In the World Trade Organization (WTO，The following referred to as the "WTO") support，Many developing countries have achieved rapid economic development，Part of the reason is that the trade is open and encouraged cross -border investment flow，enable companies to participate in the global value chain。But，The global trading system based on rules is facing challenges。

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Some countries of economic cooperation and development (OECD) countries believe，The success of China's exports to a certain extent is attributed to the so -called "unfair preferential policy" that Chinese companies have received over the years。In their opinion，Trade protection measures such as anti -dumping and tariffs are not enough to ensure a fair competitive environment，Some member states try to re -evaluate the risks brought by the high dependence of single trading partners。other，Many countries have begun to use trade policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions，Protecting global biodiversity。

Some trading countries unilaterally resort to trade policy，From export control to the import conditions for meeting specific production requirements，Its trade measures are complementary to supportive industrial policies，The purpose is to maintain economic security and national security，or to cope with global warming、Defending your own value concept。Related policies have brought a lot of uncertainty to the development of the enterprise，Added investment risk premium，Promote the reorganization of the international supply chain。Because the United States prevented the operation of the FTNA appealing agency in 2019，Facing countries that no longer abide by or selectively implement the WTO rules，The ability of those who are adversely affected by the WTO dispute to solve the program are greatly limited。

Global institutions that resolve trade conflicts through negotiations and multilateral mechanisms，The performance of the World Trade Organization in this regard is not satisfactory。The existence of the existence between member states has hindered all parties to revise the rules to reach an agreement。On the contrary，Many member states have chosen to prioritize the negotiation of the special trade agreement。Data of the bet365 Play online games World Trade Organization，As of August 2023，There bet365 best casino games are 360 ​​discriminatory trade agreements in total，Including the Large Regional Agreement "Comprehensive and Progressive Cross -Pacific Partnership Agreement" (CPTPP)、"Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement" (RCEP)、The "African Continental Free Trade Zone Agreement", etc.。

In order to enable the WTO to better play a role，Its member states must recognize，Compared with the past，Today's trade agenda is increasingly inclined to use trade policy to achieve non -trade targets，Economic and national security issues and response to climate change have become issues that are given priority in many countries。On the one hand，The trust crisis between the economic power makes it difficult for them to negotiate sincerely，Not conducive to re -examining the existing WTO rules。On the other hand，The increasing prevalence of single -edged trade measures，and the intention of the "weaponization" trade policy of some major trading powers，Instead, the motivation for multilateral negotiations，To prevent the disintegration of the open trade system based on rules。

June 12-17, 2022, the 12th Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, calls on the maintenance of multilateral trade cooperation，This meeting reached the first new multilateral agreement in the past ten years- "Fisheries Subsidy Agreement"。Members of the World Trade Organization stated that they should strive to rebuild an effective dispute solution，and improve the related work practice of the WTO。The ministers will evaluate related progress and proposals at the 13th Ministerial Meeting at the end of February 2024 at the end of February 2024。

　　Coordinate system differences

Current，Member State of the World Trade Organization faces many challenges，Including basic supply of food、The overflowing effect of management trade policy、Reduce the carbon strength of economic activities, etc.。The task facing China is to defend the existing international trade rules and its rights，New possibilities of multilateral cooperation at the same time，Promoting economic growth of China and low -income developing countries，and play the role of trade in cope with global warming。

As the largest exporter in the world，China benefits the open multilateral trade system，It is also the main market of many member states of many WTO。China can play a role at the 13th Ministerial Meeting，Strengthen the ability of the WTO in solving trade conflict and service policy dialogue。In addition to import and export restrictions and industrial subsidies, a series of problems，The technical progress Bet365 app download behind the development of the digital economy also requires re -examining international trade rules。

Politics and economic systems between members of the World Trade Organization is different。What we need to do is，In the rules -based open trade order，Coordination of the system differences that may bring trade friction。China will inevitably play a core role in this regard，This is not only because of the management method of its economic activities，More importantly, the scale and market share that China occupies in global trade。

In the face of increasingly increasing subsidy and other industrial policies，It is particularly important to deal with the international spillover effect。Global Trade Alert data display，Since 2009，Most trade measures implemented by member states of G20 involve different types of subsidies。Subsidies are the focus of two negotiations in the WTO，A problem involved in domestic agricultural support，Another item is about fishery subsidies。In view of industrial subsidies、Investment incentives and financial measures that support green economy development may have a significant negative impact on foreign producers，They should also be the focus of attention of the WTO。What needs to be pointed out is，Although subsidies may cause negative cross -border commercial spilling effects，But because it helps solve the problem of market failure，Also there are reasons for existence。In terms of the development of non -economic goals such as the development of green economy，Need to consider the benefits that subsidies may bring。

To relieve the situation of trade tensions，Member states of the World Trade Organization need to reach an agreement on trade policies，Solve the competition overflow effect，Formation of rules and regulations of "weaponization" of restricting trade。Although this is a large extent, the agenda between the great powers，But it also involves many trading countries，Because these countries have set up higher and higher markets to enter barriers，Implement export control and investment screening procedures。

　　Strengthen the policy dialogue of member states

The main participants of comprehensive trade are far away from the root causes and severity of unilateral issues，It is unlikely that countries to reach an agreement on the new rules of subsidies and industrial policies in the short term。The prerequisite for cooperation is to understand the goals of the participants，How does their interests be affected by domestic and international affairs of related countries。Common development goals owned by member states of the bet365 Play online games World Trade Organization，Provide space for dialogue for cooperation。

To understand what common goals and interests related to exist，Need to share and compile relevant policy information of the WTO member states，Allows independent analysis of policy effects，and participate in the policy dialogue between major countries。Member State of the WTO's implementation of the current various measures lacks a common understanding of understanding，Including the implementation of the implementation and changes in the cost and income brought to the other country，that is, a positive or negative cross -border overflow effect。Trade restrictions on a specific country may benefit other countries from it，Subsidies and other trade measures may also help the non -economic goals of all WTO member states，For example, provide consumer subsidies to support the purchase of low -carbon emission products。

When involving disputes and overflowing effects，Member State of the World Trade Organization need to formulate new rules and reach a consensus on specific forms，The relevant committees and councils of the WTO can provide a dialogue platform。Actually，Some WTO has done this，Including the technical trade barriers and the hygiene and plant health measures committee。These institutions regularly discuss the "specific trade concerns" proposed by members of the WTO，clarify the goals and necessity of a policy measure，Promoting modification or even revocation of measures that have adverse effects on trading partners。

This method of dialogue can promote non -resistant contact with specific trade measures to implement (or being considered) among member states，Provide another choice to solve the dispute。So，Some member states propose to formulate policies for all institutions of the WTO，Policy review to participate in substantiveness，It is convenient for member states to propose specific trade concerns。For example，Authorized WTO Secretariat for data compilation and analysis work，Strengthen the role of WTO as a platform for international trade cooperation。

　Accelerate the pace of dispute resolution

An important "value proposition" provided by the World Trade Organization is a third -party ruling that conducts objective independence on trade disputes。An effective dispute solution mechanism is important for maintaining the effectiveness of the existing agreement of the WTO and the new negotiation agreement，Urgent need to deal with the crisis faced by the WTO appealed agency。

The United States thinks，WTO ruling is not the Bet365 app download best way to solve problems，Dissatisfaction with the ruling of the appealing agency on some issues，If a state -owned enterprise belongs to a public institution，Whether the principles of the "Subsidies and Anti -Subsidies Agreement" related principles are constrained。Since the United States veto the appointment of the new judge，Appeals agency has fallen into a stopping state in December 2019。A response，China、EU and others proposed a multi -party temporary appeal arbitration arrangement (MPIA)，Continue to provide a appeal mechanism for members of the WTO。

For this question，Member State of the World Trade Organization is discussing the proposal for review at the 13th Ministerial Meeting。If these proposals can be unanimously agreed by all ministers，will be a major progress made by the WTO。If not，Member State of the WTO can choose to use MPIA，Consider other ways to resolve disputes at the same time。For example，Establish a system framework for peer review，Evaluate the effectiveness of the policy、Efficiency and overflowing effect，It can reduce dependence on dispute solution。More specifically，When facing the situation of national security considerations to restrict trade，Discussion solution may be invalid。The more pragmatic approach is，No longer focused on whether the focus of attention is on whether the action is reasonable，Instead of whether the extent of "revenge" in the damage of the interests，instead of making this problem from unilaterally determined。

　　From multilateral cooperation to border cooperation

2001 WTO launched the first round of multilateral trade negotiations，That is Dogha Railway，All member states around the cutting of manufacturing tariffs、Standardize issues such as agricultural support policies to explore。Although this agenda is very important，But with the delay of negotiations, it becomes more disconnected，Finally fell into a deadlock in 2008。From the perspective of members of many developing countries，Digital trade、Cross -border data flow and other issues are not among the Dogha agenda，I will not be properly solved。

With the end of the Dogha round negotiation，In 2017, many countries decided to change strategies，Give up negotiations that all members need to participate and consistent work practice for negotiation。Joint Statement Initatives，Some members negotiate within the WTO，and use the tissue's transparency and dispute to solve the problem to solve the problem。The initiative in 2017 involves e -commerce、Domestic service supervision、Investment Bet365 lotto review convenience and the development of small and medium -sized enterprises，Then I added content related to the environment。China has played a leading role in the initiative of promoting investment convenience，As the initiator, actively support developing countries to participate。

These border initiatives have received extensive support from members of the WTO。"Agreement to Promoting Development Investment Convenience" is an agreement that is particularly beneficial to Bet365 lotto review developing countries，It needs to decide how to incorporate this new border agreement into the WTO framework，And China played a key role in mobilizing non -participating member countries to support the agreement into the WTO framework。

Some member states of some WTO have begun to seek cooperation in other WTO，Framework different from traditional trade agreements，More focused on policy coordination，For example, digital trade、The supply chain supervision reached an agreement。Discussion on the reform of the WTO should include formulating a multilateral framework，Used to guide the border initiative governance between economies。The WTO conducting multilateral review will help participants better design and implement relevant policies。Non -participants can also benefit from it，Because of principle construction，Includes open to the WTO member state that is willing to participate，can reduce the potential adverse effect on the trading system。

Although the negotiations of the border are not Mandarin medicine，But helping countries understand the policy and interests unilaterally implemented by some WTO members of member states, play an important role。The negotiations of the border also provide a cooperation mechanism for the major country of trading，No need to negotiate with all WTO member states，Is a more flexible way。For example，For industrial subsidies，Many WTO member states are small in size，Can't produce a large overflow effect，This means that such multilateral negotiations are actually limited to between large economies。

As a developing country，China plays an important role in helping how to solve the WTO on how to make the trading system more conducive to economic development。On the one hand，Low -income and middle -income countries think，Special and Differential Beef (SDT) terms have not been effectively implemented; on the other hand,，Is the design of SDT reasonable design for SDT、Comprehensive implementation whether it will promote trade growth still question。What method should be adopted for assisting Bet365 lotto review developing countries，It also needs policy dialogue and carefully review。

The 13th Ministerial Meeting of the Thirteenth -State Clends，Ministers will reform the WTO、Reconstruction dispute solution、"Fisheries Subsidy Agreement"、Grain Safety、Grain Safety、Extend the new crown vaccine intellectual property exemption、Special and Different Treatment of Developing Countries、E -commerce、"Agreement to Promote Development Investment Convenience"、"Joint Statement initiative" and other issues discussed。It is worth noting that，The list of projects included in the agenda does not include industrial subsidies、Export control、Trade policy of environmental or economic security orientation。

　　(The author is a professor at the European University Research Institute of Florence, Italy)