The new bet365 live casino games developed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty，Extended through the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty，It is rare that the Song Dynasty did not formulate a bet365 live casino games similar to the "equal bet365 live casino games" at the beginning of the founding of the country，Therefore it is considered that "the bet365 live casino games is not established"。The so-called "field system was not established" in the Song Dynasty in later generations does not mean that the well-field system was not implemented，Although some people in the Song Dynasty criticized the bet365 live casino games at that time for not conforming to Confucian ideals。

Although many contemporary scholars oppose the "Tang and Song Dynasty Reform Theory" in land ownership，But this opposition does not mean that there were no changes in land ownership in the Tang and Song Dynasties，Just thinking that this change does not constitute a "change"，That is, the transition from state ownership of land to private ownership of land。In fact，Traditional dynasties all obtain tax revenue by controlling land，To maintain its own rule，If the degree of control is higher，shows the characteristics of state ownership of land，If the degree of control is low，Then it shows the characteristics of private ownership of land。From the land equalization system in the Tang Dynasty to the "non-establishment of the bet365 live casino games" in the Song Dynasty，Although it is not a transition from state ownership of land to private ownership of land，But it is indeed a transition from a system with a higher degree of state control to a system with a lower degree of control，This has caused a series of political and economic consequences，Finally, the "culture of the Chinese nation"，Evolution over thousands of years，It reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties” (Chen Yinke’s words)。

　　The collapse of the "equal bet365 live casino games" in the Tang Dynasty led to the emergence of a new bet365 live casino games

"Equal bet365 live casino games" originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty，The "equalized bet365 live casino games" of the Tang Dynasty inherited the "equalized bet365 live casino games" of previous dynasties since the Northern Wei Dynasty，According to the provisions of the Tang Dynasty Tian Ling，"Zhu Dingnan gave Yongye twenty acres of land，Eighty acres of farmland。Among them men are over 18 years old，Yi Yi Ding Nan gives。Old man、Jidu、Disability、The widows and concubines will each be given thirty acres of land。The first person who has everlasting wisdom has fully spoken the truth”；"Zhuhuang、small、Middle-aged and older men、Jidu、Those who are widowers and concubines，Each of them will be given twenty acres of Yongye field，Thirty acres of farmland in the mouth”。For bureaucrats other than common people，Depending on grade，Granted Yongye fields ranging from one hundred hectares to sixty acres。Yongye Tian can be passed down to descendants，Rikogufentian will be returned to the government after his death，In principle Yongyetian、The land divided by mouth is not allowed to be bought or sold，However, in a few cases such as "the common people are pregnant and dead and their families are poor and have no way to bury them"，You can sell Yongye Field，In the case of "happy to accommodate the countryside"，Can be sold for export。

However, some scholars believe that，The regulations regarding land granting in the Tang Dynasty only remained on paper，Not implemented effectively，The government does not actually allocate land to the people，Just register the land already owned by the people as Yongye Field、口分田，Land re-granting is only done indoors。Therefore，This system is only to prevent excessive land occupation，And Shirdi tax people in conjunction with the rental modulation。However，Those historical facts proposed by scholars who hold this view，This can only prove that the bet365 live casino games in the Tang Dynasty was not a strict state-owned system，But it cannot be effectively proved，Equal bet365 live casino games has never been implemented anywhere。

If you have a more compromised attitude，It is not difficult to admit that "Tang Chengping lasted for a long time，Dingkou Zizhong，Officials have no free land，No more giving or receiving，The old bet365 live casino games is an empty text” (Liu Shu’s words from the Northern Song Dynasty) is a more coherent explanation。In addition，Also due to the long-lasting peace，Can be banned before、The bureaucracy with high executive power is becoming lax，To the extent that it is impossible to effectively control excessive land occupation，It is also impossible to substantially return the land。What’s more serious，Due to the Anshi Rebellion and the subsequent separatism of vassal towns，The number of household registrations directly controlled by the central government has dropped sharply，From 8.91 million households in the 14th year of Tianbao to 2.93 million households in the second year of Guangde，reduced to 1.2 million households in the Dali period。Therefore，The first year of Emperor Dezong’s founding in the Tang Dynasty，The prime minister Yang Yan at the time implemented the "Two Tax Law" reform，The main measures are roughly "the household has no owner and no customers"，Seeing and living is the most important thing；No one is successful，The difference between rich and poor”，Tax collection changed from person-based to property-based。After the implementation of the "Two Tax Law"，The original land equalization system, which was no longer worthy of its name, completely collapsed，Land transfer is no longer subject to government control。

　　There is a tension between the "not establishing the bet365 live casino games" and "not suppressing mergers" in the Song Dynasty

The new bet365 live casino games developed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty，Extended through the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty，It is rare that the Song Dynasty did not formulate a bet365 live casino games similar to the "equal bet365 live casino games" at the beginning of the founding of the country，Therefore it is considered that "the bet365 live casino games is not established"。The so-called "field system was not established" in the Song Dynasty，First of all, it does not mean that the well-field system was not implemented，Although some people in the Song Dynasty criticized the bet365 live casino games at that time for not conforming to Confucian ideals，But if that is the case，After the collapse of the well-field system, there was no established bet365 live casino games in all dynasties；Secondly, it does not mean that there were no rules and regulations related to land management in the Song Dynasty，On the contrary, the Song Dynasty had a considerable amount of land legislation。“The bet365 live casino games is not established” means more，The Song Dynasty did not formulate a strict restriction on land transfer like the previous dynasties、bet365 live casino games that inhibits mergers，And the uneven taxation caused by the "not establishing the bet365 live casino games"，Considered to be the main cause of social crisis in the traditional era。

The traditional ideology of Confucianism，Making "restraining mergers" still an unshakable political correctness in the Song Dynasty，Believe that land annexation is the main cause of social crisis，There were many opinions among the scholar-bureaucrats at that time that called for the suppression of annexation，There are even scholar-bureaucrats who advocate the restoration of the well-field system。The second year of Zhidao，Chen Jing, then Dr. Taichang, recommended to Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty to restore the minefields，And got the support of Song Taizong，However, it ultimately failed due to resistance from the bureaucracy。In fact，The bureaucracy itself will not directly oppose "repression of mergers"，Reforms of "equal bet365 live casino games" or "well field system" are mostly resisted because of premature timing or technical difficulties。For that matter，"Not establishing the bet365 live casino games" is not a basic national policy that is openly adhered to，More as a general consensus within the bureaucracy。However，This consensus is quite strong，Even if it is as radical as Wang Anshi’s reform，Only trying to equalize the tax burden by re-measuring the acres。Two Song Dynasties and Three Hundred Years，There is always a tension between this ideological "repression of mergers" and the practical level of "non-repression of mergers"，It is not convincing to use the former to deny the latter。

　The bet365 live casino games creates economic prosperity

"Equal bet365 live casino games" has always been praised for the following two reasons: in terms of traditional Confucian concepts，Under the general realization that the "well field system" is difficult to realize，The "Equal Field System" is considered to be the second best choice that embodies the spirit of the "Well Field System"；From a national financial perspective，Part 2 of "Equal bet365 live casino games"，The state can effectively control more household registrations to become a tax base，Conducive to improving national capabilities。However，At the beginning of the founding of the country, the Song Dynasty still continued the land policy since the middle and late Tang Dynasty，No attempt to restore the "equal bet365 live casino games"，Give up direct control of land，No more strict restrictions on the transfer of land，Most of the official land owned by the government is managed through leasing，It is not uncommon to sell official land。

However，“Not suppressing annexation” has not actually led to the intensification of land annexation，Although many scholar-bureaucrats at that time believed that land annexation was serious，But according to the quantitative research of scholars Yang Jiping，The proportion of land owned by landlords in the Song Dynasty never exceeded 40%，Not too high。The reason may be，The bet365 live casino games and imperial examination system of the Song Dynasty finally created a society that unified the people，The landowners of the Qi people cannot gather stable large real estates like the previous noble families，The frequency of land transfers in the Song Dynasty was much higher than that of previous generations，At that time, there was a saying that "a thousand years of land is exchanged for eight hundred owners" (Xin Qiji's words)。

The bet365 live casino games of the Song Dynasty promoted the economic and cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty，The Song Dynasty put no restrictions on land transfer and optimized resource allocation，Significantly improved agricultural productivity in the Song Dynasty，Some people even believe that an "Agricultural Economic Revolution in the Song Dynasty" occurred。At the same time，Song Dynasty land、The tax system led to the development of commodity-currency relations in the Song Dynasty and the unprecedented prosperity of the urban economy，This in turn created conditions for the cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty。Special historical conditions during the founding of the Song Dynasty，It does not have the option to directly control the land and population through the "equal bet365 live casino games"，Even for the "two taxes" that are official taxes, there are often many exemptions，However，Economic prosperity due to deregulation，However, the fiscal revenue of the Song Dynasty far exceeded that of previous dynasties。Of course，The economic policies of the Song Dynasty were not without their drawbacks，In the Song Dynasty, "the bet365 live casino games was not established" and "mergers were not suppressed"，Allows the country to relax its direct control over land and population，Despite the economic prosperity，This economic advantage has not been converted into military advantage，As a result, both Song Dynasties were destroyed by the military forces in the north。

In short，The bet365 live casino games of the Song Dynasty is not an exception to my country’s traditional bet365 live casino games，It is true that the control over land transfer has been reduced unprecedentedly，This is obviously causally related to the high level of economic and cultural development in the Song Dynasty。It needs to be pointed out，Traditional Confucianism has always had the ideal of public ownership of land and the political proposition of “restraining annexation”，It may not be entirely a negative factor，It is the existence of these concepts，Making the rights of the weak always one of the core issues on the political agenda，Thus easing the social conflicts caused by rapid economic development to a certain extent。

　　(This article is a phased result of the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Fund Project of the Ministry of Education "Research on State Ownership bet365 live casino games Constitution" (16YJC820039))

(Author’s unit: Academy of Sciences, East China University of bet365 live casino games Science and Law)