Xue Muqiao (1904-2005)，Jiangsu Wuxi people，Joined the Communist Party of China in 1927。He experienced the first domestic revolutionary war in his life、Second domestic revolutionary war、Anti -Japanese War、Liberation War、The national economy recovers after 1949、The establishment and implementation of the planned economy after 1953、The reform and implementation of the economic system after 1978、The comprehensive advancement of the socialist market economy after 1992。His life is rich、Color Legend，Once served as webmaster at the Shanghai -Hangzhou -Ningbo Railway Railway Station、Leaders of Railway Workers Movement、Teachers of Guangxi Teachers College，He has also been a political prisoner of Zhejiang Army Prison。He entered the field of economic research under the guidance of Chen Hansheng in 1932，Participate in China's Rural Economic Survey and Chinese Rural Social Nature Battle，Daily work of the Chinese Rural Economic Research Association led by the Communist Party of China，Editor -in -chief of Rural China。Working in the New Fourth Army from 1938 to 1942，Ren as the director of the training office of the Teaching Corps of the New Fourth Army，Hosted the military and political training of the New Fourth Army。The textbook of "Political Economics" he wrote became a textbook for training new fourth military cadres。He is the Shandong Anti -Japanese Base、Outstanding economic work leaders in the North China Liberation Area，Carry currency wars in the base area of ​​Shandong and achieve success。After that，As the Ministry of Finance and Economics of the Central Committee、Secretary -General of the Central Finance and Economic Committee，Writing unified currency、Unified Finance、Issuing important policy documents such as RMB。

After the founding of New China，Xue Muqiao as a member of the Finance and Economics Committee of the Political Affairs Council、Secretary -General and Director of the Private Enterprise Bureau，As the Secretary of the Central Finance and Economics and lead the industrial and commercial adjustment。Since then served as the director of the National Bureau of Statistics、Deputy Director of the State Planning Commission、Director of the National Price Committee、Director Director of the State Council Economic Research Center。1955，Elected by the member of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。Since the reform and opening up，Created a number of important theoretical works on discussing the reform of China's economic system，Won the first Chinese Economics Award。July 22, 2005，Xue Muqiao died in Beijing，101 years old。

Xue Muqiao is a revolutionary theory spread before the founding of New China、Successful development of base construction practice、Revolutionary who has made an excellent contribution to the birth of New China。After the founding of New China，He has been in the national economy for a long time、Society、Academic Leadership Post。Carrying out a comprehensive and in -depth research on such a centenarians，It is a major topic with unusual difficulty。This is related，It is difficult to achieve overnight。Write this article，It is to commemorate the revolutionary and scholars of Senior Revolutionary and Scholars such as Xue Muqiao，It is also to urge yourself to learn、Revisiting the footsteps of history。

1904 to 1952，China is in a turbulent and the Great Revolution、Troubleshooting、Except the new historical stage of the old cloth。Xue Muqiao's torrent，First is the revolutionary，At the same time is economist and leader of economic work，Generally experienced the first five periods of his long life: first，Growing up in the predicament。2，Accept the theory of revolution，Participate in rural surveys，I wrote a rich content survey report。third，Participate in and lead the theoretical education of the New Fourth Army，Leading Shandong Anti -Japanese Base Land Redemption and Reduction、Cooperation Economy、Financial price、Fiscal and economic work practice such as industrial and agricultural bet365 best casino games production，Entering the construction of new democratic economic theory。fourth，Participate in and lead the financial unification of the financial and economic zone of North China、Currency unity、Fiscal and Financial Operation、Industry and Commerce、Unprecedented work such as industrial and agricultural production。Fifth，Leadership and participate in the unified finances of the early days of the founding of New China、Adjust public -private relations，Resume the work of the national economy。"Xue Muqiao Chronicles (1904-1952)" has a record of as much as possible for the activities of Xue Muqiao this period，Take us into and understand his extraordinary experience。

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Xue Muqiao was born in rural areas in the late Qing Dynasty，At the age of 15, because of the difficulties of the family，From the Normal School，Application for the Shanghai -Hangzhou -Ningbo railway trainees。20 years old，Selected as a webmaster of the railway station，Certain many railway workers。In 1927, he was arrested and jailed for leading workers' movement，Use three -year -old prison care to study social sciences such as economics，Self -learning at the "Prison University"。He will learn to study、The character of the work remains lifetime。

Education after returning home、Edit "Public Weekly" and other publications，He published a large number of articles with a large number of needle pins。Working at the Institute of Social Sciences of the Central Academy in 1932，Director of the Sociology Group、Under the leadership of Chen Hansheng, member of the Communist International Secret Party，Perform Wuxi、Organization of Baoding Rural Economic Survey Information，And under its guidance, the first economics work "A Map of the Decline of the Rural Rural Rural"，After that, the successful results are related to rural surveys。He participated in the preparation of the left -wing economics research group led by Chen Hansheng -China Rural Economic Research Association。Recommended by Chen Hansheng in 1933，Recommended by Chen Hansheng in 1933，Discussion of rural economic courses，Organize students to investigate and discuss，Initiating the establishment of the Guangxi Normal University Rural Economic Research Association，Complete the "Guangxi Rural Economic Survey Report"。1934 to October 1938，Xue Muqiao full -time hosting the work of the China Rural Economic Research Association。Open the column of "Rural Reality"，Through a village、Yixiang、One place、A field survey of a industry，Showing the decline in China's rural economy。Since 1934, editor -in -chief "Rural China" magazine，Carry out China's rural social nature combat，Published a large number of survey reports and papers。Complete the book "Common Sense of Economic Sciences" in 1938。The common feature of these works is the combination of theory and reality.，Contributions to the foundation of the economic theory of laying the Chinese revolution。

His economics knowledge is on the one hand in three years of prison life.，On the other hand, it was explored from actual social life when he followed Mr. Chen Hansheng in the 1930s with Mr. Chen Hansheng in the 1930s。It can be said，His economic career is a combination of theoretical and practical creativity from the beginning。Due to his efforts and contributions，1939，Chen Hansheng believes that the Director -General of the Pacific Relations Society Edward C. Carter，List the "talented young Chinese"，Xue Muqiao is one of them。

After the outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War，Xue Muqiao and his wife Luo Qiong invest in anti -Japanese propaganda work。Edit "Special Issue of the Wars of Rural Wars" in Xue Muqiao，Until October 1938, I asked Xiang Ying to participate in the New Fourth Army，From the Secretary -General of the New Fourth Army Ministry Li Yifang，I got the appointment of the political instructor of the New Fourth Army Military Ministry Teaching Corps。

During the work of the China Rural Economic Research Association，It is a period of high -quality and high yield of Xue Muqiao Economics Papers。The reason why there is this result，He believes that there are two types of answers: one is to study Marxism seriously in the prison and after he was released from prison，With the correct theoretical guidance; the other is to master the rich information，The latter was the serious Bet365 lotto review lack of many theoretical workers at that time at that time。

　　In practice to reflect and deepen theoretical understanding

October 1938，Xue Muqiao to the Teaching Corps of the New Fourth Army in South Anhui，Later to the Anti -Big Five -point School、Work of the Central China Anti -University General Branch，until 1943，He has done military education for more than four years。He has undergone strict military training and hard war environment for war.，contact a large number of workers and peasants cadres and knowledge youth，Systematically teaching two courses of political economics and Chinese revolutionary issues，And in the training department and the political work department alone，accumulated experience in leadership work，The theoretical propaganda of the New Fourth Army。1939，He wrote "Economics" for three months，was banned for "violating the review standards"。But continue to flip all places，This book version reaches hundreds of kinds，Become the most popular Marxist economics textbook in the 1940s。By the re -release and re -release of 1942，Sales have reached more than 20,000 volumes。Published the second textbook "China Revolution" in the same year，Analysis of class struggle route，The key part is the combination and struggle of the same bourgeoisie。

1943-1946，Xue Muqiao devoted himself to rent reduction and interest at leading the Shandong anti -Japanese base area、Grain collection and currency war，Constantly reflect on and deepen the understanding of economic theory in practice。In the work of rent reduction and interest,，He presided over the Investigation and Research Committee of the Shandong Branch of the Communist Party of China，Organize rural surveys，Writing a survey report，Analysis of land relationships and rural lending relationships，Summarize the revolution and improvement on land issues，Anti -reflected in the past or "left" or right、Ning "Left" without the shortcoming，Leading base for rent reduction and dividend reduction work。In terms of food collection，He through investigation and calculation，The actual output of changing the "increasing yield and not increasing income" is levied at the due output，Symptoms according to the improvement of the number of land，Rewarding farmers processing and gaining weight and increased yield，Improving farmers' production enthusiasm。In the work of currency finance，Summary of the experience lessons of the issuance and transformation of North Sea coins in Shandong base areas，Review the reasons for the failure of certain currency struggles in the past。He believes the victory of currency struggle，It mainly relies on mobilizing all forces (such as the Trade Bureau、Exchange、Public store、Cooperative Society, etc.)，Grain transactions are not allowed to use fiat currency，Stop the circulation of the fiat currency market，Foreign trade with stocks and stocks，North Sea currency in the base area increases sharply，Makes the people automatically reject fiat currency，Then the government promulgated the decree，Legal guarantee。Methods through reform of public grain，Development Base Foreign Trade，Promoting and guiding cooperative development，Especially directly led the enemy currency war，Successful inflation rate in the Shandong base is significantly lower than the level of surrounding areas and the country。

Economic work through actual participation and leadership of Shandong base areas，Some basic problems of Xue Muqiao on economic sciences，Especially currency、Price Questions，Gradually formed its own theoretical point of view。His "material based" theory about anti -currency anti -currency、About the laws of the synchronization changes of prices and currency issuance under the conditions of bank currency circulation、About how to reverse the "bad currency expelling good currency" as "good currency is expelled from bad coins"，and policies for regulating economic regulation through control of banknotes，Gradually formed in practice，After that in turn, guide practice。At that time，The currency of various countries in the world is based on gold or silver，The circulation of banknotes completely decoupled with gold and silver is the new problem of economic science。Therefore，spring 1946，Associated Press reporter Rollbo went to Linyi, where the Bet365 lotto review Shandong Provincial Government was located，No gold and silver for North Sea dollars、Erwo Foreign Exchange (French currency before the Pacific War was relying on the pound、Support for dollars) Do reserves，Why can keep the price stable，means "It's really difficult to understand"。Xue Muqiao said to him，Our North Sea currency has materials to make reserves，Gold and Silver in the base area、Foreign exchange is useless，Only supplies can guarantee the stability of the price。and tell him under other conditions under other circumstances，Laws of the same growth of currency issuance and price synchronization。Xue Muqiao explained to Rolberry after three or four hours after this law，Rolbo thinks this is a "new invention"。Xue Muqiao's concepts about currency issuance of currency will still have theoretical and practical value to this day。

1947-1948，Xue Muqiao participated in the economic work of the unified North China Liberation Zone，The core content is unified currency issuance。In more than a year，Multiple brewed brewed after several solutions。April 23, 1948，Holding the Financial Trade Conference。The most controversial at the meeting is about bank nature、task、Issuing Policy、Loan Capacity、Standard price、Award -winning restrictions、Traffic and other questions，Obtaining consistent opinions through repeated discussions。In the discussion，Xue Muqiao's experience of leading Shandong financial work has been valued and plays an important role in unified understanding。These cognitions mainly include: currency issuance is not linked to gold and silver，First of all, ensure production construction，Second guarantee of war supply，At the same time, master the number of issuance，Avoid the sharp rise in prices，The property ownership of the industrial and commercial person must be protected、Management of freedom and legitimate operating profit，Carefully deal with labor relations in industry and commerce。I am，He has been in Dong Biwu、Zhou Enlai's leadership as the deputy director and secretary -general of the North China Finance Office、Secretary -General of the Ministry of Finance of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China，Drafted a large number of related documents。After all parties understand and have conditions，December 1, 1948，The People's Bank of China in North China、Beihai Bank、Based on the merger of the Northwest Agricultural Bank of China，Start the issuance of RMB。

Before and after the establishment of New China，Xue Muqiao served as a member of the Finance and Economic Committee of the Political Affairs Council (hereinafter referred to as the "Central Finance Committee") member of Chen Yun、Secretary -General and Director of the Private Enterprise Bureau。While responding to the daily work of the China Finance Commission,，Xue Muqiao highlights the solution of public -private relations and cooperation economy、Market Price Questions，Participate in the work of leaders to adjust industrial and commercial。Promoting urban and rural exchanges、In the process of adjusting public and private relations，The successful practice of the new democratic economy in China。The hard -working exploration of Xue Muqiao's creativity in theory and practice，Teachers and students from colleges and universities expressed their strong interest。He has visited Peking University many times、Lecture of Tsinghua University、Report，and being hired to teach related courses。

　　By summing up the experience and enriching and perfect economic thought

"Xue Muqiao Chronicles (1904-1952)" previously volume reflected，During Xue Muqiao's understanding and practice of the new democratic economy period，Theoretical and practice include economic problems in the new democratic revolution，It also includes economic problems in the construction of new democraticism after the victory of the revolutionary war。Both of them are different，There is also contact。In view of the creative contribution of Xue Muqiao in the new democratic economic theory and practice，Studying his life and work is an indispensable content for studying China's new democratic economy。

As mentioned earlier，"A Map of the Decline of the Rural Rural Rural" is Xue Muqiao's first economics work。After that, the successful results have been associated with rural surveys，For example, "Twenty -five Rental Bet365 lotto review Rent in Zhejiang Province", "Tongshan County Balitun Rural Economic Survey Report", "Xiaoxian Chang'an Village Rural Economic Survey Report", "How to Study China's Rural Economy", "Labor Market of Guilin Liutang", " Guangxi Rural Economic Survey Report "" Inspection of Cangwu Rural, Guangxi -Eight Villages of Sanxiang ", etc.。Participate in preparation、After full hosted a full -time host, the left -wing economics research group led by Chen Hansheng -the China Rural Economic Research Association and edited the "Rural China" magazine，In the intense argument in the nature of the rural society in China，Xue Muqiao further published a large number of investigation reports and papers。Only from the following topics can also see that in this battle, Xue Muqiao's article has a strong theoretical color and distinctive revolutionary direction。For example, "Analysis of the morphology of Land in 1935", "Discussion on the Employment System", "Review of Chinese Agricultural Production Relations", "Labor and Capital Issues in Agricultural Management" The letter of discussing the rural economic issues in public "" "Q & A in Chinese rural society", "The Battle of Chinese Rural Social Nature"; "Basic Knowledge of Rural Economic" in 1937, "How to Study Land Rental Issues", "Colonial Rural Economic Funding Traits", "History in History。

The content of these works is in -depth，It helps to answer doubts in theoretical aspects，It is convenient to guide the work in practice，The starting point of Xue Muqiao's research economics is combined with the actual combination of China、Study on actual problems in China、creative characteristics。Especially the debate on China's rural social nature，It shows the author's understanding of the internal cause of the revolutionary road in China at that time。This is eastern China, which is relatively developed in industry and commerce，The strong response and support of the Chinese Communist Party firmly follow the anti -feudal revolutionary road。

After the outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War，The method of reforming the rural land system has been transformed from a revolutionary method that confiscated landlord land to improvement of rent reduction and interest rate reduction。Xue Muqiao reflects on the shortcomings of previous work，Review the past "closure of door claims" and "bad tradition of blindnessism"，I believe that "there is no achievement in the work of the village in the white area，Can't save and develop party organizations in the villages of the Baitang District，Then you can only acknowledge the error due to subjective strategies "，"We have a mistake in the following problems": 1. Unconditional opposition to improvement，Opposition to compromise，So I reject any improvement exercise，Refuse to work in any improved group。2. Not good at using or even unwilling to use legal struggle and legal organization form，I don’t know how to cooperate with public work and secret work。3. Not good at using or even unwilling to use the contradictions inside the enemy，Thinking of the use of contradictions is helping the enemy，Is the right leaving opportunism。4. Do not understand、Do not recognize the impact of the improvementist movement in the masses，Therefore, do not advocate to fight for the masses。To correct these shortcomings，After proposing the policy of the Anti -Japanese National United Front，"Rural China" widely publicized two -five rents。He said in the report on the "Questions on the China Economic Research Association and the White District Work" report，"I think it is sure to oppose the Twenty -five Rental slogan in the past，Do not actively publicize the two -five rents，This is a serious mistake "，"The same is wrong with the opposition to rent reduction exercise is to oppose participation in the rural improvement movement"。He wrote "Rural Work after the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan", "Experienceism and Formulatory", "Rural Organization", "Cooperation of the War of Resistance Against the War", "Reform Rural Politics", "Improvement of Farmers 'Life", "Movement of Farmers' War", "Rural Villages" The Democracy and Dictatorship of Work "" How to Get International Aid "," How to Mobilize Farmers "," Lessons I got from the Four months of the War of Resistance "," Farmers in the Anti -Japanese War "," How to Carry out Mainland Work "," Support the Government's Anti -Japanese War "," Not afraid of being afraid of。

These achievements indicate，Continuous exploration with the changes in the bet365 best casino games objective situation、Courage to reflect，It is Xue Muqiao insisted on the truth、Loyal Ideal Style。His new democratic economic theory and practice，All develop in the change and mature。

The Liberation War and the founding of New China，Xue Muqiao comprehensively cope with the intricate economic work of the liberated area and the country，Need to lead a variety of economic ingredients、Correctly deal with the interrelationship between multiple economic ingredients and its development and changes、Unity and balance of fiscal finance、Currency issuance、Urban and rural exchange, etc.，A large amount of actual needs make economic work face more macroeconomic problems; at the same time，Treatment of public -private relations、Cooperation economy and other aspects，There are also a large number of micro -problems need to be solved。A variety of economic ingredients and its interconnection is the primary problem faced in the construction of new democratic economy。1946，He edited and wrote the book "On the New Democratic Economy"，In -depth analysis of the economic characteristics of new democratic politics，Views of all aspects。

After the founding of New China，Xue Muqiao, as Secretary -General of the Financial and Economic Committee of the Government Council and Director of the Private Enterprise Bureau，Not only should we deal with comprehensive work，and focus on solving the production and development of private enterprises。As he said in the report of his January 1950 at the report of Tsinghua University，In a certain range today，We also welcome the bourgeoisie to increase production，Expansion of the scope of activity; currently unemployed workers are waiting for work，Multiple start -up plants can solve the life problems of unemployed workers; the development of capitalist production，Objectively beneficial to the people，Therefore, it should not be opposed; if no production，Just pay attention to increasing wages and improvement，Although there are some benefits for the current local interests of the proletariat，But production is reduced，Factory closure，Not only is it not good for the bourgeoisie，Not good for the proletariat。

To deal with and improve public and private relations，Open the product sales，May 1950，Xue Muqiao in Chen Yun、Under the leadership of Bo Yibo，Presided the meeting of seven cities convened by the Central Finance Commission to meet the seven cities.，and invite some capitalists to participate。At the meeting of the capitalist，The daily industrial products that cannot be sold are acquired by the government，And the establishment of a processing or ordering system on the basis of the rural areas has mastered the vast majority of agricultural raw materials。Division of processing、Outside of order，Also issued loans、Acquisition finished product，National professional conferences (grain processing、Salt transportation、Department Store production and sales、Coal production and sales、Match Industry、rubber industry、Mao Ma Textile、Copy print and dye、Cigarette Industry、Import and export trade、Financial Industry, etc.)，Draw the principle of public and private division of labor and production and sales in various industries，Tax、Business scope and price，Adjusted business relations，The point is to adjust public and private relations，At the same time, it has also adjusted the relationship between labor and capital and production and sales。Adjustable，On the one hand, the government helps private industry and commerce overcome temporary difficulties，On the other hand, "Unknowingly embarked on the road of national capitalism"。Afterwards he summarized: Practice proof，Excess production is temporary phenomenon，As long as the exchange of urban and rural supplies destroyed by the twelve -year war，Industrial products and agricultural products can find sales。

About the cooperation economy，Xue Muqiao summarizes historical experience，In April 1950, the cooperative policy was pointed out at the cooperative's policy at the cooperatives of the cooperatives in the North China Support and Marketing Cooperative in April 1950，Why do you have to organize a cooperative，Because the state -owned economy only accounts for 5%，Small producer economy accounts for 90%。If 90%of the small producers are broken，Agricultural production cannot be restored bet365 best casino games and developed，Then the state -owned economy needs food without food，No raw materials for raw materials，State -owned factories produced gauze department stores，Can't sell。Our in the past, the development of our cooperatives could not develop to a certain extent。The main reason is that simple profitability has never been overcome; the national economic leadership is weak; cooperatives are very decentralized，Can't be closely integrated with the state -owned economy。In 1948, the new policy of the cooperative was proposed，Restricted dividends，and strengthen leadership help in the state -owned economy，Established cooperatives at all levels。After changing the direction，Northern China Cooperative "Taiguo"，"A lot of cadres，Not many members "and other new questions。Xue Muqiao pointed out in time，Stopping funds dividend is not equal to not funds for the masses，We should absorb the money to the cooperative，Weekly turn。Report proposed，In terms of policy and policy，Review: In the past, serious capitalist tendencies，I haven't completely corrected it yet; I must understand that the cooperative is a semi -social nature，On the one hand, accept national leadership，On the one hand, organize the masses，Mobilize the power of the masses，Put the focus on the masses; review the price policy，Guarantee the interests of members and the masses。

These thoughts of Xue Muqiao during the recovery period of the national economic recovery，The economic theory of the New Democratic Revolution was further developed into the economic theory of the new democratic construction period，I have made important contributions to enriching and improving China's new democratic economic thoughts。Many ideas still have enlightenment for the economic system that coexist in various economic components in my country after reform and opening up。The contribution of Xue Muqiao to the theory and practice of new democraticism is an important component of them。

"Xue Muqiao Chronicles (1904-1952)" recorded the first half of Xue Muqiao's life。From this work，Readers can read a lot of articles written by Xue Muqiao on the one hand。On the other hand，Due to the rich content of "Chronicle", it is accurate，Readers can also draw rich historical knowledge like a small encyclopedia in the history of great history。As a pioneer as a combination of Chinese economic theory and practice creativity，Xue Muqiao is by no means a scholar who loses himself in the book，But good at starting from actual，Apply Chinese economic theory creatively to Chinese practice。Xue Muqiao once said: "Political economics，First, to contact the actual theory，Second, improper ‘Wind School’。"This is also his own life rigorous、The true portrayal of diligent governance。

　(This article is "Xue Muqiao Chronicles (1904-1952)" after reading)

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Former Chairman of the Chinese Economic History Society)