Research on the presidential system of the alliance is one of the major themes for the political research of Brazil。Since the launch of democratization in 1985，Alliance President made into the core design of Brazil's political system，Play a key role in maintaining political stability and ensuring the operation of the system。In the past ten years，The stagnation of the economy、Frequent protests and severe corruption scandals highlight the limitations of this system arrangement。Whether the presidential system of the Alliance can maintain smooth operation in the future and whether the Political reform of Brazil can obtain new motivation，All worthy of further observation and research。

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Brazil's Re -democratization process has been launched since 1985，Fragmental party pattern has led to the president's party is always in the parliamentary minority。Presidents of previous presidents must build and maintain a multi -party ruling alliance，Only to get most support in Congress，to ensure system operation and political stability。Brazilian scholar Sergio Abrans in 1988 took the lead in using the alliance presidential system to define this core characteristics of the country's political system。Since then，This term is widely used by academic circles。

Alliance Presidential system is a form of multi -party president。Before the rise of the third wave of "democratization"，There are only a few multi -party presidential cases in the world exist。With the third wave of "democratization", the wave is coming，Multi -party presidential system in Latin American countries、Asian countries (Indonesia) and African countries (such as Kenya、Benin and Malawi) get it。but，It is questioned by the feasibility of the academic community。From the eyes of many scholars，The system portfolio of the presidential system and the multi -party system bet365 best casino games is bound to amplify the inherent "risk" of the presidential system，Advanced administrative -opposition between the legislators，It is likely to become the cause of the collapse of the emerging democracy system。

Brazil's steady performance in the Cado Government (1995-2003) and the Lulla government period (2003-2011) reversed the pessimistic view of the league's presidential system。Cardo government is the first time the country has emerged in a stable multi -party joint government in the country，The Lula government has also succeeded in this regard。These situations have made some scholars start a more optimistic view of the alliance presidential system/multi -party presidential system。​​Some scholars pointed out according to Brazil's experience，Multi -party presidential system can maintain stable operation and persistence; the possibility of the presidential state has the possibility of building a similar (European) parliamentary system.，A sufficient support for the establishment of a political party alliance in Congress。

Since 2000，Scholars of various countries focus on how Brazil and other countries build and manage multi -party ruling alliances。Some scholars point out，The premise of building a multi -party alliance under the presidential system is that the president has enough power and resources，For the support of other political parties。Brazil President just has such a "toolbox"，That is the diverse institutional tools and plenty of financial resources，Able to form attraction to other political parties and political factions。The current democratic system in Brazil is the longest -lasting democratic system in the country's history。From the eyes of many scholars，This should be attributed to the role of the presidential system of the alliance。This institutional arrangement can prevent the president or political party from abusing power; joint governance can bring political mildness and stability; informal political trading mechanism helps the government to resolve the internal contradictions of the system。

Despite this，The Presidential bet365 live casino games System of the Brazilian Alliance still faces the deep -rooted question。Whenever the country has a downward economic or political turmoil，The questioner will refonence with this view: The system portfolio of the presidential system and the multi -party system cannot bring good national governance。In their opinion，Alliance's presidential system can bring political stability to Brazil，But sacrificed the already fragile horizontal accountability; the president relied too much on the means of governance，The lack of stability in its governing status; it is difficult for the political system to form a joint force，Unable to promote major reforms。

　　Challenge of the multi -party ruling alliance

In terms of nature，Alliance Presidential System is an informal system that originated from election rules and presidential power，It is a reflection of Brazil's politics on the system dilemma caused by the coexistence of the presidential system and fragmented political party system，That is, the political party where the president is located will always be in the Congress minority。Its basic role is to deal with the relationship between the administrative department and the legislature，This is the majority of Congress for the President to obtain the governing office。

Compared to other multi -party presidential systems，The necessity of Brazil to build a multi -party ruling alliance is particularly prominent。This is first because，The National Congress is one of the most fragmented Congress in the world。Since 1990，No political party can win more than 25%of the seats in the House of Representatives。Second，History experience in Brazil，When the President's Party or the Party Alliance belongs to the minority of the Congress，President is not only difficult to effectively control the country，It is even difficult to complete the term。

In the process of building and managing the multi -party governance alliance，Brazil President can use ideology、Political concepts attract some party support，In more cases, it depends on a series of special "products" to reach political transactions: First, "bet365 Play online games Alliance Products"，Mainly the position of government minister and other important positions appointed by the president，The bottom line of the party faction is set; the second is "exchange products"，Advanced administrative positions including fiscal budget clauses and political appointment，It is mainly used to undertake the cost brought by the current action。"Exchange Product" is the "lubricant" of the multi -party ruling alliance。Brazilian President cannot count on the Parliament of the Governor's Alliance like the US President.。Once facing the voting of major proposals，President must build a support basis in Congress，Relying on "Exchange Products" in exchange for support tickets。The "monthly fee case" broke out in 2005 fully reflects this relationship between the Brazilian president and the party members of the governing alliance。

Brazil's multi -party ruling alliance has the following two characteristics。One，In terms of scale，From Cado to Telmel's successive presidents, they have built an oversized governing alliance。August 2016，President Telmel established a 21 -party alliance，This is the largest number of members since Brazil's again democratization。Its two，Member political parties of the Alliance often have significant ideological position differences。During the period of the Rulai government and the Rosov government，The ruling alliance is composed of left and right political parties，Has a very significant ideological heterogeneity。

The fragility cause of the fragility of the Brazilian multi -party ruling alliance includes three aspects，First，The more the number of members of a member party，The more difficult for the alliance to launch a common action。Second，The greater the ideological differences of member political parties，The more difficult it is to reach a consensus on the government agenda。third，If the alliance gives a member to a high proportion of returns，Ask the president to inject additional resources，so that those members with less returns are satisfied。

The passive situation of Brazil in the past bet365 Play online games ten years highlights the limitations of the presidential system。It focuses on the following three aspects: first，The cooperative relationship between the president and the parliament has a strong shelter color，It has damaged the responsible and social interests of the national policy。Second，Cooperation between presidents and Congress depends on a series of informal rules，Open space for rents and corruption for power。third，Brazil's political system with the presidential system of the alliance contains a large number of political parties "veto"，It is difficult to implement those reforms that touch the status quo。

　　Political Dilemma and Future

Is the presidential system of the alliance reaching the end of Brazil，There is no conclusion on all parties。Deficiency and deficiencies for the presidential system of the alliance，The voices of the implementation of the parliament system in Brazil have been endless in recent years。But these claims lack of social consensus，It is difficult to put it into implementation。As far as the status quo is concerned，Relying on political reforms to improve the presidential system of the alliance is still a more realistic choice。

Such a political reform will be extremely magnificent，It is bound to touch many important areas of Brazil's political system。If you want to make the Federation Presidential System, run smoothly，The country needs to reform the political party system and the election system。For the party system、The reform of the election system is bound to involve another important political system of reform -federal system。The Brazilian Parliament Election actually expands the state as the center，After the members of the Congress are in office，Need to pay attention to the needs of your selected state。In other words，The influence of the state has made the country's party system more fragmented。

Brazil is on such a political dilemma，On the one hand，Alliance's presidential system is not conducive to achieving good national governance，The reform and improvement of it will inevitably touch the main pillar of the current political system，Bet365 app download It means a comprehensive、major political reform; on the other hand，The country continues the conservative political pattern in the third wave of "democratization"，It is difficult to form the overall environment required to start reform。Under this dilemma，Administrative Department and Legislative Department、Federal Government and Local Government、The ruling alliance cannot form a joint force with the opposition party，jointly promote the major reform required for economic and social development。The more people struggling in this dilemma, the longer the public，The more you will lose confidence in mainstream political parties and politicians，The more likely it is, the more likely to cast a "angry ticket" in the election，Popularly count on political "outsiders" or polarists to recon the new。

Borisonaro was able to be elected president in 2018，To a large extent, thanks to the people's anti -building emotions，But after taking office, he was also subject to the presidential system of the alliance。Bosonaro withdrew from the Brazilian Social Liberal Party that has been withdrawn in November 2019，and in the state of no party for a long time。Due to the pressure of Congress to impeach the president, it is continuously enlarged，He has to have the middle school party (including the Democratic Party、Progressive Party、Democratic Socialist Party and Republican Party) Alliance，And these political parties have always opposed their market liberalization reform。Therefore，This political alliance actually means that the president's willingness to reform is retracted。

The results of the Brazilian election are about to be released。Labor Party Leader、Former President Lula has announced to run for the president again，and is regarded as the most promising candidate for winning。To expand the support foundation，Lala's Labor Party combined with 6 medium left/middle parties to form a campaign alliance。，Lula is still fighting for some support from the middle and right political parties，Once he won the presidential election，It will immediately face the huge challenge to bet365 Play online games build a governing alliance。There are as many as 32 due to legal parties，Also due to the decline in the strength of the Labor Party，Congress will have a high probability to maintain a fragmentation pattern。In other words，Alliance Presidential System will continue to play a key role in maintaining Brazil's political operation。but，How to resolve the disadvantages that accompany the presidential system of the alliance and how to form the motivation of system reform，There is no clear answer at present。

　　(Author Unit: Xi Jinping of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the new era of socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics)