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In recent years，New changes in the industrial structure of the European Union，Gradually transformed and upgraded with China's industrial transformation and upgrading to form tension，Following it is the increase in competitiveness with each other，This is an important reason why the EU actively adjusts the economic and trade policy of China。EU is not only an important trading partner in China，It is also a strategic force that affects changes in the international structure。Under the background of Sino -US trade friction，The strategic value of China -Europe economic and trade cooperation is more prominent，It is conducive to creating a good external environment for achieving the goal of "two hundred years"。

　　Three features of changes in the EU industrial structure

With the new round of economic globalization promoted after the Cold War, the major adjustment of international industries，EU manufacturing industry's global dominant position began to shake，This is first reflected in the shrinking of the global share of the EU manufacturing industry。It is in this context，The EU released the report of "The Powerful EU Industry is conducive to economic growth and recovery" in October 2012，The strategic goal of "re -industrialization" is proposed，Practice to support industrial development by creating and using multiple policy tools，Improve the proportion of the EU industrial manufacturing industry。The core member of the EU has also launched a national plan for supporting industrial development in the country，For example, in April 2013, Germany officially released the "Future of the Future of German Manufacturing: Suggestions on the Implementation of the" Industry 4.0 "Strategy for improving the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry，France officially launched the "New Industry France" strategy in September 2013。These efforts of the European Union have achieved some results，After 2013，Not only the EU economy recovers from the European debt crisis，The proportion of GDP in the overall manufacturing industry has also begun to recover。From 2013 to 2018，EU overall、Germany、Italian manufacturing GDP proportion is significantly recovered，EU as a whole from 13.698%to 14%，France and Britain slowed down the decline。

bet365 best casino games Although the European Union’s traditional high -end manufacturing industry is still leading in the world，For example, the precision machine tool in Germany、Mechanical、Car、Chemical and other industries，French Airlines、Nuclear Power and other industries also have strong competitiveness in the global market。But in the field of cutting -edge industry，Emerging market countries represented by the United States and China develop rapidly，The EU is relatively slow。For example, in the field of new energy，EU's photovoltaic industry once led far away，Now severely shrinks; although the EU has a relatively leading new energy vehicle manufacturing enterprise，But as a power battery for the core components of electric vehicles，is the weakness of the European Union。More importantly，In the current most important digital economy，The development of the EU is obviously slow than China and the United States。other，EU's single market construction does not form a innovative ecological chain。According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)、The 2018 Global Innovation Index Report released by Cornell University and other institutions，Among the top ten of the global innovative cluster areas，Only a EU city in Paris is shortlisted。

Today's Germany is not only the strongest country in Europe，It also dominates European economic geographical maps。Almost all EU member states' most important cargo export markets are another EU member country，That is to say，Internal trade between EU countries is the trade method of most member states，But except Germany。In the top three export markets in Germany, only France (the second largest export market) is a member of the EU，The other two countries are the United States (the largest export market) and China (the third largest export market)。In 2017, 27 member states (except Germany) in the EU，The most important export market in 17 countries is Germany，Germany is the top three export markets in 22 member states。Obviously，EU countries' trade dependence on Germany is high。From the perspective of the trade structure，Most of German imports from other EU countries are industrial raw materials and intermediate products，and the main export is industrial finished products。That is to say，Products from other EU countries pass through in Germany，Some parts return to EU countries，Another part of it exported to other countries in the world。In this trade cycle，Germany plays the role of the EU industry Bet365 lotto review resource integration person，is the center of the EU industry chain。

　　Challenge of the EU industrial structure changes to China -Europe economic and trade relations

These three changes in the EU industry structure have improved competitiveness between China and Europe industry，It also brought challenges to the stable development of China -Europe economic and trade relations，Specific performance in three aspects。

The EU's "Re -Industrialization Strategy" initial results，The proportion of the overall manufacturing industry began to recover，Although it does not fully meet the expectations，But this further encouraged the EU to increase the use of industrial policies，Maintaining its leading position in the traditional high -end manufacturing industry。At the same time，The EU is full of anxiety about the backward industry of the frontier industry that is based on digitalization as the core.，​​Worried about being marginalized in the digital economy era，Therefore, in recent years, the investment in policy tools and funds has greatly strengthened its support for the digital industry，strive to catch up with China and the United States。According to the idea of ​​the European Union，EU industry will become global leaders in 2030，and create a "European Industrial Model" in line with EU values。But the European Union believes that China's continuous rise in the global value chain is a major challenge for the EU to achieve this goal。

March 12, 2019，The EU Commission published "EU -China Strategy Outlook"，This document accepts the latest positioning of the German Industry Federation for China，Although China still acknowledge that China is a partner，But think that China is no longer a developing country，but pursuing technical leading economic competitors，It is "Systemic Ramer"。The EU believes that it is necessary to maintain its own economic prosperity、Social model and value concept，It is necessary to strengthen the EU's industrial foundation and industrial policy。Introducing the concept of "systemic competition"，It is a great change in the EU's economic and trade policy in China，It means that the EU should strengthen its own industrial power through industrial policy and funds on the one hand，To maintain the advantages of market competition in China; on the other hand, it will improve the access conditions and regulatory standards for Chinese goods and investment to enter the EU market。

EU thinks，The correct industrial strategy must reflect European values ​​and social market economic traditions，Based on competition bet365 best casino games and opening up。This requires the EU while opposing protectionism and market distortions，Facing unfair competition，Master a powerful policy tool。From the European Union，Economic and trade relations with China is "unbalanced"，Market access of the two parties and "not equal"，This has enabled Chinese companies to gain a "unfair" competitive advantage。The EU originally expected to solve this problem through the China -Europe Investment Agreement，But the slow progress of the negotiations between the two parties made the European Union decide to adopt a new strategy -a tougher position and innovative policy tools -to apply greater pressure to China，Forced China to concession。

January 2020，EU Trade Commissioner Phil Hogan's proposal to formulate the EU's "International Procurement Tool"，If the host country has adopted the "discrimination" policy on EU companies，It makes EU companies unable to obtain market access in the country，Then when the EU countries openly bid for bidding，"discrimination" measures for non -EU companies from the country。Hogan believes that this tool will effectively respond to "challenges" from China，Because the current China -Europe Investment Agreement has not satisfied the EU，So the EU must take out more favorable weapons in the field of economic and trade policy。March 10, 2020，EU announced the "EU Industrial New Strategy"，This suggestion of Hogan officially wrote this file，It is believed that this will provide more powerful leverage for the EU processing market access to the same problem。Subsidies have also been the focus of China -Europe economic and trade relations，Plan according to this file，EU released the "White Paper of Foreign Subsidies" in June 2020，Plan to formulate specific anti -subsidy tools and mechanisms。

Sino -German economic and trade relations are the core of China -Europe economic and trade relations，It is also the "cockpit stone" of China -Europe economic and trade relations。According to data from the German Federal Bureau of Statistics，The bilateral trade volume of the two countries in 2019 reached 205.7 billion euros，China has become the largest trading partner in Germany for 4 consecutive years，Sino -German trade volume accounts for 1/3 of China -Europe trade volume。But the tightness of China -German economic and trade relations did not play a "cockpit stone" function of China -Europe economic and trade relations properly。

China -Germany economic trade "cockpit stone" role is limited，The change in the position of the German industrial structure in Germany is inseparable from the separation。Because bet365 Play online games the German industry has become more and more dominant role in the EU industry chain，The German industry depends on the EU industry chain as its own value extension，or even "Space Scope"。So，Although the German industry has huge benefits in China，But there is a strong precautionary psychology to the rapid development of Chinese companies in the EU，Worried about challenging the dominance of Germany in the EU industry chain。So，At present, the German industry often does not use a bilateral angle，Instead of looking at Sino -German economic and trade relations with the posture of "EU overall interests"，It is considered to be guided by the overall interests of the EU's single market in China，It should be placed under the EU overall framework，Find the overall solution。This can easily lead to the "pan -Europeanization" of Sino -German economic and trade issues，Make it limited by the role of "cockpit stone" in China -Europe economic and trade relations。

　Actively respond to new changes in China -Europe economic and trade relations

In recent years，The changes in the industrial structure of the EU are the key factors for the current EU to deal with China -Europe economic and trade relations with a more "confrontation" attitude，and directly promote the new round of policy adjustment of the EU and its member states。Promoting the stable development of Sino -European economic and trade relations needs to promote the three "re -balances"。

With the high -quality development of China's economy，"Made in Europe" encounters a strong competition in "Made in China"，EU is worried about the rise of China's industrial power and squeezing its share in the global market，Especially the acquisition of the high -end manufacturing industry of the EU countries，It has caused the EU's anxiety about losing core technology。The EU began to have a trend of attributing Sino -European economic and trade disputes to institutional disputes，For example, accusing China of “market distortions” to allow Chinese companies to gain competitive advantages; for Chinese companies' mergers and acquisitions，Interpretation with "Cold War Thinking"，It believes that capital from China hides political purposes。

This makes the European Union look at China's development with the political logic of confrontation with China。China needs to use the concept of strengthening cooperation and win -win cooperation to guide the healthy development of Sino -European economic and trade relations，Actively shaping the EU's "China View"。

The current EU governance has entered a new era dominated by great powers，German leadership position is more prominent，The bet365 best casino games interaction between China -Europe relations and China -Germany relations is greatly enhanced，The trend of "mutual premise" appeared。Not only the good development of China -Europe relations is premise with the good development of Sino -German relations，The good development of China -Germany relations at the same time depends on China -Europe relations。This greatly increases the difficulty and complexity of dealing with European economic and trade issues。For example, in the field of policy in China，Germany once once "talked about" Sino -German relationship "Tao"，Think if Germany maintains a good bilateral relationship，So the common policy for the European Union is also beneficial to China，Sino -German relations and China -Europe relations can be supplemented with each other，Promote each other。But now，Germany not only deliberately avoids the picked method of Special relations between China and Germany，And "guardians" who are everywhere in Europe，Requires China to respect "one Europe"。One of the prominent performances of Germany's current policy on China is that they no longer deliberately pursue bilateral relations with China，Instead, the unified China policy promoted under the EU framework。To further promote the development of Sino -European economic and trade cooperation，The strategy of "dual -track" driver must be adopted，Passive is active，Actively operate the interaction between China -Europe and German relations。

Under the background of strengthening China's strategic competition in the United States，The importance of European strategy trends is undoubtedly improved，The evolution and development of the relationship between China and the United States and Europe，Related to the evolution of future global multilateral order，It will undoubtedly affect the external environment of China to achieve the "two hundred years" goals。EU's adjustment of China's policy this round is still in progress，Not the final finalization，So China should take the initiative to guide and shape。The EU is still an uncertain part of the relationship between China and the United States and Europe.，This provides a time window and a rotation space for China。This is mainly reflected in two aspects。First，EU's strategic malice to China is weaker than the United States。The mainstream of the European Union still believes that it should be dealt with through fair competition and negotiation and cooperation with China，The strategic concept of "decoupling" in the U.S. eagle party is unacceptable。2，For the "challenge" brought by China，Europe and the United States have not bet365 Play online games fully reached a consensus，Although the EU hopes to cooperate with the United States to deal with challenges from China，Limited China in the multilateral frame，But the US government is suspicious of multilateralism，and do not believe that the European Union has enough ability and willingness to realize the policy goals of the United States in China。This has left a lot of development space for the future of China -Europe relations。

　(Author Unit: International Strategic Research Institute of the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (National Academy of Administration); School of International Relations of Renmin University of China)