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Australian forest fire alert human beings attach importance to nature

April 16, 2020 00:42 Source: "China Social Sciences", April 16, 2020, No. 1908 Author: Fei Sheng

　　From July 2019, California Fire has swept 102,000 hectares of land，Causes an emergency evacuation of 200,000 residents。Starting from September 2019，As of January 20, 2020，Australian forest fire over fire area reaches 10 million hectares，Almost all forest scenic spots in southeastern Australia suffer from disaster.。According to conservative estimates，At least 480 million animals are killed in the fire，Among them, the number of Koala population may be reduced by half。How to understand this tragic incident? This is far from a problem of incomplete administrative governance，but another typical class that humans ignored the laws of nature in the past 200 years。

　　Fire originated: Not only human disasters

　　Australian Fire in 2019 has the factors for fire arson，Nearly 200 people were arrested for alleged arson because of suspected arson，But most of this is not an organization and premeditated crime。Many media accuse the government，I think the fire management level is not enough: poor early warning ability，Do not fight the fire in time，And the Prime Minister Morrison once went to Hawaii during the fire when the fire became stronger，Only the firefighters are exhausted。But，Australia is the world's most recognized country in forest fire Bet365 app download technology and equipment，Not only relatively rich fire saving and emergency experience，and sufficient funds、Completion of regulations、Talent complete。Australian firefighters have a very high social status，As the former Prime Minister Tony Abert immediately joined the professional fire brigade immediately after leaving，In this fire，He led the team to kiss the fire line，Handling praise。

　　No matter what kind of fire，Except fire source，The first need to have combustion，Second, it will help combustion。Look at this standard，Australia is simply the heaven of fire。Australia's mainland latitude is low，Therefore, the temperature is higher。There is no monsoon here，Less precipitation and unstable，80%of the surface becomes a dry desert。In Australia，The basic prerequisite for the survival of all plants is to tolerate the weathered and barren soil and repeated impermanence，As a result, the vegetation and landscape here is either a rare tree grassland or eucalyptus forest，All are the ideal natural salary firewood。For example，Eucalyptus has overcome the pressure of high evaporation with the characteristics of the leaves of the leaves slender and rich in oil，But the price becomes flammable。According to the comparative study of eucalyptus and oak forest transplanted by the United States，The same growth cycle、Forests of the same area，The combustible objects produced by eucalyptus are actually more than 3 times the latter。In bet365 live casino games Australia's 40 million hectares of forests，70%tree species are eucalyptus，And Australia's overall Jockey，Eucalyptus category can account for more than 90%。Not only that，Australian summer is usually hot and dry，The hot air blowing in the inland is rolling。In addition, the phenomenon of "El Nino -South Tao", which has affected the Australian climate in recent years，Extreme meteorological conditions continue to increase，Starting from late spring，The phenomenon of spontaneous combustion of lightning fire and humus will increase。Obviously，The natural environment of Australia itself is flammable。

　　A fire: Australian ecological constructive elements

　　The question is such an irritable biological system. How can it be survived to this day? Unlike the imagination of most people，In the long years，The most important wisdom accumulated by local creatures in Australia is not to escape or eliminate fire，but adapting to fire。indigenous residents who entered Australia about 50,000 years ago are no exception。

　　Australian native plants can carry the fire in various ways，Eucalyptus even consolidated its own dominant position in the plant system with fire。For example, some eucalyptus bark is thick，abnormal fever，Others will quickly let the bark fall off when they are on fire，to protect the main。Even more depends on the flame barbecue to make its fruit burst，so as to spread seed bombs to spread。In fact，Animals also adapt to the fire，For example, although bet365 best casino games the fire will burn to death and destroy their habitat，But because Koala has almost no natural enemies and competitors in the eucalyptus forest，Their population can also recover with the revival of the eucalyptus forest。In short，From a historical vision，Australian fires will eliminate many biological individuals，But it will not affect the stability of the community of species for a long time。

　　The indigenous period wandering in the Australian continent after the year，I also witnessed and experienced countless fires，Not only used to using wide fire，and turn the fire into a production tool。Building roads for indigenous fires，Instructions，The so -called "burning agricultural agriculture" with fire is more fire。Because the Australian indigenous community mostly has the characteristics of seasonal migration，Sky long day，Most of Australia's forest areas and grass ecology are used to the interference of indigenous fire。Objectively，The indigenous arson activity will regularly burn out the combustion of nature，Then avoid excessive accumulation of combustible materials，Therefore, once a natural fire occurs，Its scale will also be suppressed。In the year of La Nina with relatively abundant rainfall，Vegetates will appear crazy，And once it becomes a withered tree and withered tree，Repeated accumulation，The hidden fire hazard rises sharply，Therefore, the indigenous work of timely arson，It can be called a health caregiver of nature。

　　Fire becomes "disaster":Reflection on the concept of modern environment

　　1827，Shepherd in the highlands in northern Tasmania recorded a strange phenomenon，Once the indigenous works of the arson were expelled，An ideal pasture will grow thorns and sourly，It is difficult to remove manpower，As a result, the sheep industry here was forced to give up after only 18 years of maintenance。In the next 100 years，Most of Australia's modern colonists marginalize the environmental knowledge of indigenous people，Including indigenous arson behavior is considered a crime that destroys the environment and modern production。This，The combustion phenomenon in the original ecology of Australia has all become "fire"。With the use of fire practices of the indigenous people，On the one hand, natural combustion materials are not cleaned in time，Fire is often out of control; on the other hand, the fire concept of the aim of eliminating all fires began to be popular。The result is one foot high for fire saving ability.，Fire impact magic high: Australia has taken the lead in using aircraft survey in 1930 in Australia，Flowing fire extinguishing equipment is amazing，And all nationals must receive professional fire skills training，The results still failed to avoid the "Black Saturday" big fire that killed 210 people in 2009。After ten years，Under the extreme weather conditions that occurred in the unexpectedly，We ushered in an out of hand again。

　　In fact，After the fire in the capital of Canberra Bet365 app download Mountain in 2003，The Australian government and the people generally start to reflect on the existing settlement and mountain fire fire concepts，The focus will shift from fire extinguishing to prevent and control，Learn "Adaptation of Fire"。For example, trying to change modern Australian immigrants in the suburban wilderness preference，On the one hand, reduce frequent fire activities that do not exist in nature，On the other hand, reduce the pressure of evacuation and retreat when the fire occurs。In fact，Australian population distribution, although the overall decentralization，But most of the central cities represented by Sydney and Melbourne gathered most people。These cities are constantly expanding，Most of them are adjacent to the dense mountainous area of eucalyptus forest，Once the fire is approaching，Unimaginable consequences。So，Planning ideas for changing the settlement，Perhaps as important as improving the ability to save fire。Many Australians have also begun to dig and inherit the indigenous fire experience，Some communities even invite indigenous residents who still know how to burn to help clean up the vegetation。

　　History is the most patient teacher，You can't learn，It is taught again and again。Australian fire reminds humans in Australia，Awe of nature，Fang Dengzhi for a long time。

　　(Author Unit: Department of History at Sun Yat -sen University)

Editor in charge: Changchang