Frequently mentioned。

　　The bet365 offers of others

From a cultural perspective，Historical materials from the Byzantine period do not regard bet365 offers civilization as a homogeneous civilization，Regard it as another civilization。This is mainly based on historical factors。The bet365 offers Basin is one of the earliest regions in the world where civilization was born，Sumere appeared successively in ancient times、Akkad、Babylon、Assyria and other civilizations，And had a profound impact on ancient Greek and Roman civilization。But the bet365 offers was incorporated into the Persian Empire in the 6th century BC，Therefore, the Byzantines regard the Persians as the orthodox descendants of the bet365 offers civilization。This concept lasted almost throughout the entire Byzantine history。

As late as the 12th century，The Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates refers to bet365 offers when describing a local ruler in Caesarea。This ruler believed himself to be a direct descendant of the Danishmendids，The lineage can be traced back to the Arsacids dynasty。Named by Nikitas Honiadis，They are all brave and strong warriors，The most powerful of those who conquered the Roman city、The most ruthless person。In his opinion，There is a more direct civilization inheritance relationship between the Persians and bet365 offers。

Since bet365 offers is a region where the two empires have long-term conflicts and has an important strategic position，Thus in early Byzantine sources，To the rivers of bet365 offers、Landform、Products、There are detailed descriptions of customs and the division of provinces in the Persian Empire in this region。For example，About the very famous Assyria province in the bet365 offers，The Byzantine historian Ammianus Marcellinus mentioned it，It is due to its large population、Extensive area、Famous for its richness and wide variety of products。This province was once filled with great and wealthy peoples，Later this place was collectively called "Assyria"。The ancient "Assyria" was renamed "Adiabena" at this time，Means "not allowed to travel along the water"，from Greekνειν” (up the water)。bet365 offers is because "Assyria" is located between the navigable Ona and Tigris rivers，Unable to reach through water。Amian also recorded the strange materials produced locally，Like naphtha，Birds cannot fly if they get stuck，And when naphtha burns，It can only be extinguished with earth。

The historian Procopius of Justinian’s time was also in his work "History of War"，Dedicates a chapter to the origin of the name bet365 offers、The source and flow direction of the two rivers、Myths and legends of this area、Military conflicts between the two countries, etc.。Procopius visited bet365 offers many times，Therefore, we have a clear understanding of the local strategic pattern。For example，He mentioned，The occupation of Nisibis and other places by the Persians had an adverse strategic impact on the Byzantine Empire，Because the Persians don’t need to worry about the area beyond the Euphrates，Instead, it launched an attack on the Byzantine Empire from Edessa and its surrounding areas。

　　The Frontier of the bet365 offers

The Byzantines’ attention to bet365 offers came more from politics、Military level。The Roman Empire’s eastward expansion and the Persian Empire’s westward expansion，The conflict between the two empires was concentrated in bet365 offers。Up to the Byzantine period，bet365 offers became the border between two empires。Early Byzantine historical materials have a clear understanding of this。

Amian recorded many military conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Persians in the bet365 offers in the 4th century AD，Referring to the officers of the Roman Empire who "guarded the borders entrusted to them"。Emperor Constantius stationed troops on a large scale in the bet365 offers，The purpose is not expansion、Occupying territory，But "put up a cordon on our side of the Tigris River，Supervision of possible invasions by the Persian king”。For a long time，bet365 offers is divided into northern and southern parts，Controlled by the Persian Empire and the Byzantine Empire respectively。The Byzantine Empire regarded northern bet365 offers as its traditional sphere of influence，is its own border in the southeast，It is also the core area where it competes with the Persians for hegemony。

This understanding dominates early bet365 offers historical materials，And had multiple impacts on the early history and culture of Byzantium，Specifically manifested in the following three aspects。

一，bet365 offers witnessed the history of the struggle between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Empire，The two sides continue to see each other here，Eventually led to the annexation of the entire bet365 offers region by the subsequent Arab Empire。The Byzantine period opened the new capital of Constantinople，To a certain extent, it is also to maintain the empire’s territory in the east，The Constantine Dynasty and the Persian Empire fought for years，Byzantine Emperor Julian personally marched，Intention to take the Persian capital Ctesiphon，Died on the battlefield。The successor emperor Zovian was forced to conclude a peace treaty with King Sapor of Persia，Cede large areas of territory，Including the 5 provinces of the Byzantine Empire outside the Tigris River、15 fortresses，and Nisibis、Singara and other places。According to agreement，Although Nisibis and Singala were handed over to the Persians，But the original people can leave、Going to Byzantium。However，The struggle for hegemony between the two empires is not over yet，But it continues to exist，Reached its peak during the reign of Emperor Justinian。

Procopius recorded the war between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Empire in the first two volumes of "History of War"。During the reign of Justinian’s successor Justin II，Byzantium suffered heavy losses，Many territories in bet365 offers fell to Persian hands，Including the famous city of Dara。591 years，Persian King Husroes II encountered domestic rebellion，Seeking aid from the Byzantine Emperor Maurice，To express gratitude，He returned many territories in bet365 offers to the Byzantine Empire。605 years，The two empires are at war again，The fall of large areas of Byzantine territory，Emperor Irakli then gathered an army to counterattack，Severely defeated the Persian army in Nineveh in 627，Destroyed the Persian regime in 628。However，The Byzantine Empire failed to achieve its dominant position in bet365 offers，Instead, it consumed military and national power in the war with the Persian Empire，After the rise of the Arabs, they became unstoppable，Quickly occupied the entire bet365 offers region，The power of the Byzantine Empire was forced to retreat from here。

　Second，To maintain territory in northern bet365 offers，Master the dominance in the struggle for hegemony，The Byzantine Empire established a complete military and political system in the area，Establishment of the province of bet365 offers，Place under diocese of Oriens。The highest military official in the province of bet365 offers is the "doux of bet365 offers"，His mansion was originally located in Nisibis。When Zovian ceded territory to seek peace，Give Nisibis to the Persians，So the Byzantine Empire re-designated Amida as the seat of the province of bet365 offers。Afterwards，The Byzantine emperor successively built some important cities in important strategic areas，such as Martyropolis、Dara，In order to improve local governance，The army was mainly stationed in Constantina or Dara。

The "Official Records" of the early Byzantine Empire detailed the military deployments at all levels in the province of bet365 offers。For example，The 1st Parthian Legion based in Constantina、The Second Parthian Legion based at Bezabde on the Tigris River, etc.。Early 6th century，The Byzantine Empire has established three provinces in bet365 offers: one is the Fourth Armenian Province (Armenia Quarta)，The capital is Martillopolis；The second is the province of bet365 offers，The capital is Armida；The third is the province of South bet365 offers，The capital is Dara。During the reign of Emperor Justinian，In order to contain the potential invasion of the Persians，The empire further improves bet365 offers’s military defense capabilities。According to Procopius，Parts of bet365 offers "should be fully fortified"、Reinforced in various ways... Emperor Justinian built a strong fortress here，Heavy garrison，Make this area indestructible，Barbarians are completely unable to invade”。

To the beginning of the 7th century，The effective governance of the Byzantine Empire in bet365 offers appears to be deteriorating。According to George of Cyprus，The Byzantine Empire consolidated the Mesopotamian region into two new provinces: one became known as the Mesopotamian Province or the Fourth Armenian Province，The other one is called "Other Armenia Quarta"。Incomplete administrative planning and arbitrary naming of provinces，It is a manifestation of the weakening of the Byzantine Empire’s dominant position in bet365 offers during this period，It also further weakened the empire’s rule in the region。

Third，On the religious level，The Byzantine Empire also attached great importance to the two river basins，Establish a religious parish roughly based on the administrative plan，Promote the sense of belonging of Mesopotamian residents to the Byzantine Empire and its church through the spread of Christianity、Sense of identity，Use the power of religion to consolidate your rule over northern bet365 offers。From here，Many saints associated with this area、A miracle was created。For example，According to Theodoret of Cyrrhus，Jacob of Nisibis, Bishop of Nisibis, faced the siege of the city by the army of King Sapur of Persia，Exerted magical skills。At that time，The Persian army intercepts the water flow，Using the impact of water to breach the wall of Nisibis，And Jacob through prayer，Curse the enemy，Calling a black cloud of mosquitoes to bite the enemy and their horses and elephants，Forcing the enemy to flee in panic。However，Overall，The Byzantine Empire’s religious policy in bet365 offers is basically in line with the empire’s overall religious policy，This region is not given special religious status。

　　bet365 offers remembrance

The bet365 offers in Byzantine historical materials not only carries the glorious memory of the Roman Empire’s rule in the East，Also witnessed the history of the war for hegemony between the two empires of Byzantium and Persia。From here，After the revival of the Byzantine Empire during the Macedonian Dynasty，There have been many emperors’ expeditions to bet365 offers，Attempting to reestablish the Empire's dominance in the region，But no substantial achievements have been made。John I Kimiski when the expedition was not going well，In his speech to the army, he said bluntly: "The Romans，I did not achieve my great expectations。I had hoped to achieve greater glory than what I am doing now，Be able to bathe in the Euphrates without fear、Drink from its flowing river，Can see the Tigris River，Frighten the enemy with heavily armed soldiers。”

So far，The Byzantine Empire’s last memories of bet365 offers’s territory were in most cases the war for hegemony with Persia in the 7th century。Leo the Deacon in reference to Nisibis，The last memory of the city’s history is when Bishop James of Nisibis resisted the incoming Persian army。In memory of the glory of the Roman Empire in the east，Late 9th century、During the reign of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI in the early 10th century，Reintroducing the name bet365 offers，And created a new military region，But the jurisdiction of the bet365 offers Military District is not the bet365 offers basin，Not the Mesopotamian province in the early empire，It is located northwest of the original province。

According to the records of the official document "On the Administration of the Empire" during the period of Constantine VII，Kamacha is under the jurisdiction of the Mesopotamian Military District，Today’s Kemach, Türkiye)、Keltzini，Today’s Turkish city Erzincan) and other places，Added areas such as Romanopolis later。These areas are mainly populated by Armenians，Therefore, the officers of the so-called Mesopotamian Military District are often served by Armenians who submitted to the Byzantine Empire。In subsequent Byzantine historical documents，When referring to bet365 offers，In most cases, it no longer refers to the bet365 offers in the traditional sense，But this military region newly established by the empire。With the decline of the Byzantine Empire，The Mesopotamian Military District also withdrew from the stage of history，Gradually faded out of the sight of Byzantine scholars。

　(Author’s unit: Institute of World bet365 offers, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)