The study of bet365 tennis bet in international relations is in an ascendant stage of development。On the one hand, driven by pioneer scholars，Relevant research results emerge in large numbers，On the other hand, researchers still have many confusions about core issues related to emotion research，Thereby limiting its space for further development。Nevertheless，Ontology Security Research、Analysis of emotional expression across time and space、The deepening of the “microfoundations” of international relations and the four directions of emotional diplomacy，All demonstrate the huge potential of emotion research in international relations research in the future。

　　bet365 tennis bet progress since the 21st century

Although revolution、Nationalism and international conflicts are highly emotional phenomena，But not until the beginning of the 21st century，International relations researchers have only begun to face up to the importance of bet365 tennis bet。As early as the period of classical realism theory，People such as American international relations theorists Hans Morgenthau and Arnold Wolfers discuss the origins of war，Already emphasize the role of fear。Nevertheless，With structuralism、Materialism and rationalism gradually gain the upper hand in the study of international relations，bet365 tennis bet are either completely brushed aside by researchers，Either seen as a departure from reason，Either can only be discussed in certain states of emergency or exception。

This myth that reason and emotion are mutually exclusive was gradually broken by new evidence from neuroscience in the early 21st century，Some scholars began to publish comments on bet365 tennis bet in international relations journals、Articles that theoretically construct feelings and bet365 tennis bet。These early research findings，bet365 tennis bet play an integral role in the rational decision-making process，At the same time, inter-group identities are constructed on issues of war and peace。Followup，A large number of works on the study of bet365 tennis bet in international relations have been published，Exhibiting the so-called “emotional turn” in international relations。

It must be pointed out，There are still many debates and differences within this emotional turn，The most important of these is the confrontation between the psychological perspective and the sociological/cultural perspective。The psychological perspective attributes emotion to a phenomenon that drives individual cognition and behavior，Mainly focuses on the analysis of the political decision-making process。At the same time，This perspective also explores the role of bet365 tennis bet in face-to-face diplomacy and the emotional basis for interpersonal trust，How leaders and people respond emotionally to specific political events is also a question that researchers are trying to answer。The psychological perspective can be roughly thought of as based on an inside-out individual ontology，That is, bet365 tennis bet originate in the individual's heart and spread outward to the social field。In comparison，The sociological/cultural perspective is an outside-in social/relational ontology，How focusing on bet365 tennis bet affects identity、Benefits、Structuring conflict and cooperation。This perspective draws on the intellectual resources of sociology and cultural studies，Regulations on managing emotional expression、Ritual、Analysis of symbolic representations and social practices。Other than that，Researchers who adopt this perspective are also concerned about narrative、Memory and securitization practice，How specific emotion types are used to justify security policy。Some poststructuralist and feminist researchers also joined in，Trying to open up bet365 tennis bet、Gender、The black box of visual images and the complex connections between global politics。

　　Emotion bet365 tennis bet needs to be deepened

Although the study of bet365 tennis bet in international relations has made great progress，But there are also some issues that need further exploration。For example，Can actors independently control the expression of bet365 tennis bet？Should bet365 tennis bet be regarded as just an individual physiological phenomenon or should they be positioned within a broader social and cultural structure？How to measure bet365 tennis bet scientifically and effectively at the methodological level？

First，Some researchers believe that actors in international relations have more or less the ability to control bet365 tennis bet，Others don’t think so。Starting from the former point of view，Researchers emphasize that elites in the fields of security and foreign policy intentionally use bet365 tennis bet to build support for or provoke opposition to specific political goals。The latter view is that in many diplomatic situations，Such as sweaty palms、Emotional reactions such as dilated pupils or facial flushing are difficult or completely uncontrollable，This becomes an important signal to spy on the other party’s true thoughts。

Next，Researchers who attribute bet365 tennis bet to personal physiological responses mostly cite evolutionary research，Emphasis on the earliest origin of bet365 tennis bet from genetic mutations，And those individuals who can better experience bet365 tennis bet have an advantage in reproducing offspring，And eventually spread to all mankind through the process of natural selection。In comparison，Analysis focusing on the social aspect of bet365 tennis bet believes that although bet365 tennis bet can be attributed to the individual's physical body，But because it will be language、symbol、Discourse、Shaped by social interaction and social environment，So the content contained in bet365 tennis bet cannot be reduced to the body on the ontological level。Nevertheless，The political impact of bet365 tennis bet cannot be fully explained from any dimension of the individual or society，Future research needs to better combine the two。

Finally，The multiple challenges at the methodological level cannot be underestimated。One，How to balance universal statements about bet365 tennis bet with studies that seek to highlight the particularities of cultural situations。The former attempts to put forward general hypotheses about bet365 tennis bet across the limitations of time and space，Because it looks like sadness、Fear and anger are bet365 tennis bet that seem to be shared by everyone in the world；The latter is more concerned about the differences in the existence and expression of bet365 tennis bet in different cultural backgrounds，And the corresponding different political connotations。Part 2，Some researchers claim that traditional methods of international relations are adequate for the analysis of bet365 tennis bet，While others advocate borrowing methods such as visual analysis、(Auto)ethnography、Transformation of traditional methods using methods from adjacent disciplines such as historical sociology and psychoanalysis。Part 3，Whether various discrete emotional categories are applicable to complex social reality。Simply apply categories such as "fear", "anxiety" and "resentment" to international relations，It may lead us to ignore the complexity of the actual emotional experience of the actor，After all, people are always in a mixed emotional state。Fourth，Can bet365 tennis bet exist and function for a long time。Researchers who emphasize the subjectivity and individual differences of bet365 tennis bet tend to believe that bet365 tennis bet are always in capricious changes，And those who study resentment、Traumatized and reconciled people suggest that certain emotional phenomena persist long after the initial cause of their occurrence has faded。

　Future bet365 tennis bet directions

The vigorous development in the past 20 years highlights the theoretical significance and practical value of emotion bet365 tennis bet in international relations，However, the huge potential in this field has not yet been fully exploited，There are still many issues that require further in-depth study。

First，The intersection of emotion research and ontological security research。The concept of ontological security expands people’s understanding of security from traditional “physical/body security” to “self/existential security”，bet365 tennis bet are one of the components that constitute the actor’s self or existence。Not only that，Existing ontological security research mostly focuses on the emotion of anxiety，Discuss the difference between anxiety and fear、Contact and the corresponding impact on national security。But unfortunately，The analysis of anxiety in ontological security research is mostly based on existential philosophy or existential psychology，Not exactly the same as mainstream political psychology’s discussion of anxiety and other bet365 tennis bet，Therefore the dialogue and exchange between the two deserves further promotion in the future。

Second，The differential expression of bet365 tennis bet in different historical stages and geographical spaces。Fear repeatedly mentioned in current research、Anxiety and sympathy are not exclusive to the 21st century，But it penetrated into various previous historical stages，Their expressions and impacts may not be the same as today，And this difference and continuation have not been fully studied。Except for the time difference，The different ways bet365 tennis bet are expressed in different geographical spaces is also a very interesting topic。For example，Some scholars once said that the "civilization process" experienced by Western society has restricted people's freedom to express bet365 tennis bet，The result is a gradual abandonment of public expressions of anger among Western countries，Because this emotion is often seen as leading to violence and should be effectively restrained。In comparison，Some countries in the Global South showed strong anger against colonialism before and after independence，And this kind of emotional catharsis is crucial to its construction of subjectivity、It is of great significance to demonstrate its sovereignty qualifications。

Third，Emotion research can expand the "microfoundation" of international relations，Thus echoing the “everyday life turn” in international relations。What is different from the elites who claim to act rationally，bet365 tennis bet are an important way for ordinary people to experience the complex international relations on a daily basis。As a seemingly more real experience，Ordinary people’s emotional experiences will spread quickly through various social media，This then aroused the attention and response of political elites。The most typical example is that right-wing populist politicians in Europe and the United States use public anxiety and hostility toward immigrants to expand their political influence。At the same time，Popular culture in daily life is also an important way to represent bet365 tennis bet。

　Fourth，In the formal diplomatic sphere，The importance of bet365 tennis bet also deserves attention。Morgenthau believes in persuasion、Compromise and the threat of force are the most commonly used methods in diplomacy，Can be other than that，The country also expresses its anger、Remorse、bet365 tennis bet such as compassion and gratitude to achieve your goals。But the operation of emotional diplomacy needs to follow its own performance logic，To make the other party believe that your emotional expression is sincere，And this often means that substantive action must be taken。Because any diplomatic action inevitably involves cost trade-offs，Then how to weigh the cost of action and emotional authenticity deserves more in-depth study，And we should consider whether the satisfaction of this performance logic is consistent with the country’s own interests and demands。In addition，Is there consistency between the country’s official sentiment and popular sentiment，It is also a key factor that determines the success of emotional diplomacy。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 tennis bet, Peking University)