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Why is the workers in World War I sacred

May 22, 2020 02:01 Source: "China Social Sciences", May 22, 2020, No. 1931 Author: Yang Zhijian

　　November 16, 1918，Only 5 days after the end of World War I，Cai Yuanpei delivered a speech at the Celebration of the Celebration of the Celebration of the Ceremony of the Celebration of the Ceremony of the Celebration of the Ceremony，It is pointed out that the world war associations can win the victory，Can't ignore the contribution of "150,000 Chinese workers in France"。He shouted "Labor Saint"。

　　Although in Cai Yuanpei's eyes，"Not only is it golden worker、woodworking, etc.，Any career that uses its own labor to make it beneficial to others，No matter what he uses physical strength、It is brainpower，All workers "，But this slogan undoubtedly gives the Chinese Workers with a high historical evaluation。Before that，The lower -level workers represented by Huagong and Huagong have never received such an epoch -making reputation。On the occasion of May 1st International Labor Day in 1920，Cai Yuanpei's handbook "Labor Saint" is published on "New Youth" Volume 7 (Monument to Labor Day)。The "New Youth" at that time has gradually shown the historical steering characteristics of the social revolution，The symbol of "Saint Labor" began to have more obvious class colors。

　　Labor is a Chinese translation of Labor in English，The English name of Chinese workers in China is Chinese Labor Corps (CLC)，French is CORPS de Travailleurs Chino。In the international context before and after World War I，The name that is more often used in workers is "COOLIE"，It is not only used in daily use，It also frequently appears in the official documents of the contract country。According to the research of Bi Angu, a Canadian scholar，COOLIE This word has been used Bet365 app download in the 17th century，Refers to workers who work hard，Especially Asian workers。to the end of the 19th century，This word adds derogatory colors，"Image about Asian bitterness，It is an integral part of the colonial culture of the white colonial "，Chinese context，"Calm" two words，means "hard work"。Although the Chinese workers in the World War I were a contract worker，But it has not fundamentally changed the historical situation of Chinese workers' colonial compression and labor exploitation。Not only that，The word "bitterness" also attached some colonialists to treat (semi -) colonial people's deep -rooted cultural prejudice。

　　Late World War，"Bad Stories" about Huagong in northern France and the entire Frandes widely circulated，Many bad things that do many other immigrants or soldiers have been settled on the head of Huagong。French scholars Philip Nivit and Patris Machaus, think，This comes from a kind of hostility of local residents to foreigners。This hostility is related to the feeling of the British army and the feeling of "threat" caused by the local residents。From the perspective of context，This phenomenon is actually a projection of panic and anxiety after the war of local residents，and the disadvantaged foreigners are taken for granted to be a victim of public opinion that bears all evil behaviors。

　　In the official archives and local people's records or legends for Chinese workers，Mix a lot of complexity、contradictory narrative，There is a positive，There are also negative。We must be alert to any overall stigma tendency，Carefully analyzes the management involved、Cultural differences and specific context，Anti -struggle is a aspect that needs special attention。In the current information，Most of the Chinese workers' fighting behaviors are bet365 best casino games not treated unfairly，This unfair treatment includes both the European and American groups，Also includes from the Chinese workers。

　　Li Jun, a commissioner in China Industry Affairs in the report，recorded a large number of events in Fahua workers due to dissatisfaction with treatment。Buried in the British soldier of the British soldiers in Hofran West in Hoje Frante in Belgium, three Zhili Huagong who died in Christmas 1917: Wu Enlu, Wen'an County、Zhang Hong'an, Ninghe County、Cangzhou Zhang Zhide，According to the file record，These three Chinese workers were shot and killed by conflict with New Zealand soldiers。According to Hua Gong Chen Baoyu Memories，During the period in Aung Derek in France, I got along well with the local people (the situation described by Gu Xingqing)，But encountering discrimination and provocations of American soldiers，Finally leading to a fight，Many sides are injured in multiple people。The British management of the management of Chinese workers refer to military regulations，Often very rigorous，Many Chinese workers have escaped or causing groups to escape because they cannot stand the abuse of the military，Most similar incidents have been brutally suppressed，Some Chinese workers are also sentenced to death in the murder case in resistance or joints。

　　"Lack of Education" is also the initial view of some intellectuals to implement Chinese industry education。This view is basically objective，Because we can’t deny the evil habits brought by some Chinese workers from the bottom society，But this is a practical problem，Not a national problem of essential theory。With the Hua Fa Education Association、Study Far -Student Society、The participation and contribution of Christian Youth will to the education and contribution of Chinese engineering education Bet365 lotto review -although the latter has not been involved in Chinese engineering education for a long time，Can't do high evaluation，But these participants still truly feel the rapid growth and change of Chinese workers。The officer of the Christian Youth Association Fu Yanchen saw the versatile of Chinese workers、Effective organizational ability and rich creativity，Contact them to nation、The great contribution made by the country，Therefore, they are called "unknown hero"。

　　In this change process，Culture、Critical education has a certain effect，Collective organizations on the battlefield and labor、Development training also plays a certain role，Strong external stimuli and vital experience have promoted these "unconscious contributors" or "tools" for being converted，Gradually transformed into "Conscious Consciousness"。Zhang Bangyong's Chinese worker named Zhang Yanbin in his memory is very representative。Zhang Yanbin was originally a teaching origin，There are still some fist kung fu on your body，Usually known as "Mr."，But just life and death refuse to make people cut braids。With the intensification of vitamin struggle in the process of battlefield labor，Workers are more and more closely unite，"Mr." has gradually become the "backbone" of workers' conspiracy，The victory of the fight against the struggle。After discussing the national identity with Zhang Bangyong with the translation of Zhang Bangyong，The braids on the head were also cut off by himself one night。Even Zhang Bangyong couldn't help but respect this "sir" to give up his respect。

　　Chinese Gong Education is not just from top or down or by some intellectuals，The self -education of Huagong cannot be ignored。In fact, there are a lot of "gentlemen" like Zhang Yanbin in the Chinese worker group，For example, Bet365 app download Sun Qian、Ma Chunling、Jiang Jinghai、Yang Xuzhi, etc.，They earlier have simple national consciousness and political consciousness，and affect the surrounding Chinese workers。

　　From the external environment，The improvement of the image of Chinese workers also has the meaning of "making heroes in the current situation"，British and French officials have quietly changed the title of Chinese workers with the advancement of the war。For example，In the official letter from the French colonial labor office on August 19, 1917,，The Chinese worker is called "the national of the members of the cooperative country"，They "respond to call，Voluntary coming to France，Common cause of supporting the country，They work hard，Contribute to defend the country "，"The respect and courtesy they want to give due to their due"，"Can't insult them in any case、Abuse "; on the funeral arrangement of the dead Chinese worker，Britain also agreed to proposes to treat Chinese workers equally with their national soldiers。With the victory of the war，Huagong's view of winning the status of China has been widely recognized among people of insight in China。

　　Yan Yangchu's view of Chinese workers reflects a significant creative transition，He said: "Get along with the hardship，Then I know the situation of hardship，Know the ‘bitter’ and ‘strength’ ‘力’，Their physical strength is above me，and the intelligence is not under us，Different ones，Only the opportunity to educate。"Yan Yangchu, who has the experience of studying in the West, obviously understands the initial semantics of" bitterness "and the colonial production mechanism behind it，Therefore, the most important contribution of his creative rotation is to re -give workers a general humanistic meaning。

　　The realization of bet365 best casino games this humanistic significance has gone through the ideological super -gram of de -colonization and de -tooling，Only based on the level of "universal people"，can produce human sympathy，I perceive the bitterness of hardship; only at the level of "universal people"，can overcome the rejection response of others，Restore the hard work of tools into a growing life individual。As for the cultivation and excitation of "force"，The "civilian education" and "rural construction" campaign that began to rise in China in the 1920s，Vividly interpreted the transformation of the people of the four people into a strong wisdom in the carrier of Chinese industry education、Intellectual ideals of new citizens who are beneficial to society。Cultivation of the Political participation ability of Chinese workers is also included in this ideal concept。

　　Li Dazhao, who gave a speech with Cai Yuanpei during the same period,，On the basis of affirming the "victory of laborism"，"New Trends" from the Russian Revolution to the World Revolution，In this new trend of revolutionary development，To "make everyone into workers"。Li Dazhao's concept of working as a progressive class，There is more specific、Clear background of the International Labor Movement and the Russian Labor and Rural Revolution，This is a step further compared to the proposition of pan -laborism。But there is no doubt，also shared respected workers that are enhanced from the value of the labor value of World War I、Consecration of concepts such as opposition to the laziness and obtaining no effort。

　　It can be said，Because of the first large -scale Huagong's large -scale positive image on the international political stage，Participate in international、Domestic workers' fighting activities，It also marks the real start of the Chinese Liberation Movement。Bet365 lotto review But for a long time，The sacredness of Chinese workers in World War I is often just a symbol that stays in writing，Almost all returned Chinese workers have not obtained the preferential treatment and feedback that matches the "sacred labor"。In the international context，Sacred can also be translated into SACRED，The word SACRIFICE (SACRIFICE) has homology，If in this sense, translate "Labor Saint"，There seems to be some meaningful understanding。

Editor in charge: Changchang