According to German historical legal scholars，Only the way you live in life is reasonable，This living law is rooted in habit or custom，It is the embodiment bet365 bonus code 2023 national spirit。This view echoes the following important insight in Vico's "New Science": "Law originates from human custom，Customs come from the common nature of all ethnic groups，Sustaining human society。Nothing is more natural than following natural customs...the natural laws of tribes and the customs of various ethnic groups are the same thing，Because they all come from human ‘common sense’。”In this key discussion，"Common sense" is placed at the foundation bet365 bonus code 2023 "natural law of all peoples" or the "natural law of tribes"。However，One thing we often overlook is，The concept of “common sense”，This is not always the case，Always the same。Before obtaining the meaning given by Vico，It plays an important role in the epistemological foundation bet365 bonus code 2023 classical natural law school。In its modern transformation，16、Scientific Revolution in the 17th Century，In particular, anatomy achievements played a decisive role。

In 1543, Copernicus's "On the Revolution bet365 bonus code 2023 Celestial Spheres" and Vesalius's "The Structure bet365 bonus code 2023 Human Body" were born at the same time，Opened the curtain of scientific revolution。This century-long wave of thought has completely revolutionized the way humans understand nature，Not only changed people’s understanding bet365 bonus code 2023 order of heaven and earth，And it has profoundly affected people’s understanding bet365 bonus code 2023 structure bet365 bonus code 2023 human body。The new knowledge landscape is based on natural rationality，Classical natural law theory represented by Aquinas。On the one hand，The empiricist attitude of new science downplays the idea of ​​God’s eternal law。On the other hand，Vesalius’ anatomical description bet365 bonus code 2023 brain，By promoting the 17th-century scholastic revision of Aristotle’s interpretation bet365 bonus code 2023 Soul，From the foundation bet365 bonus code 2023 Knowledge Building，Shaken the epistemological foundation of medieval natural law theory。With the gradual disappearance bet365 bonus code 2023 scholastic epistemological meaning of terms such as "common feeling" and "common concept"，A historical one、Socially constructed “common sense” gradually becomes the mainstream of thought，And this is the logical starting point bet365 bonus code 2023 theory of "Natural Law of All Peoples" in Vico's "New Science"。

Since the High Middle Ages，In the Commentary Tradition of "On the Soul" of Scholastic Philosophy，Aristotle’s point of view—“What does not exist in the intellect，First of all, there is no existence in the feeling" gradually became the norm。Scholastics emphasized，The soul’s knowledge bet365 bonus code 2023 external world comes from feelings，Must be obtained from feeling。The whole process of understanding is that the form of things is gradually separated from the material，Transformation from sensible form to knowable form。This process is called "abstraction"。Shared feelings play a vital role in the abstraction process。As an interoceptive ability，Common sensation is a unified "feeling" formed by integrating the abstract sensory forms bet365 bonus code 2023 five external senses。Based on Galen’s brain anatomy as the basis of physiology，Aquinas’s four-fold structure of interoception (common sense、Evaluation、Imagine、Memory) is closely integrated with the four-chamber structure bet365 bonus code 2023 brain，Completed the epistemological construction of natural theology。But in the commentary tradition，Dissent among Augustinians who placed more emphasis on the introspective intellectual tradition has persisted and been documented。The latter emphasizes that there is only one kind of interoception，That is, shared feeling，Used to accept certain habits and tendencies。

Detailed illustrations bet365 bonus code 2023 anatomy bet365 bonus code 2023 brain in Vesalius's "The Structure bet365 bonus code 2023 Human Body"，Supports the opponents’ views from the perspective of empirical evidence。Second half bet365 bonus code 2023 16th century，To oppose the Reformation、The Jesuits who promoted Catholic education as their own mission gathered the best late scholastic scholars at the time to complete the eight-volume "Coimbra Textbook Commentary on Aristotle's Works"。Among them，The "Commentary on Coimbra's "On the Soul"" completed in 1596 by Manuel de Goís, a scholar bet365 bonus code 2023 Jesuit Roman College, is an important representative bet365 bonus code 2023 internal self-renewal of late scholasticism。Corresponding to the redefinition bet365 bonus code 2023 cognitive status of common feelings，Commentary tradition on the universals existing in the intellect、Innate、The Aquinasian mainstream interpretation bet365 bonus code 2023 self-evident “common concept” has also quietly changed。The scope of common concepts begins to expand to some empirical aspects、Willpower、Psychological experiential content。Some scholars even try to use "empirical authority" and "consensus among scholars"，To redefine what is self-evident in human knowledge、Innate universal principles。These small attempts and innovations，Finally accompanied by the torrent of scientific revolution，Making Suarez finally combine the terms shared feeling and shared concept，Replace the object that the common concept once referred to with a common feeling。In short，A more flexible one、Experiential、The historical constructive way of acquiring knowledge was born。

The work of priests is a key part bet365 bonus code 2023 changes in ancient and modern times，Constitute 17、18th century European philosophy、Law、The common starting point of political thought。First，After debate in the comments，The structure of an outside-in Aristotelian abstract cognitive theory begins to collapse。This is the way to Descartes’ inside-out cognitive order relative to humans，Replacing an important link in the order of existence in terms of nature itself。Secondly，A weakening treatment of common feeling as a kind of inner perception bet365 bonus code 2023 soul and the innate self-evidence of common concepts，Guided a historical perspective、A new perspective on understanding "shared feelings" in the sense of social construction，This is also one bet365 bonus code 2023 conditions for the birth bet365 bonus code 2023 meaning of "common sense"。The new understanding of "common sense" is also the starting point for Vico to build his own "new science"。

Facing the establishment of modern mathematical and physical science knowledge system，Vico keenly discovered the modern scientific program marked by "mathematization of nature" and its metaphysical foundation，An eternal gap is drawn between the theoretical understanding of nature and human moral practice。In his opinion，When natural purpose and divine providence are expelled from the infinite universe composed bet365 bonus code 2023 accidental mechanical collision of lonely atoms，Any effort to find a natural foundation for human order has become difficult。How in Hobbes、In addition to Locke’s explanation of conventionalist contract theory about human social order，Demonstrate the possibility of a practical philosophy，And defending the legitimacy bet365 bonus code 2023 law became the focus of Vico's work。"New Science" is his solution。Vico realized that the scientific revolution had destroyed the traditional scholastic philosophy’s identification of eternal law and universal natural reason，Smashed the natural foundation and rational basis of an unchanging natural law from its foundation。Therefore，He resorted to the practical development bet365 bonus code 2023 customs (natural laws of all peoples) in history by appealing to the living practices of various ethnic groups，Unify historical changes with eternal divine will，Advocating truth is practical、Creative and historic。Historical process，It means gradually rising from "common sense" in practice to the understanding of God's will，Because "it originated from the unified concept among peoples who do not know each other，There must be a basis for common truth”。“Think of an ideal eternal law that should be observed by all city-states in accordance with the will of God or God。All eras thereafter、All political systems of all nations are created by this ideal。”Here，The “god” emphasized by Vico，No longer the God who appears as the creator bet365 bonus code 2023 "eternal laws" bet365 bonus code 2023 natural world，And more importantly, it enables the laws of various nations to be established and gradually deepened、The highest condition and ultimate legitimacy of unity。In short，Vico aimed to establish a new historical theology，To replace the natural theology that was uprooted by the scientific revolution。

Therefore，“Common sense” becomes the basic concept for understanding Vico’s new science。He pointed out，“Common sense is a whole class、Group、Nationality，Unthinking judgment shared by all human beings"。"By nature，Human judgment is uncertain，It derives certainty from our ‘common sense’ about what is necessary and useful to human beings。At the same time，Necessity and usefulness are the two sources of natural law for all peoples。”Visible，Vico believed that common sense is the source bet365 bonus code 2023 law of nations，It is a common creed used by a group to establish system and order。These creeds have different expressions in different historical stages，Constitutes the main source of law。For Vico，The history of law is the nature of law。Accordingly，The history of common sense once again constitutes the history of law。What needs to be noted at this moment is the specific use bet365 bonus code 2023 concept of common sense in Vico。Pompa thinks，“Corresponds to Vico’s discussion bet365 bonus code 2023 irrational origins of human nature，Common sense does not mainly come from rational reflection，It’s just a set of inner feelings that all humans share”。From the perspective of intellectual history，This separation from universal reason and the natural world，Received by society、The "common feeling" of historical influence was not directly inherited from ancient tradition by Vico。Rather say，This concept is a modern expression that has undergone a series of conceptual innovations。In the process of defining it，One bet365 bonus code 2023 banners bet365 bonus code 2023 scientific revolution—Vesalius’s anatomical achievements，Undoubtedly played an important role in promoting。

　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of History of bet365 bonus code 2023 and Technology and Cultural Heritage, University of bet365 bonus code 2023 and Technology Beijing)