Bet365 app download

Although many contemporary scholars oppose the "Tang and Song Dynamic Reform theory" in land ownership，But this opposition does not mean that there is no change in the land ownership of the Tang and Song dynasties，I just think that this change does not constitute a "change"，The transformation from the state -owned system from land to the private ownership of the land。In fact，Traditional dynasties can obtain taxes through controlling land，To maintain your own rule，If the degree of control is higher，It presents the characteristics of the state -owned system of land，If the degree of control is low，Then the features of the private ownership of the land。From the Mandarin field of the Tang Dynasty to the "field system" in the Song Dynasty，Although it is not a transformation from the state -owned system from land to the private ownership of the land，But it is indeed a change from a system with a higher degree of control to a system with a higher degree of control to a system with a lower degree of control，This has caused a series of political and economic consequences，Finally, the "Culture of Huaxia Nationality，Thousands of years of evolution，Extremely in the world of Zhao Song "(Chen Yinque)。

　　The collapse of the "Mandarin System" in the Tang Dynasty caused the emergence of the new field system

"Jun Tian System" originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty，The "Jundian System" of the Tang Dynasty inherited the "Jundian System" of the Northern Wei Dynasty，According to the regulations of the Tang Dynasty,，"Twenty acres of Yongye Tian to Yongye Tian，Eight acres of port divided fields。Among them, the year of the male is 18 Bet365 app download or more，Yiding male。Old man、Duku、Waste disease、Widow's wife and concubine each gives each other thirty acres。First there is a number of people with a lot of people in the forever ";" Zhu Huang、Small、Middle men and women and old men、Duku、Widow Wife and Puppet as a household，Twenty acres of Yongye Tian，Thirty acres of ports "。For bureaucrats outside the people，According to the difference in grade，Gives 100 hectares to 60 acres of Yongye Tian。Yongye Tian can be passed to descendants，and return to the government after dying，In principle, Yongye Tian、Plum fields are not allowed to buy and sell，However, in a few cases such as "the people who are dead in the family and the poor are not for the burial"，You can sell Yongye Tian，Under the circumstances of "Moving to Kuanxiang"，You can sell exported fields。

But some scholars think，The relevant regulations of the Tang Dynasty are only on the paper，No practical execution，The government has not really allocated to the people's land，Just register the land that the people already have as Yongye Tian、Portal Field，Land is also performed only outdoors。So，This system is only to prevent occupying the field limit，And the taxi。But，The historical facts proposed by the scholars holding this view，It can only prove that the land system in the Tang Dynasty is not a strict state -owned system，But it cannot be effectively proof，Jun Tian system has never been implemented in all places from beginning to end。

If you hold a compromised attitude，It is not difficult to admit "Tang Cheng for a long time，Dingkou Zizhong，Guanyanless field，No repeated，The explanation of the old field is empty "(Liu Shuyu in the Northern Song Dynasty) is more integrated。other，Also due to Chengping for a long time，Originally can prohibit the line、Bulletin Bet365 app download with high execution is increasingly relaxed，so that it can not effectively control the occupation of the field limit，It can not be granted it in substantially。More serious is，Due to the chaos of the Anshi and the subsequent Fan Town cutting，The number of accounts directly controlled by the central government is sharply reduced，From 8.91 million households in the 14th year of Tianbao to 2.93 million households in Guangde，drop to 1.2 million households during the period。So，Tang Dezong Jianzhong's first year，Prime Minister Yang Yan at the time promoted the "Two Tax Law" reform，Its main measures are roughly "no household，Book of Juju; people Wu Dingzhong，Broken the rich and the poor "，Taxation is transformed from Ding Ding as the property -based。"Two Tax Law" was implemented，It turned out that the unrealistic uniform land system completely collapsed，Land transfer is no longer controlled by the government。

　　There is a tension between the "field system" and "no merger" in the Song Dynasty

Shinada system developed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty，Live through the Five Dynasties to Song Dynasty，The rare land in the Song Dynasty did not formulate a field system similar to the "Jun Tian system" at the beginning of the country，Therefore, it is considered to be "the field system does not stand"。The so -called Song Dynasty "field system"，First of all, it does not refer to the well field system，Although some people in the Song Dynasty criticized the land system at the time in this sense, the land system was not in line with Confucian ideals，But if this is the case，After the collapse of Jingtian system, there was no field system; secondly, it did not mean that there were no rules and regulations on land management in the Song Dynasty，On the contrary, there is a considerable amount bet365 best casino games of land legislation in the Song Dynasty。"Field system is not standing" more about，The Song Dynasty did not formulate a strict restriction of land transfer、Field system that suppresses mergers，Unexplained taxes caused by "field system"，In the traditional era, it is considered to be the main cause of social crisis。

Confucian traditional ideology，Make "inhibitory mergers" still belongs to unshakable political correctness in the Song Dynasty，It is believed that the merger of land is the main cause of social crisis，And required to suppress mergers in the middle of the scholars at the time，Even scholars advocate the restoration of the well field system。Two years to the road，Dr. Chen Jing Shang Shu Shang Shu Song Taizong Jian Jian Jianjian，and get the support of Song Taizong，But in the end, it failed because of the resistance of bureaucratic groups。In fact，The bureaucratic group itself does not directly oppose "suppressing mergers"，More about the reform of the "Mandarin System" or "Jingtian System" with immature timing or technical difficulties。In this way，"Field System is not standing" is not a basic national policy that adheres to it，More universal consensus as a bureaucracy。but but，This consensus is quite strong，Even if it is radical like Wang Anshi,，It is only trying to make a paid burden by re -measured the fields of fields。Three hundred years of the Song Dynasty，This ideological "suppression of mergers" and "non -suppression" at the practical level always exist in tension，The former to deny the latter is not convincing。

　The land system creates the prosperity of the economy

"Jun Tian System" has always been respected for the following two reasons: as far as traditional Confucian concepts are concerned，Under the circumstances Bet365 app download that the "Jingtian system" is generally difficult to achieve，"Jundian System" is considered to be a secondary choice that reflects the spirit of the "Jingtian system"; from the perspective of national finances，"Jun Tian System"，The state can effectively control more hukou to make it a tax base，It is conducive to improving national abilities。But，In the early days of the founding of the Song Dynasty, the land policy since the middle and late Tang Dynasty was continued，No tried to restore the "Mandarin System"，Give up the direct control of the land，No more strict restrictions on the circulation of the land，Most of the official fields owned by the government also take the way of renting，It is not uncommon for selling official fields。

But，"No Intrandment" has never really caused land mergers to intensify，Although many scholars thought that the land merged was serious at that time，But according to the quantitative study of Yang Ji Ping equal scholars，The proportion of land owned by landlords in the Song Dynasty has not exceeded 40%，Not high。The reason may be，The land system and the imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty finally created a Qi people society，Qimin landlords can not gather stable large real estate like the previous taxi door valves，Frequency of land transfer in the Song Dynasty is far from predecessor，At that time, there was the saying of "Millennium Field to Eight Hundred Lords" (Xin Qiji)。

The land system of the Song Dynasty promoted the prosperity of the economic and cultural economic and cultural，In the Song Dynasty, the resource allocation was optimized without restrictions on land circulation，greatly improved the level of agricultural productivity in the Song Dynasty，Some even think that a "Song Agricultural Economic Revolution" occurred。Song bet365 best casino games Dynasty Land，Song Dynasty Land、The taxation system has led to the development of the commodity and currency relationship in the Song Dynasty and the unprecedented prosperity of the urban economy，And this has created conditions for the prosperity of the Song Dynasty。Special historical conditions in the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty，Make it without choosing the "Jundian system" that directly controls the land and the population.，Even the "two taxes" as Zhengfu often have more reduction and exemption，But，Economic prosperity due to relaxation and manufacturing，However, the fiscal revenue of the Song Dynasty far exceeded the previous generations。Of course，The economic policy of the Song Dynasty is not at all without disadvantages，The "Field System of Fields" in the Song Dynasty, "Not Suppressing Merge"，Relax the country's direct control of land and population，Although the economic prosperity has been created，This economic advantage has not been converted into a military advantage，Military forces that died in the north in the north。

In short，The land system of the Song Dynasty was not an exception of the land system in the traditional era of my country，It really reduces the control of land circulation，and this has obvious causal associations with the high degree of economic and cultural development of the Song Dynasty。What needs to be pointed out is，Traditional Confucianism has always been in the land public ideal and the political claim of "suppressing mergers"，It may not be a negative factor，It is the existence of these concepts，Make the rights of the weak are always one of the core issues of the political agenda，Therefore, to a certain extent, the social contradictions brought by the high -speed development of the economy。

　　(This article is the "State ownership of the Constitution" (16yjc820039) phased achievement of the Humanities and Social Science Fund Project of the Ministry of Education (16yjc820039)

(Author Unit: Institute of Science and Law University of East China)