In the World Trade Organization (Bet365 lotto review，Hereinafter referred to as "Bet365 lotto review") with the support，Many developing countries have been able to achieve rapid economic development，Partly because trade openness encourages cross-border investment flows，Enable enterprises to participate in global value chains in a professional manner。However，The rules-based global trading system is facing challenges。

　　The role of the Bet365 lotto review is limited

Some Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries believe，China’s export success is partly due to the so-called “unfair preferential policies” that Chinese companies have received over the years。In their opinion，Bet365 lotto review protection measures such as anti-dumping and tariffs are not enough to ensure a level playing field，Some member states are trying to reassess the risks posed by high reliance on a single trading partner。In addition，Many other countries have begun to use Bet365 lotto review policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions，Protecting global biodiversity。

Some major trading countries resort to unilateral trade policies，From export controls to import conditions to meet specific production requirements，Its trade measures and supportive industrial policies complement each other，The purpose is to maintain economic security and national security，Or to combat global warming、Defend your own values。Relevant policies have brought a lot of uncertainty to enterprise development，Increased investment risk premium，Prompt the reorganization of international supply chains。As the United States blocks the operation of the Bet365 lotto review Appellate Body in 2019，Facing countries that no longer comply with or selectively implement Bet365 lotto review rules，Those adversely affected countries are greatly restricted in their ability to use the Bet365 lotto review dispute settlement process。

As a global institution that resolves trade conflicts through negotiations and multilateral mechanisms，The performance of the Bet365 lotto review in this regard is not satisfactory。Differences among member states prevent all parties from agreeing on changes to the rules。Opposite，Many member states have chosen to prioritize negotiations on preferential trade agreements。Bet365 lotto review data display，As of August 2023，A total of 360 discriminatory trade agreements，Including the large regional agreement Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)、Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP)、"African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement", etc.。

In order to make the Bet365 lotto review function better，Its member states must realize，Compared to the past，Today’s trade agenda increasingly favors using trade policy to achieve non-trade goals，Economic and national security issues and combating climate change have become priorities for many countries。On the one hand，A crisis of confidence among economic powers makes it difficult for them to negotiate in good faith，Not conducive to re-examining existing Bet365 lotto review rules。On the other hand，The increasing prevalence of unilateral trade measures，And the intention of some major trading countries to "weaponize" trade policies，On the contrary, it increases the motivation for multilateral negotiations，To prevent the disintegration of the open rules-based trading system。

The 12th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, held in Geneva, Switzerland, from June 12 to 17, 2022, called for the maintenance of multilateral trade cooperation，This meeting reached the first new multilateral agreement in the past decade - the "Fisheries Subsidies Agreement"。Bet365 lotto review members expressed their efforts to rebuild an effective dispute settlement mechanism，And improve the relevant working practices of the Bet365 lotto review。Ministers will assess relevant progress and proposals at the 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, at the end of February 2024。

　　Coordinate Bet365 lotto review differences

Current，Bet365 lotto review member states face many challenges，Including ensuring basic supplies such as food、Managing the Spillover Effects of Trade Policy、Reduce the carbon intensity of economic activities, etc.。The task facing China is to defend existing international trade rules and its rights，Explore new possibilities for multilateral cooperation at the same time，Promote economic growth in China and low-income developing countries，And play the role of trade in combating global warming。

As the world’s largest commodity exporter，China benefits from the open multilateral trading system，Also a major market for many Bet365 lotto review members。China can play a role in the 13th Ministerial Conference，Strengthening the Bet365 lotto review’s capacity in trade conflict resolution and services policy dialogue。In addition to a series of problems caused by import and export restrictions and industrial subsidies，The need for technological progress behind the development of the digital economy also requires a re-examination of international trade rules。

Political and economic systems vary among Bet365 lotto review member states。What we need to do is，In an open rules-based trade order，Coordinate trade frictions that may arise from differences in systems。China will inevitably play a central role in this regard，This is not only because of the way its economic activities are managed，What’s more important is China’s scale and market share in global trade。

Facing the increasing number of subsidies and other industrial policies，It is particularly important to handle international spillover effects。Global Trade Alert data display，Since 2009，Most trade measures implemented by G20 members involve different types of subsidies。The issue of subsidies is the focus of two ongoing negotiations at the Bet365 lotto review，An issue involving domestic agricultural support，Another item is about fishery subsidies。In view of industrial subsidies、Issues such as investment incentives and fiscal measures to support green economic development may have a significant negative impact on foreign producers，They should also be the focus of the Bet365 lotto review。It needs to be pointed out，Although subsidies may lead to negative cross-border business spillovers，But because it helps solve market failures，Also has a reason for existence。In terms of developing green economy and other non-economic goals，Need to consider the possible benefits of subsidies。

To ease trade tensions，Bet365 lotto review members need to agree on trade policy，Addressing competitive spillover effects，Formulate rules and regulations to restrict the “weaponization” of trade。Although this is largely an agenda between the great powers，But it also involves many trading countries，Because these countries have set up higher and higher market entry barriers，Implement export controls and investment screening procedures。

　　Strengthen policy dialogue among member Bet365 lotto review

Major players in comprehensive trade are far apart from each other in understanding the origins and severity of unilateral problems，Countries are unlikely to agree on new rules for subsidies and industrial policy in the short term。The prerequisite for cooperation is to first understand the goals of the participants，How its interests are affected by the domestic and international affairs of the relevant country。Common development goals shared by Bet365 lotto review member states，Provides a space for dialogue for cooperation。

To understand what common goals and interests are involved，Bet365 lotto review member states need to jointly share and compile relevant policy information，Allows independent analysis of policy effects，And participate in the policy dialogue process among major countries。Bet365 lotto review member states lack a common understanding of the basis for the implementation of various current measures，Including implementation status and changes in costs and benefits to other countries，That is, positive or negative cross-border spillover effects。Country-specific trade restrictions may benefit other countries，Trade measures such as subsidies may also benefit the non-economic objectives of all Bet365 lotto review members，For example, providing consumption subsidies to support the purchase of low-carbon emission products。

When it comes to controversial practices and spillovers，Bet365 lotto review member states need to agree on which areas require new rules and their specific forms，The relevant committees and councils of the Bet365 lotto review can provide a platform for dialogue。Actually，Some Bet365 lotto review bodies are already doing this，Includes Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade and Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures。These bodies regularly discuss “specific trade concerns” raised by Bet365 lotto review members，State the goals and necessity of a certain policy measure，Push for modification or even withdrawal of measures that adversely affect trading partners。

This type of dialogue can facilitate non-confrontational engagement between member states on specific trade measures that have been implemented (or are being considered for implementation)，Provide an alternative to resolve disputes。Therefore，Some members propose guidelines for all Bet365 lotto review bodies，In order to participate in substantive policy deliberations，Facilitate member states to raise specific trade concerns。For example，Authorize the Bet365 lotto review Secretariat to conduct data compilation and analysis，Strengthening the role of the Bet365 lotto review as a platform for international trade cooperation。

　Accelerate the pace of Bet365 lotto review

An important “value proposition” provided by the Bet365 lotto review is the objective and independent third-party adjudication of trade disputes。An effective dispute settlement mechanism is crucial to maintaining the effectiveness of existing Bet365 lotto review agreements and negotiating new ones，Urgent need to deal with the crisis facing the Bet365 lotto review Appellate Body。

The United States believes，Bet365 lotto review ruling is not the best way to solve the problem，Dissatisfied with the Appellate Body’s rulings on some issues，If state-owned enterprises are public institutions，Whether it is bound by the relevant principles of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures。Because the United States vetoes the appointment of new judges，The Appellate Body has been suspended in December 2019。In response，China、The EU and others proposed a multi-party interim appeal arbitration arrangement (MPIA)，Continue to provide an appeal mechanism for Bet365 lotto review members。

In response to this problem，Bet365 lotto review member states are discussing proposals for consideration at the 13th Ministerial Conference。If these proposals can be unanimously agreed by all ministers，Will be a major progress for the Bet365 lotto review。If not，Bet365 lotto review members can choose to use MPIA，Also consider other ways to resolve disputes。For example，Establish an institutional framework for peer review，To evaluate the effectiveness of policies、Efficiency and spillover effects，Can reduce reliance on dispute resolution procedures。More specifically，When faced with restrictions on trade due to national security concerns，Dispute resolution procedures may be ineffective。The more pragmatic approach is，No longer focus on whether the action is reasonable，But focus on whether the degree of "retaliation" of the party whose interests have been harmed is appropriate，Instead of leaving this issue to a unilateral decision。

　　From Bet365 lotto review cooperation to plurilateral cooperation

In 2001, the Bet365 lotto review launched the first round of multilateral trade negotiations，Doha Round，Member members focus on cutting manufacturing tariffs、Discuss issues such as standardizing agricultural support policies。Although this agenda is very important，But as the negotiations dragged on, they became increasingly disjointed，Eventually reached an impasse in 2008。In the view of many developing country members，Digital Trade、Issues such as cross-border data flows are not on the Doha agenda，Can’t get a proper solution。

With the conclusion of the Doha Round，Many countries decided to change their strategies in 2017，Abandon all-member negotiations and consensus working practices。By launching joint statement initiatives，Some members are negotiating within the Bet365 lotto review，And use the organization’s transparency and dispute resolution procedures to resolve issues。The 2017 initiative involves e-commerce、Domestic Service Supervision、Investment facilitation and development of small, medium and micro enterprises, etc.，Environment-related content was later added。China plays a leading role in initiatives to promote investment facilitation，As a sponsor, actively support the participation of developing countries。

These plurilateral initiatives have won broad support from Bet365 lotto review members。The Investment Facilitation Agreement for Development is an agreement that is particularly beneficial to developing countries，Its signatories need to decide how to integrate this new plurilateral agreement into the Bet365 lotto review framework，China played a key role in mobilizing non-participating member states to support the inclusion of the agreement into the Bet365 lotto review framework。

Some Bet365 lotto review member states have begun to seek plurilateral cooperation outside the Bet365 lotto review，Use a different framework than traditional trade agreements，Focus more on policy coordination，For example, digital trade、Supply chain supervision reached an agreement。Discussions on Bet365 lotto review reform should include the development of a multilateral framework，To guide the governance of plurilateral initiatives among economies。The Bet365 lotto review’s multilateral review will help participants better design and implement relevant policies。Non-participants can also benefit，Because through principled construction，Including open to Bet365 lotto review members willing to participate，Can reduce potential adverse effects on the trading system。

Although plurilateral negotiations are not a panacea，But played an important role in helping countries understand the stakes of policies pursued unilaterally by certain Bet365 lotto review members。Plurilateral negotiations also provide a cooperation mechanism for major trading countries，Removing the need to negotiate with all Bet365 lotto review members，is a more flexible way。For example，In terms of industrial subsidies，Many Bet365 lotto review members are smaller，Unable to produce large spillover effects，This means that such multilateral negotiations are effectively limited to large economies。

As a developing country，China plays an important role in helping to solve the issues facing the Bet365 lotto review such as how to make the trading system more conducive to economic development。On the one hand，Low- and middle-income countries believe，The provisions of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) have not been effectively implemented；On the other hand，Is the design of SDT provisions in some countries reasonable?、There are doubts whether full implementation will promote trade growth。About which method should be adopted to assist developing countries，Policy dialogue and careful deliberation are also needed。

The 13th Ministerial Conference is around the corner，Ministers will discuss Bet365 lotto review reform、Rebuilding the dispute settlement mechanism、"Fisheries Subsidy Agreement"、Agricultural support、Food security、Extension of intellectual property exemption for COVID-19 vaccine、Special and differential treatment of developing countries、E-commerce、Investment Facilitation Agreement for Development、Discuss the "Joint Statement Initiative" and other issues。It’s worth noting，The list of items on the agenda does not include industrial subsidies、Export Control、Environmental or economic security-oriented trade policy。

　　(The author is a professor Bet365 lotto review European University Institute in Florence, Italy)