Xue Muqiao (1904-2005)，People from Wuxi, Jiangsu，Joined the Communist Party of China in 1927。He experienced the first domestic revolutionary war in his life、The Second Civil Revolutionary War、Anti-Japanese War、Liberation War、Recovery bet365 free bets national economy after 1949、The establishment and implementation bet365 free bets planned economy after 1953、Reform and implementation bet365 free bets economic system after 1978、The comprehensive advancement bet365 free bets socialist market economy after 1992 is such a long process。His life is rich in experience、Color Legend，Once served as the stationmaster of Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway Station、Leader bet365 free bets Railway Workers Movement、Teacher of Guangxi Normal College，Also served as a political prisoner in Zhejiang Army Prison。He entered the field of economic research in 1932 under the guidance of Chen Hansheng，Participate in the China Rural Economic Survey and the Debate on the Nature of China’s Rural Society，Presiding over the daily work bet365 free bets China Rural Economic Research Association led by the Communist Party of China，Served as editor-in-chief of "Rural China"。Worked in the New Fourth Army from 1938 to 1942，Served as Director bet365 free bets Training Division bet365 free bets New Fourth Army Teaching Corps，Presiding over the military and political training bet365 free bets New Fourth Army。The "Political Economics" textbook he wrote became a teaching material for training New Fourth Army cadres。He is the Shandong Anti-Japanese Base Area、Outstanding economic leader in the North China Liberated Area，Carry out currency war in Shandong base area and achieve success。After，Served as the Central Ministry of Finance and Economics、Secretary-General bet365 free bets Central Financial and Economic Commission，Write the unified currency、United Finance、Issuance of RMB and other important policy documents。

After the founding of New China，Xue Muqiao is appointed as a member bet365 free bets Finance and Economics Committee bet365 free bets Government Affairs Council、Secretary-General and Director bet365 free bets Bureau of Private Enterprise，Served as central financial secretary and led industrial and commercial adjustments。Hereafter served as Director bet365 free bets National Bureau of Statistics、Deputy Director bet365 free bets State Planning Commission、Director bet365 free bets National Price Commission、Director General bet365 free bets Economic Research Center bet365 free bets State Council。1955，Elected as a member bet365 free bets Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences bet365 free bets Chinese Academy of Sciences。Since the reform and opening up，Created many important theoretical works on the reform of China’s economic system，Won the first China Economics Award。July 22, 2005，Xue Muqiao passed away in Beijing，Aged 101 years old。

、Successfully carried out base area construction practice、Revolutionaries who made outstanding contributions to the birth of New China。After the founding of New China，He has been in the national economy for a long time、Society、Academic leadership positions。Carry out comprehensive and in-depth research on such a centenarian Rui，It is a major topic with extraordinary difficulty。This is related to the understanding of China’s century-long history, especially China’s bet365 free bets history，It is extremely difficult to achieve it overnight。Writing this article，In order to commemorate Xue Muqiao and other senior revolutionaries and scholars，Also to urge myself to study、Relive the steps of history。

　1904 to 1952，China is in great turmoil and revolution、Earth-shaking、The historical stage of eradicating the old and replacing the old with the new。Xue Muqiao is in the torrent，First of all, revolutionaries，Also an economist and a leader in economic work，Roughly experienced the first five periods of his long life: first，Growing up in difficulties。Second，Accept revolutionary theory，Participate in rural survey，Written a rich investigation report。Third，Participate in and lead the theoretical education bet365 free bets New Fourth Army，Leading the Shandong Anti-Japanese Base Area to reduce rents and interest rates、Cooperative economy、Financial prices、Practice of financial and economic work such as industrial and agricultural production，Engaged in the construction of new democratic economic theory。Fourth，Participate in and lead the financial unification of North China Liberated Area、Currency unification、Financial Operation、Business Administration、Unprecedented work such as industrial and agricultural production。Fifth，Leading and participating in the unified finance and economics in the early days bet365 free bets founding of New China、Adjust public-private relations，Restoring the national economy and other work。"Xue Muqiao Chronicle (1904-1952)" records Xue Muqiao's activities in this period as detailed as possible，Take us into and understand his extraordinary experience。

　Learning and accepting revolutionary bet365 free bets in difficult situations

Xue Muqiao was born in the declining bet365 free bets China in the late Qing Dynasty，When I was 15 years old, my family was in a difficult situation，Educated from normal school，Applying for Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway Traineeship。20 years old，Elected as the station master，Get to know many railway employees。Arrested and imprisoned in 1927 for leading the labor movement，Using three and a half years in prison to study economics and other social science works，Self-taught in "Prison University"。He will immerse himself in study、The character of working hard will last a lifetime。

Engaged in education after returning home、While editing "People's Weekly" and other publications，He published a large number of articles criticizing current ills。Worked at the Institute of Social Sciences, Academia Sinica in 1932，Director bet365 free bets Sociology Group、Under the leadership of Chen Hansheng, a secret member bet365 free bets Communist International，Go to Wuxi、Compilation of Baoding Rural Economic Survey Data，And under his guidance, he completed his first economics work "A Microcosm bet365 free bets Decline of Rural Areas in Jiangnan"，The subsequent results one after another are all related to rural surveys。He participated in the preparation bet365 free bets left-wing economics research group headed by Chen Hansheng - China Rural Economic Research Association。Recommended by Chen Hansheng in 1933，Teaching at Guangxi Normal College，Teaching rural economics class，Organize student investigation and discussion，Initiated the establishment bet365 free bets Guangxi Normal College Rural Economic Research Association，Complete the "Guangxi Rural Economic Survey Report"。Summer Solstice 1934 October 1938，Xue Muqiao is in full charge bet365 free bets work bet365 free bets China Rural Economic Research Association。Open the "Rural Realism" column，Passing through a village、一 Township、One place、Yiye’s field investigation，Shows the economic decline of China’s rural areas。Editor-in-chief of "China Rural Areas" magazine since 1934，Carrying out a debate on the nature of China’s rural society，Published a large number of investigation reports and papers。Completed the book "Common Sense of Economic Science" in 1938。The common feature of these works is the strong combination of theory and reality，Contribute to laying the economic theoretical foundation bet365 free bets Chinese revolution。

On the one hand, his knowledge of economics was acquired through self-study during three years in prison，On the other hand, it was discovered from actual social life when I followed Mr. Chen Hansheng to do rural surveys in the 1930s。It can be said，His economics career has been a creative combination of theory and practice from the beginning。Due to his efforts and contributions，1939，Chen Hansheng wrote to Edward C, Director General bet365 free bets American Society of Pacific Relations.Carter，List “talented young Chinese”，Xue Muqiao is one of them。

After the outbreak bet365 free bets all-out war，Xue Muqiao and his wife Luo Qiong devoted themselves to anti-Japanese propaganda work。"China Rural Wartime Special Issue" edited by Xue Muqiao，Until October 1938, he asked Xiang Ying to join the New Fourth Army，From Li Yimeng, Secretary General bet365 free bets Military Department bet365 free bets New Fourth Army，Obtained a letter of appointment as a political instructor bet365 free bets Military Training Corps bet365 free bets New Fourth Army。

While working at the China Rural bet365 free bets Research Association，This is the period of high quality and high productivity of Xue Muqiao’s bet365 free bets papers。The reason for this achievement，He thinks there are two answers: one is to study Marxism seriously while in prison and after being released，With correct theoretical guidance；The other is to master a wealth of information，The latter was seriously lacking by many theoretical workers at that time。

　　Reflect and deepen theoretical understanding in bet365 free bets

　October 1938，Xue Muqiao takes office in the New Fourth Army Teaching Corps in Southern Anhui，Later to the fifth branch of Kangda University、Work at the Central China Anti-Japanese University Headquarters，To 1943，He has been working in military education for more than four years。He has withstood rigorous military training and tough war environment，Contacted a large number of worker and peasant cadres and educated youth，Teach two courses systematically: Political Economy and Chinese Revolutionary Issues，And take charge bet365 free bets training department and political work department，Accumulated experience in leadership work，Become the theoretical propaganda general bet365 free bets New Fourth Army。1939，It took him three months to write the lecture notes on "Economics"，Banned for "violating censorship standards"。But they continue to be reproduced in various places，There are hundreds of versions of this book，Became the most popular Marxist economics textbook in China in the 1940s。When revised and reprinted in 1942，Sales have reached more than 20,000 copies。The second textbook "Issues bet365 free bets Chinese Revolution" was published in the same year，Analysis bet365 free bets line of class struggle，The key part is the alliance and struggle with the bourgeoisie。

1943-1946，Xue Muqiao devoted himself to leading the rent and interest reduction in Shandong Anti-Japanese Base Area、Grain requisition and currency war，Continuously reflect on and deepen the understanding of economic theory in practice。Working on rent and interest reduction，He chairs the Investigation and Research Committee bet365 free bets Shandong Branch bet365 free bets Communist Party of China，Organize rural survey，Write an investigation report，Analysis of land relations in base areas and rural lending relations，Summary of revolution and reform on land issues，Reflecting on past understandings, whether they were "left" or right、The shortcomings of preferring "left" to right，Leading the work of reducing rent and interest in base areas。On the work of collecting grain，He passed investigations and calculations，Change the "increased production without increasing income" tax based on actual output to tax based on payable output，Progressive expropriation according to the amount of land，Reward farmers for processing to increase fertilizer and increase production，Improved farmers’ production enthusiasm。In monetary and financial work，Summary bet365 free bets experience and lessons learned from the issuance and transformation of Beihai coins in the Shandong base area，Review the reasons why some currency struggles failed in the past。He sees victory in the currency fight，Mainly rely on mobilizing all forces (such as the Trade Bureau、Exchange、Public store、Cooperatives, etc.)，No legal currency is allowed in grain transactions，Stop legal currency market circulation，Barter for foreign trade，A favorable situation that caused a sharp increase in Beihai coins in the base area，Making people automatically reject legal tender，Then the government issued a decree，Provide legal guarantee。Pass reform of public grain collection method，Develop foreign trade in the base area，Promote and guide the development of cooperatives，Especially directly led the currency war against the enemy，Successfully made the inflation rate in the Shandong base area significantly lower than that of surrounding areas and the whole country。

Through actual participation and leadership in the economic work bet365 free bets Shandong base area，Xue Muqiao’s views on some basic issues in economic science，Especially currency、Price problem，Gradually formed his own theoretical views。The "material capital position" theory he proposed about anti-currency、About the rules of simultaneous changes in prices and currency issuance under the conditions of banknote circulation、About how to reverse the rule of "bad money drives out good money" to "good money drives out bad money" in the circulation of banknotes，As well as policies for economic regulation and control in liberated areas by controlling the issuance of banknotes，All are gradually formed in practice，Later, it will in turn guide practice。At that time，The currencies of various countries in the world are based on gold or silver，The circulation law of banknotes that is completely decoupled from gold and silver is a new issue in economic science。Therefore，Spring 1946，Associated Press reporter Luo Erbo visited Linyi, the seat bet365 free bets Shandong Provincial Government，No gold or silver for Beihai coins、There is no foreign exchange (before the Pacific War, legal tender relied on pounds sterling、USD to support) as reserve，Why prices can be kept stable，means "really hard to understand"。Xue Muqiao said to him，We have supplies to reserve Beihai coins，Gold and silver in the base area、Forex is useless，Only materials can best ensure price stability。And tell him that other things being equal，The law of simultaneous growth of currency issuance and prices。After Xue Muqiao spent three or four hours explaining this law to Luo Erbo in detail，Rohrbo thinks this is a "new invention"。Xue Muqiao’s concepts on currency issuance still have theoretical and practical value today。

1947-1948，Xue Muqiao participated in the economic work of unifying the North China Liberated Areas，The core content is the issuance of a unified currency。Over a year，Experienced multiple deliberation of several plans。April 23, 1948，Convene a financial and trade conference。The most controversial topic at the meeting was about the nature of banks、Task、Issuance Policy、Loan guaranteed、Standard price、Limited prizes、Transportation and other issues，Obtain a more consistent opinion through repeated discussions。Under discussion，Xue Muqiao’s experience in leading Shandong’s financial work has been valued and played an important role in unifying understanding。These understandings mainly include: currency issuance is not linked to gold and silver，We must first ensure production and construction，Secondly, ensure war supplies，At the same time, we must control the number of issuances，Avoid sharp price increases，The property ownership of industrial and commercial operators must be protected、Freedom of business and legitimate business profits，Carefully handle labor relations in industry and commerce。In the meantime，He successively worked in Dong Biwu、Served as deputy director and secretary-general bet365 free bets North China Financial and Economic Office under the leadership of Zhou Enlai、Secretary-General bet365 free bets Ministry of Finance and Economics bet365 free bets CPC Central Committee，Drafting a large number of relevant documents。After all parties have a unified understanding and meet the conditions，December 1, 1948，People's Bank of China in North China Bank、Beihai Bank、Established on the basis bet365 free bets merger of Northwest Agricultural Bank，Start issuing RMB。

Before and after the founding of New China，Xue Muqiao serves as a member bet365 free bets Financial and Economic Committee bet365 free bets Government Affairs Council (hereinafter referred to as the "China Finance Committee") headed by Chen Yun、Secretary-General and Director bet365 free bets Bureau of Private Enterprise。While dealing with the intricate daily work bet365 free bets Central Finance Committee，Xue Muqiao highlights the solution of public-private relations and cooperative economy、Market price issues，Participate in leading the work of adjusting industry and commerce。Promoting urban-rural exchanges、In the process of adjusting public-private relations，Realized the successful practice of new democratic economy in China。For Xue Muqiao’s arduous exploration of creativity in theory and practice，Teachers and students of colleges and universities expressed strong interest。He has been to Peking University many times、Lectures at Tsinghua University、Making a report，and was hired to teach related courses。

　　Enrich and improve bet365 free bets thinking by summarizing experience

The time period reflected in the first volume of "Xue Muqiao Chronicle (1904-1952)"，In the period when Xue Muqiao understood and practiced the new democratic economy，Theory and practice include both economic issues in the new democratic revolution，Also includes economic issues in the construction of new democracy after the victory bet365 free bets Revolutionary War。There are differences between the two，Also connected。In view of Xue Muqiao’s creative contributions to new democratic economic theory and practice，Studying his life and works is an indispensable and important part of studying China’s new democratic economy。

As mentioned above，"A Microcosm bet365 free bets Decline of Rural Areas in Jiangnan" is Xue Muqiao's first economics work。Since then, successive results have been related to rural surveys，Such as "Zhejiang Province's Second Five-Year Rent Reduction", "Rural Economic Survey Report of Balitun, Tongshan County", "Rural Economic Survey Report of Chang'an Village, Xiao County", "How to Study China's Rural Economy", "The Labor Market of Liutang, Guilin" Guangxi Rural Economic Survey Report" "Guangxi Cangwu Rural Area-Inspection Notes on Eight Villages in Sanxiang", etc.。Participating in preparations、After that, he chaired the China Rural Economic Research Association, a left-wing economics research group headed by Chen Hansheng, and edited the magazine "China Rural Affairs"，In the fierce debate over the nature of rural society in China，Xue Muqiao further published a large number of investigation reports and papers。Only from the following title, we can see the strong theoretical color and clear revolutionary direction of Xue Muqiao’s article in this debate。For example, in 1935, "Analysis of Land Utilization Form Issues", "Discussion on the Servitude System", "Review of China's Agricultural Production Relations", "Labor Issues and Capital Issues in Agricultural Management", "Reply to Mr. Gu Mei" Letters on Open Discussing Rural Economic Issues》"Questions and Answers on the Nature of China's Rural Society" "Debate on the Nature of China's Rural Society"；1937's "Basic Knowledge of Rural Economy", "How to Study the Issue of Land Rent", "Characteristics of Colonial Rural Economy", "Human Society in History - History of Development of Social Forms", "What is Semi-Feudal Society", "Rural Construction Work New Trends" "Anatomy of Capitalist Society—Basic Theory of Economics" "How to Realize "Land to the Tiller"" "The Practical Significance of "Agricultural Harvest"；1946 "Basic Problems in China's Rural Areas" "How to "Assist Local Self-Government"？How to “promote social production”？》"The Tenancy Relationship in China at the Current Stage", "Wage Labor in Chinese Agriculture", "Commercialization of Agricultural Products and Rural Markets", "Rural Cooperation Movement and Agricultural Product Control", etc.。

The contents of these works are explained in simple terms，It is helpful to answer questions in theory，It is also convenient to guide work in practice，Reflects that Xue Muqiao’s starting point for studying economics is to combine theory with China’s reality、Research on China’s actual problems、Creative Characteristics。Especially the debate on the nature of Chinese rural society，Indicates the author’s understanding bet365 free bets internal reasons why China had to take the road of revolution at that time。This is in eastern China where industry and commerce are relatively developed，Economic theory’s strong response and support for the Communist Party of China’s determined anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary path。

After the outbreak bet365 free bets all-out war，The method of reforming the rural land system has changed from the revolutionary method of confiscating landlords' land to the reform method of reducing rent and interest。Xue Muqiao reflects on the shortcomings of past work，Review the past "closed-door policy" and "bad tradition of putschism"，Thinks that "there are no achievements in rural work in white areas"，Unable to preserve and develop party organizations in villages in white areas，Then we can only admit the mistakes due to subjective strategies”，"We have wrong understanding bet365 free bets following issues": 1.Unconditionally oppose reforms，Oppose compromise，Thus rejecting any reform movement，Refuse to work in any reformist group。2.Not good at using or even unwilling to use legal struggles and legal organizational forms，Don’t even know how to coordinate public work and secret work。3.Not good at exploiting or even unwilling to exploit the enemy’s internal contradictions，Think that taking advantage of contradictions is helping the enemy，That’s right opportunism。4.Don’t know、Does not recognize the influence bet365 free bets reformist movement among the masses，Therefore, we do not advocate going to reformist groups to win over the masses。In order to correct these shortcomings，After the Anti-Japanese National United Front policy was proposed，"Rural China" widely publicized the rent reduction during the Second Five-Year Plan period。He said in the report "On China Rural Economic Research Association and Work Issues in White Areas"，“I firmly believe that I have unconditionally opposed the slogan of rent reduction during the Second Five-Year Plan in the past，Don’t actively promote the rent reduction during the Second Five-Year Plan period，This is a serious error"，"The same mistake as the opposition to the rent reduction movement is the opposition to participation in the rural improvement movement"。He wrote "Rural Work after the Outbreak bet365 free bets Anti-Japanese War", "Empiricism and Formalism", "Rural Organization", "Cooperative Causes During the Anti-Japanese War", "Reforming Rural Politics", "Improving Farmers' Lives", "Launching Peasants to Resist War", "Rural Organization" "Democracy and Dictatorship at Work" "How to Obtain International Aid" "How to Mobilize Peasants" "Lessons Learned from the Four Months bet365 free bets Anti-Japanese War" "Peasant Issues in the Anti-Japanese War" "How to Carry Out Mainland Work" "Supporting the Government to the End bet365 free bets Anti-Japanese War" "Not Afraid。

These results show，Continuous exploration as the objective situation changes、Have the courage to reflect，It is Xue Muqiao who insists on the truth、Consistent style of loyalty and ideals。His new democratic bet365 free bets theory and practice，They are all developing and maturing in changes。

Before and after the War of Liberation and the founding of New China，Xue Muqiao comprehensively responds to the intricate economic work in the liberated areas and the country，Need to lead multiple economic components、Correctly handle the interrelationships and development changes of various economic components、Unification and balance of finance and finance、Currency issuance、Urban and rural exchanges, etc.，A large amount of actual demand makes economic work face more macroeconomic problems；simultaneously，Handling public-private relations、Cooperative economy, etc.，There are also a lot of micro problems that need to be solved。Multiple economic components and their interrelationships are the primary issues faced in the construction of a new democratic economy。1946，He edited and wrote the book "On New Democratic Economy"，An in-depth analysis bet365 free bets economic characteristics under new democratic politics，Received attention from all aspects。

After the founding of New China，Xue Muqiao serves as Secretary General bet365 free bets Financial and Economic Committee bet365 free bets Government Affairs Council and Director bet365 free bets Bureau of Private Enterprise，Not just a comprehensive job，And we must focus on solving the production and development problems of private enterprises。As he said in his report at Tsinghua University in January 1950，Within a certain range today，We also welcome the bourgeoisie to increase production，Expand the scope of activities；Currently unemployed workers are waiting for work，Opening more factories can solve the livelihood problems of unemployed workers；The development of capitalist production，Objectively beneficial to the people，Therefore should not be opposed；If you don’t care about production，Just pay attention to increasing wages and improving life，Although it is somewhat beneficial to the current partial interests bet365 free bets proletariat，But production is reduced，Factory closure，It is not only detrimental to the bourgeoisie，It is also not good for the proletariat。

In order to handle and improve public-private relations，Open product sales，May 1950，Xue Muqiao is in Chen Yun、Under the leadership of Bo Yibo，Presided over the meeting of industrial and commercial directors convened by the Central Finance Commission, mainly from seven major cities，And invite some capitalists to participate。At the request bet365 free bets capitalists after the meeting，Daily industrial products that cannot be sold are purchased by the government，And establish a processing and ordering system on the basis that rural supply and marketing cooperatives have mastered most bet365 free bets agricultural raw materials。Except processing、Except for ordering，Loan also issued、Acquisition of finished products，Convene a national professional conference (grain processing、Salt transportation and sales、Department store production and sales、Coal production and sales、Match Industry、Rubber Industry、Wool and linen textile、Copy printing and dyeing、Cigarette Industry、Import and export trade、Financial industry, etc.)，Draft principles of public-private division of labor and production and marketing plans for various industries，In tax、Business scope, price, etc.，Adjusted industrial and commercial relations，The focus is on adjusting public-private relations，At the same time, labor relations and production and marketing relations were also adjusted。Adjusted，On the one hand, the government helped private industry and commerce overcome temporary difficulties，On the other hand, it "unknowingly embarked on the road of state capitalism"。Afterwards he concluded: Practice has proved，Overproduction is a temporary phenomenon，As long as the exchange of materials between urban and rural areas destroyed by the Twelve Years' War，Both industrial products and agricultural products can find markets。

About cooperative economy，Xue Muqiao summarizes historical experience，In April 1950, the cooperative policy was pointed out at the cooperative business meeting of various regions in North China held at the North China Supply and Marketing Cooperative.，Why we must organize cooperatives，Because the state-owned economy only accounts for 5%，Small producer economy accounts for 90%。If 90% of small producers become bankrupt，Agricultural production cannot be restored and developed，Then the state-owned economy requires food but no food，Requires raw materials but no raw materials，The state-owned factory produced gauze department store，Can’t sell。In the past, our cooperatives could no longer develop after reaching a certain level。The main reason is: the pure profit thinking has never been overcome；Weak national economic leadership；The cooperative is very fragmented，Unable to be closely integrated with the state-owned economy。Proposed new policies for cooperatives in 1948，Limited dividends，And strengthen the leadership and help bet365 free bets state-owned economy，Established cooperative headquarters at all levels。After changing direction，It appears that cooperatives in North China are “too nationalized”，“There are many cadres，New problems such as “not many members”。Xue Muqiao pointed out promptly，Stopping capital dividends does not mean that we do not want public funds，We should absorb hot money into cooperatives，Turn around。Report submitted，On principles and policies，Need to review: serious capitalist tendencies in the past，It has not been completely corrected yet；We must understand that cooperatives are semi-socialist in nature，On the one hand, we must accept the leadership bet365 free bets country，On the one hand, we must organize the masses，Mobilize the power bet365 free bets masses，Put the focus on the masses；Review price policy，Protect the interests of members。

These thoughts of Xue Muqiao during the period of national economic recovery，Further develop the economic theory bet365 free bets new democratic revolution period into the economic theory bet365 free bets new democratic construction period，Making important contributions to enriching and improving China’s new democratic economic thought。Many ideas still have enlightening significance for our country to re-establish an economic system in which multiple economic components coexist after the reform and opening up。Xue Muqiao’s contribution to the economic theory and practice of new democracy is an important component。

The book "Xue Muqiao Chronicle (1904-1952)" records the first half of Xue Muqiao's life in detail。From this work，On the one hand, readers can read a large number of articles written by Xue Muqiao。On the other hand，Due to the rich and accurate content bet365 free bets Chronicle，Readers can also learn rich historical knowledge like a small encyclopedia in big history。As a pioneer in the creative integration of Chinese economic theory and practice，Xue Muqiao is by no means a scholar who locks himself in a study，But be good at starting from reality，Creatively apply Chinese economic theory to Chinese practice。Xue Muqiao once said: "Practice political economics，First, we need to integrate theory with practice，The second is not to be a ‘feng style’。"This is also his own rigorous self-denial throughout his life、A true portrayal of diligent scholarship。

　(This article is a reflection after reading "bet365 free bets Chronicle (1904-1952)")

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Former President bet365 free bets Chinese Economic History Society)