Emotional research in international relations is in a rapid development stage。On the one hand, under the promotion of pioneer scholars，A large number of related research results emerged，On the other hand, the researchers still have a lot of confusion in the core issues of emotional research，thereby restricting its further development space。Despite this，Study on Enthusiasm、Analysis of the emotional performance of time and space、The deepening of the "micro foundation" of international relations and the four directions of emotional diplomacy，All show the huge potential of emotional research in the research of international relations in the future。

　　bet365 best casino games

Although the revolution、Nationalism and international conflicts are highly emotional phenomena，But until the beginning of the 21st century，Researchers in international relations began to face up to the importance of emotions。As early as the period of classical realism theory，Like the American international relations theorist Hans Morgan Suo and Arnold Walfus and others are talking about the origin of the war，All are emphasizing the role of fear of fear。Despite this，With structuralism、Materialism and rationalism gradually occupy the wind in the study of international relations，Emotions are either researched by researchers aside，Either regarded as a deviation of rationality，Either can only be discussed in a specific emergency or exception state。

This kind of myth that considers the mutual rejection of rationality and emotions was gradually broken by the new evidence of neuroscience in the early 21st century，Some scholars have begun to publish their emotions in international relations.、Essays of theoretical construction of feelings bet365 Play online games and emotions。These early research discoveries，Emotions play an indispensable role in the process of rational decision -making，At the same time, it will also construct the identity between groups on the issue of war and harmony。follow -up，A large number of writings about the study of international relations emotional research have been published one after another，presents the so -called international relationship "emotional steering"。

What must be pointed out is，There are still many controversy and differences in this emotional turn to the interior，The most important of which is the perspective between psychology and sociology/cultural perspective。Psychological perspective attribute emotions to a phenomenon that drives individual cognition and behavior，mainly focuses on the analysis of the political decision -making process。At the same time，This perspective also explores the role of emotions in face -to -face diplomacy and emotional foundation that produces interpersonal trust，How the leaders and the people make emotional response to specific political events are also questions that researchers are trying to answer。Perspective perspective can be roughly considered to be based on an individual body theory from the inside out，That is, emotional students develop in the individual's heart and spread out to the social field。Comparison of comparison，Sociology/Cultural perspective is a kind of social/relational theory from outside to inside，How to pay attention to emotions、Interest、Conflict and cooperation for structured plastic。This perspective uses sociology and intellectual resources of cultural research，Standards for managing emotional expression、Ceremony、Analysis of symbolism and social practice。otherwise，Researchers who use this perspective are also concerned about narrative、Memory and safety practice，How to be used to defend the Bet365 app download legitimacy of security policy。Researchers with post -structuralism and feminism also joined it，Try to open emotions、Gender、Visual images and black boxes of complex connections between global politics。

　　Emotional research needs to be deepened 

Although the emotional research of international relations has made great progress，But there are some problems that need to be further explored。For example，Does the behavior of the body control the expression of emotions autonomously? Should emotion only be regarded as an individual physiological phenomenon or should it be positioned in a broader social and cultural structure?

First，Some researchers believe that the behavior of the behavior of international relations has more or less ability to control emotions，while others don’t think so。From the previous point of view，Researchers emphasize that elites intentionally use emotions in the field of security and foreign policy to fight for specific political goals to support or stimulate opposition。The latter view is considered to be in many diplomatic occasions，Sweating in the palm of the hand、Emotional response such as pupilization or flushing on the face is difficult or completely uncontrollable，This becomes an important signal to spy the true thoughts of the other person。

Second，Most researchers who attribute their emotions to personal physiological reactions will mostly quote the research of evolutionary theory，Emphasized emotions earlier from mutations of genetic genes，and those individuals who can better experience emotions are more advantageous in terms of offspring breeding，and eventually spread through the process of natural selection to all humans。Comparison of comparison，Analysis of the Emotional Social Assembly believes that although emotion can be attributed to the body of the individual，But because it will be language、symbol、discourse、Social interaction and social bet365 Play online games environment shaped，So the content contained in the emotion itself cannot be restored to the body at the body level。Despite this，The political impact of the emotional generated from the individual or society can be fully explained from any dimension of the individual or society，Future research needs to better combine the two。

Last，Diversified challenges at the methodology level cannot be underestimated。One，How to get a balance between the universal statement of the emotion and the research that is trying to highlight the cultural context.。The former tried to span the restrictions of time and space to propose a general hypothesis about emotions，Because it looks like sadness、Fear and anger seem to be possessed by everyone in the world; while the latter is more concerned about the differences in the existence and expression of emotions in different cultural backgrounds，and the corresponding different political connotations。Its two，Some researchers claiming that the traditional method of international relations is enough to apply to the analysis of emotions，And some other people advocate reference such as visual analysis、(Self) National Chronicle、Methods of neighboring disciplines such as historical sociology and psychoanalysis to transform traditional methods。Its three，Whether a variety of discrete emotional categories are applicable to complex social reality。Simply use the categories such as "fear", "anxiety", "resentment" in international relations，It may allow us to ignore the complexity of the actual emotional experience of the behavior，After all, people are always in a mixed emotional state。Four，Can emotions exist for a long time and play a role。Researchers who emphasize emotional subjectivity and individual differences tend to think that emotions are always in the change of repeated impermanence，and those research resentment、Traumatic bet365 Play online games and reconciliation people will imply that specific emotional phenomena will even continue after the initial cause of its appearance disappear。

　Future research direction 

The booming development of the past 20 years highlights the theoretical significance and practical value of emotional research in international relations，But the huge potential of this field has not been fully excavated，There are many issues to be further studied for further research。

First，cross。The concept of ontology has expanded people's understanding of security from traditional "physical/physical security" to "self/presence"，Emotion is one of the compositions that constitute the self -or existence of the behavior。Not only that，Most of the existing ontology safety studies are mostly developed around the emotion of anxiety，Discuss the difference between anxiety and fear、Contact and the corresponding impact on national security。But regrettable is，Analysis of the analysis of the anxiety of ontard safety research is mostly based on existential philosophy or existentialist psychology，Anxiety with mainstream political psychology and other emotions discussions are not exactly the same，Therefore, the dialogue and communication between the two deserves further promotion in the future。

Second，Differences of emotions at different historical stages and geographical spaces。The fear mentioned repeatedly in the current research、Anxiety and sympathy does not only exist in the 21st century，Instead, it penetrates at various historical stages of the previous，Their expression is not the same as the impact of it today，and this difference and continuation have not been fully studied。Except the difference in time，The different expression methods of emotions in different geographical spaces are also a very interesting topic。For example，Some scholars have talked about the "civilization process" experienced by Western Bet365 app download society that restrict people's freedom of expressing emotions，The result is to cause the open expression of anger between western countries，Because this emotion is often regarded as guiding violence and should be effectively restrained。Comparison of comparison，Some global southern countries have shown strong anger to colonialism before and after independence，And this emotional vent is for its constructive subjectivity、Highlighting its sovereign qualifications is very important。

third，Emotional research can expand the "micro foundation" that can expand international relations，thus echoing the "daily life" of international relations。Elite that is different from the elites that advertise their rational acting are，Emotion is an important way for ordinary people to experience intricate international relations。As a more realistic experience，The emotional experience of ordinary people will be quickly spread through various social media，Then attract the attention and response of political elites。The most typical is that the populist politicians of Europe and the United States use the public's anxiety and hostility to expand their political influence。At the same time，Popular culture in daily life is also an important way to characterize emotions。

Fourth，In the formal diplomatic field，The importance of emotions is also worthy of attention。JPMorgan thought for persuasion、Complex and force threats are the most commonly used methods in diplomacy，can be in addition to this，The country will also express anger by expressing anger、Regret、Sympathy and gratitude to achieve your own goals。But the operation of emotional diplomacy needs to follow its own performance logic，To make the other party believe that his emotional expression is sincere，This often means that substantial action must be made。Due to any diplomatic operation, it will not help bring cost -effective choice，So how to weigh Bet365 app download between the cost of action and the authenticity of the emotion is worth deeper research，And should consider whether the satisfaction of this performance logic is consistent with its own interests of interests。other，Is the state's official emotions consistent with the public，It is also the key factor that determines whether emotional diplomacy can succeed。

　　(Author Unit: School of International Relations at Peking University)