On the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China，Looking back on the historical development of the disaster and emergency management system in my country is of great significance。Its overall characteristics are，Based on the gradual evolution of the system framework of the department's professional classification management，Continuously promoting cross -disaster species、cross -department、Cross -phase and cross -regional comprehensive coordination。

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Early early establishment of the People's Republic of China，Limited by the level of economic bet365 live casino games and social development，The type of disaster is relatively single，Mainly concentrated in water and drought、flood、Earthquake and other natural disasters。The party and the government have gradually established the Ministry of Agriculture、Meteorological Bureau、Earthquake Bureau、Ministry of Water Conservancy、Ocean Bureau、Ministry of Forestry、Earth and Mining Department and other professional disaster reduction agencies。The core of disaster management is mainly for natural disaster rescue，Pay attention to the "disaster anti -disaster" and "disaster relief" links after the disaster。The central government is the only responsible subject of disaster relief，Get disaster relief work，Highly concentrated disaster management system for "looking for the central government"。

In order to actively respond to the call of the 42nd UN General Assembly No. 169, "International Against Natural Disaster Ten Years" resolution，April 1989，The Chinese government established the China International Disaster Ten Years Committee。October 2000，China International Disaster Ten Years Committee renamed the China International Disaster Speed ​​Commission。April 2005，The China Disaster Reduction Commission was renamed again to the National Bet365 lotto review Disaster Reduction Commission。The National Disaster Reduction Commission is an inter -ministerial negotiation coordination agency under the leadership of the State Council，from 34 National Ministry、Committee、Bureau、Military and social group composition，Office is located in the Ministry of Civil Affairs。

The concept of comprehensive disaster reduction is mainly reflected in: first，Turn from the management idea with "disaster assistance" as the core to turn disaster reduction、Disaster Prevention、Combining anti -disaster and disaster relief，Guiding ideas mainly for prevention。Next，Aware that disasters are the combination of social attributes and natural attributes，The relationship between disaster management and social system interaction is more clear。again，Comprehensive understanding of seven major categories of natural disasters and their relationships，Disaster management is a comprehensive work。Last，The government's functional perception of the function of disaster management also changes。

The innovation of the comprehensive disaster management system is guided by the China International Cathedral Council.，The Ministry of Civil Affairs is the competent department，Comprehensive coordination system closely coordinated by various departments of the State Council。Its management function，At the same time, the role of comprehensive coordination mechanism。Disaster Reduction Committee as a leader of the State Council、Inter -ministerial coordination agencies based on civil affairs departments，Members include all the disaster -related state ministries and commissions。Responsible for coordinating the disaster reduction activities of major national disaster reduction and guidance，External contact and related coordination tasks undertaking disaster management。

From the perspective of institutional tools，Join from the political mobilization of experience to the modern management method based on science。Disaster reduction as one of the areas included in the 21st Century Active，Connect with the long -term planning of the country's "Ninth Five -Year Plan" and the long -term planning of economic bet365 live casino games and social development，Provide top -level design and institutional guarantee for comprehensive disaster reduction。

　　Step 2: Comprehensive emergency management

Enter the new century，The innovation of the comprehensive emergency management system has further improved and enriched China's modern administrative management system。The construction of the emergency management system and accelerate the combination of government management innovation，Emergency management in service -oriented government construction，In the case of continuous management and service interruption，Realize the connection of government work through the emergency system，Improve the ability of the government to adapt to the changes in external environment。October 2003，The Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Party、Fourth Plenary Session、The Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee has basically completed the blueprint of the framework of my country's emergency management system.。Guided by comprehensive emergency management concepts，Gradually formed "the whole disaster on the object、The whole process、Multi -subject in the structure，"One case and three systems" (emergency plan、Emergency System、Emergency mechanism、Emergency Legal System) The comprehensive emergency management system of the framework。

At the institutional level，China has moved from a comprehensive disaster prevention and mitigation stage to a comprehensive emergency management stage，Establish "the state establishment of unified leadership、Comprehensive coordination、Classification Management、Holding responsibility、Emergency Management System, mainly territorial management "。All departments of the State Council, and local governments at all levels as the administrative entity of emergency management work，The whole process of the four major events of different departments before unified management，Institutional arrangement of "unified leadership"，Improving the authority and importance of emergency management。

Since 2003，my country has gradually formed a government emergency management office hub to grasp the overall overall，A "false Bet365 lotto review and reality" emergency coordination mechanism coordinated by the joint meeting between the negotiation coordination agency。Starting in 2008，my country's focus has strengthened between regions、Between departments、Between strips、docking between military and land，Promoting emergency coordination from the compulsory model that rely on administrative orders to rely on spontaneous and voluntary autonomous models。The streamlined and specifications of the negotiation coordination agency have been integrated into the reform of the State Council in 2003 and 2008。Where，The co -meeting system led by the organizational department to negotiate the system has developed rapidly，Become a new working mechanism for communication and coordination of various departments。

Emergency plans as an important tool for innovation of the comprehensive emergency management system，Is the carrier of the emergency concept，clearly stipulated the system and mechanism。From 2003 to 2005，my country has basically established a overall emergency plan、Special emergency plan、Department Emergency Plan、Local emergency plan、Enterprise and Institutions Emergency Plan Five levels of "vertical to the end、Horizontal to the side "emergency plan system。Emergency Management Platform Construction is also a prominent manifestation of the innovation of emergency management tools during this period。

　Step 3: Public safety governance

Since 2012，Under the guidance of the overall national security concept，Innovation of the public safety governance system has become an important part of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities。April 15, 2014，General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over the first meeting of the Central National Security Council，Put forward a strategic decision to propose the overall national security concept。The overall national security Bet365 lotto review concept emphasizes the need to coordinate external and internal security、Land Safety and National Security、Traditional security and non -traditional safety、Itself safety and common safety。In essence,，The overall national security concept emphasizes the complexity of the overall thinking、Various security relationships that depend on each other and coordinate and coordinate。It moves the focus of management to risk management before the post -disposal，The basic framework for public safety governance has been established。

Public safety is an important part of national security，Emergency management is an important content of public safety governance。Emergency management serves both public safety，Serving national security。In the process of comprehensive emergency management to the transition of public safety governance，The core is reflected in the three -dimensional public safety governance system from controlling emergency management to network structure -type co -governance、Shin from the after -a -paid response to the main process of public safety governance system based on risk governance，Try to build risks、Integration of safety and emergency，Building covering before -before、Incident、In the event、Full process afterwards，Form source governance、Dynamic management、Public safety governance system combined with emergency disposal。

The reform of the party and state institutions in 2018 marks that the state began to systematically reconstruct the emergency management system，、Optimization、The principle of science reorganization and improvement of various functions in the field of emergency management。Emergency management functions from very state to normal，Attempts to establish a strong core department for each field in the four categories of events，Emergency management system coordinated and coordinated by parties。The direction of comprehensive reform has always been the maximum to strengthen the overall coordination and coordination ability。Emergency Management Department、Health and Health Committee、The three major institutions of the Ministry of Public Security formed the three major institutions for emergency management，At the same time, the multi -subject collaborative network with the emergency management department。

The Central National Security Council as a high -level decision -making and negotiation coordination agency，You can mobilize the party、politics、Forces Bet365 lotto review of the Army and the whole society，Forms a joint force，Commonly cope with major and special events that endanger national security。Article 49 of the New National Security Law stipulates: "The state established between the central government、Between departments、The collaborative linkage mechanism of national security between military and land and regions。"The Central National Security Council can become the ultimate guarantee for emergency coordination of emergencies。Emergency Management Department strengthens the coordinated guidance and comprehensive coordination functions of disaster reduction committees at all levels and its office，Give full play to the prevention deployment and emergency command of the main disaster prevention and mitigation and relief command institutions，Establishing a department linkage mechanism。This period，Use IoT、Internet+、Cloud computing、New technologies such as big data and innovation emergency management tools，From the multi -door types scattered from the past to the first floor integration，Then to the unified shared data platform construction，It will further strengthen risk governance capabilities and promote the function of comprehensive emergency coordination function。

70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China，my country's emergency management level has been developed rapidly。Three institutional innovations in the field of "disasters", "emergency" and "security"，From the concept to the tool to achieve a qualitative leap，Each institutional innovation is developed on the basis of the previous time。Since the late 1980s，The concept of "disaster reduction" in the field of disaster management，From traditional disaster relief work to modern disaster management work transformation。Since 2012，Emergency management guided by the overall national security outlook to achieve normalized management。The real basis based on economic bet365 live casino games and social development，The emergency management system is innovative and optimized to save the safety of the people's lives and property、Guarantee social stable development、Improve the efficiency and quality of government Bet365 lotto review service at all levels，and the foundation of improving the party's leadership level and the level of governing provides basic guarantees。

(this article is the National Social Science Foundation's major project "Study on the Innovation of National Governance and Administrative System System System System" (17zda105) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Public Management of Renmin University of China; Chinese Society of Administrative Management)