Du Guoji (1889-1961)，Born in Chenghai, Guangdong。I used Du Shou Su with a pen name、Lin Boxiu、Wu Xiaoxian、Lin Suyu、Wu Nianci、Duwa、Lin Bai, etc.。

1889-1907，He receives enlightenment education in his hometown。1907-1919，He studied Marxism during his studies in Japan。1919-1949，Carry out revolutionary work and academic research under the leadership of the party。1949-1961，Work in various leadership positions，The representative of the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference、Member of the Central South Military Political Committee、Member of the People's Government of Guangdong Province and Director of the Department of Literature and Education、South China Normal University (that is, South China Normal University) the first dean、Director of the Cultural and Education Office of the People's Government of Guangdong Province、Deputy Minister of Propaganda Department of the South China Branch of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、Dean of the Guangzhou Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Director of the Institute of Guangzhou Philosophy and Social Sciences、Deputy Director of the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Commission、Deputy Dean of the Central South Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、Member of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、Representatives of the National People's Congress、Vice Chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference、Chairman of the Guangzhou Branch of the Chinese People's Defense World Peace Commission、Chairman of the Guangzhou Branch of the China Foreign Culture Association、Vice Chairman of the China -Soviet Friendship Association of Guangdong Province。

Du Guozhen's outstanding contribution on the Marxist theoretical front is mainly manifested in: first, translation。In the late 1920s，Translated with "Getting started of Dialectical Materials", "Financial Capital", "One Metropolitanism", "Critical Criticism", "Plier Hannov Theory" and other works。The second is to run a publication。In the 1920s，Founding "Social Issues" magazine，Participate in the revolutionary literary group "Sun Club"，Organize "Our Club"。1930，Editor -in -chief of the publication of the Chinese Left -Wing Culture Union "Chinese Culture"，Editors of the Party's Organ News "Red Flag News"。Three is the book saying。Du Guozhen's theory of the history of Chinese thought is mostly collected in the "Summary of the Predictives of the Pre -Qin Son", "Several Studies of the pre -Qin Zhuzi", "Bridge Collection", "Du Guojin Collection", "Du Guozhang Collection"。He uses Marxist views and methods to organize、Study the history of Chinese thought，Especially the results obtained in the research research of the pre -Qin sons，In his time, he has a pioneering and leading role。

Du Guozhen is a famous Marxist scholar、Communists who bowed to the revolutionary cause，It was one of the earliest scholars who used Marxist basic principles to study Chinese traditional culture.。He was born in Chenghai, Guangdong，In the early years，The private education in the past ten years laid a good foundation for him，The experience of studying in Japan in the twelve years has made him establish the historical view of materialism。His view from the establishment of the Marxist world，Using Marxism as an ideological weapon，Active on the theoretical front of the party。He is using Marxist materialist dialectics and materialist history to study the history of Chinese thought、Explain the idea of ​​ancient Chinese materialism、Discover the value of practical viewpoints in traditional Chinese culture，It has the function of pioneering and leading。Guo Moruo once used the "Moral Study Study Point，Marxism -Leninian True Fire Biography "praise Du Guozhen's contribution to revolution and academic research。

　　bet365 best casino games

1919 Du Guozhen returned from Japan to return to China，From teaching、Organization、Propaganda and other aspects Bet365 app download to spread the activity of Marxism。Six years in Beijing，He taught Marxism in the university he taught and part -time，Pay special attention to materialist dialectics。"Lugu" in the residence is often and progressive youth、Scholars discuss various academic and practical issues with Marxist views。and Guo Moruo and others formed the mass group "Lone Army Society"，Published an article "Socialism and China Economic Status"，Promoting science socialism。1925，He leaves Beijing and returns to his hometown，Education，Promoting revolutionary thought。

After Du Guozheng arrived in Shanghai in 1928，Joined the Communist Party of China，officially became a soldier on the theoretical front of the party。After the failure of the Revolution，The struggle between the domestic revolutionary forces and the counter -revolutionary forces is unprecedentedly sharp。Du Guoyi arrived in Shanghai，The anti -"encirclement" struggle devoted to the cultural front under the leadership of the party。He participated in the revolutionary literary group "Sun Club"，Organize "Our Club"，Published in publications such as "Sun", "Us", "New Stream" and other publications。The article "Several Issues About Literature and Art" he wrote in 1929，Criticized some wrong remarks，It played a positive role on the popularization of the literary and artistic movement at the time。At the same time，He translated Plekhanov's "One Month of History"、Dapolin's "Introduction to Dialectical Materialism" and other philosophical works，This played a positive role in the propaganda of Marxist theory at the time。During Shanghai，Du Guoji also shoulders the party's heavy trust，Carry out a revolutionary united front on cultural front，Efforts to unite the left -wing cultural circles around the party。He is a member of the Central Cultural Working Committee directly under the leadership of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China，Actively participate in the preparation work of Zuo Lian，and add it when the Zuo Lian was established。He initiated the organization of "Social Sciences Alliance"，Participated in the party's party group。Since then，To facilitate leaders，Social Federation and Zuo Lian、Education Federation、Drama Federation、United and other forms of the Chinese Left -Wing Culture Federation。Du Guozhen is one of the heads of the Cultural Alliance，The editor -in -chief of the "Chinese Culture" as its publication，Theoretical argument active at that time。1935 Du Guozhen was arrested，He fought against the enemy in prison in prison、The history of thought has a deeper understanding。

1937 Du Guozhen after he was released from prison，Invest in the Anti -Japanese Salvation Movement，Entering academic research，A fruitful struggle in the ideological and cultural field。He started the Eighth Group Army in the Anti -Japanese General Zhang Fakui at first，Later, enter the battlefield service team as the chief of the General Affairs Division of the Colonel，Then the acting captain，Carry out anti -Japanese rescue propaganda work among the army and society。According to the instructions of the party organization and Zhou Enlai，In 1938, he was transferred to the Political Department of the Political Department of the National Government Committee of Guo Moruo as the Director of Guo Moruo.，Responsible for design and Japanese translation。Du Guozhen and the comrades of the third hall broke through the obstruction and destruction of the Kuomintang's stubborn faction，Efforts to carry out the work of the Anti -Japanese National United Front。Later，The Kuomintang revoked the three halls，Reform the Cultural Working Committee，Attempts to use this organization to make progressive cultural people unpathered words。Du Guozheng and other cultural union members under the leadership of Zhou Enlai and Guo Moruo，Carrying out various academic activities guided by Marxism，Breakthrough the Kuomintang's restraint，and the theory of compromise surrender of the Kuomintang rightist right of the struggle。Du Guozhen devoted himself to the study of ancient Chinese history and pre -Qin Zhuzi during this time，He uses Marxism's views and methods to organize Chinese traditional culture，Criticize a variety of errors。He in "The Origin of Rites and Music and the Development of Chinese Rites"，Elapse the origin of ancient Chinese ritual Bet365 app download and music with materialist views、Development and new future，Criticizing the reactionary intention of making a ceremony for Chiang Kai -shek。He also targets idealistic philosophy，I wrote many notes and papers full of materialist fighting spirit，Posted on the Xinhua Daily。

After the victory of the Anti -Japanese War in 1945，Du Guozhen continues to engage in research and writing，A positive effect on clarifying the fog in the study of Chinese thoughts。In 1946, he wrote the book "Summary of the Predictive Son Thought"，Research on the thought of the pre -Qin sons with Marxist scientific methods，Careful discussing the development law of the history of the pre -Qin thought，Work hard to make clear the source of the history of Chinese thought，Makes readers from being blinded by the "outdated of the times"。Du Guozhen has also served as the editor -in -chief of "New Thinking" Weekly，Both positive publicity Marxism -Leninism，Criticizing the wrong thoughts in the theoretical world at that time，If you publish "Specifications", refute some confusing audiovisual、Obstained the views of the masses belief in Marxism and the Communist Party of China。After the founding of New China，Du Guoji is committed to culture and education、Construction and research of social sciences，Dist until 1961。Hou Waulu said in the preface of the "Du Guozhang Collection" published after Du Guozhang's death: "Comrade Du Guozhen is always an active warrior on the theoretical front of the party"，With "a strong and powerful fighting will to fight any chance to fight the enemy"。

　Use MarxismConsolidate the study of Chinese cultural heritage

After the May 4th Movement，Inherits inheritance of the Chinese historical and cultural heritage，The research atmosphere of the history of Chinese thought, especially the thought of the pre -Qin sons, became very strong。For the research method，There were two main types at the time。One is that he focuses on text、Training、Verification、Plating level，I hope to solve the problems in the Confucian scriptures; another tendency to explore the thoughts itself，I hope to discover certain modern values ​​from it。Marxist scholars believe that neither method can touch the essence of the thoughts of the sons。They associate the spread of Marxism with the research of the history of Chinese thought，Build a narrative framework for the history of Chinese thought with Marxist methodology。Du Guozhen as a soldier on the theoretical front，Obief the needs of the revolution，Actively transferred to the study of the history of Chinese thought，Has made a significant contribution to the research on the history of Chinese ideology that created Marxism.。Hou Waulu pointed out: "Comrade Du Guozhen uses Marxism's point of view、Method's research on the history of Chinese philosophy is a great achievement。”

Using the Materials History Concept to interpret thought、History。Du Guozhang set off from society to determine social consciousness，Use the historical view of materialism to study the history of Chinese thought，This characteristic runs through his works。In the "Summary of the Thought of the Pre -Qin Son"，He mentioned the thought of the pre -Qin sons "with its social root。Because of that era，It is the era of change from Chinese slave society to feudal society "。Discuss the history of thought based on changes in social production methods，This is a breakthrough in the study of Chinese ideological history in Du Guozheng and other older generations of Marxist scholars，Therefore, "‘ Hundreds of Fangs in Academic History ’，It just reflects the struggle of clan nobles and emerging landlords in social history "。Therefore，His thought for Confucius，"Find the instructions from the society where Confucius lives"。He thinks reading in Mozi's book，"You must contact his social background to study"。He pointed out that Xunzi is in "social change，Care about Ripe "，So Xunzi's thoughts "formed a transition form from polite to law"。In "On" Gongsun Longzi "，He believes that Gongsun Long's thoughts have inherited and developed academic heritage，Also "reflect the reality of politics and society at that time"。In "Xunzi's Critical Criticism"，When explaining why Xunzi can take on the total critical task of the sons，It is pointed out that this is because the end of the Warring States Period is the end of the slavery society，So academic thoughts can be summarized。In "The Origin of Rites and Music and the Development of Bet365 app download Chinese Rites"，He believes that ancient Chinese and medieval ritual and music，"It develops with the times"，"It is something that adapts to the social and economic structure established in the second half of the slave society to the feudal society"。In "Wei Jinqing Talking about its influence"，He analyzed the social root of the prevailing social。In "Fan Ye's Materials Thought"，He first studied the social background of "Divine Destroyer"，It is not accidental pointed out that it is not accidental，Instead, there is a profound social root。Brief words，Du Guoji uses the research of the history of Chinese thought, especially the research on the thought of the pre -Qin sons，Prove that the historical view of materialism is explaining history、A common effective method of thought，Only through this method，The laws of ideological development can be correctly revealed。

Dynamic analysis of the history of ideology with the dialectics of materialism。Du Guoji study the history of Chinese thought，Not only does it pay attention to the explanation of the historical view of thinking，Pay attention to the flow of the origin of thinking with material dialectics，This research method is particularly obvious in the research research of the pre -Qin sons。His monographs such as "Summary of the Summary of the Pre -Qin Son", "Several Studies of the pre -Qin Zhuzi" and "Looking at his spell thoughts from Xunzi" from Xunzi " "And Yi Chuan Thought" and other papers，A systematic and dialectical inspection of the pre -Qin sons。First，Adhere to the dialectical concept，Take the history of the pre -Qin thought as a continuous development、Changes and intricate processes。He pointed out，The pre -Qin sons "The thoughts of the first and other factions can not be criticized"。This critical process，On the other hand, it also reflects the inheritance relationship between the sons and the various families，Sort out the development of ideas from the development and evolution of various family ideas。He believes that the philosophical theory that has been annihilated for a long time, Song Yin Xue School of Confucianism，For Mencius、Xunzi、Zhuangzi and even Hui Shi have a profound impact，is the key link of the history of the development of the pre -Qin Dynasty;、The legacy of Yin Wen and other arguments，Give Xunzi、Mo Family made a preparation work "。For the development of thought，He explained it，"Society will not stop measing，Thoughts cannot be paused "，"All heres' thoughts when the environment is not good for it，It will appear in the orthodox coat，or temporarily enter the state of Fuliu，Waiting for the arrival of the timing that can make it running around "。Next，Implementing the unified relationship between the opposition in the research research of the pre -Qin sons。Du Guozhen believes that the thoughts of the pre -Qin sons "restrict each other，Mutual dependence，Between home and home，At the time of faction，There are some constant Gejo "。According to the actual situation of the thoughts of the sons，Dialectically analyzes and reveals the contradiction relationship between the thoughts of the sons。They are both opposing，but dependence with each other、penetration and conversion。Ru Confucianism is at the view of heaven、Politics、Ethics and defense ideas are opposed to each other，Mutual dependence。Because Kong Mo "Dao Dao Yaoshun"，At the same time, Mozi "Karma of Confucian Confucianism"，Proposal for Confucian etiquette and music、burial、non -music、Non -life and other claims。Visible，Du Guoji clarified the clues of the development of the pre -Qinzi sons with the dialectics of materialism，to confirm "the whole pre -Qin Son thought，Objectively discovered a look like organic organization "。This becomes Du Guozhen's unique academic thought on the history of pre -Qin thought development。

　　Explaining the traditional materialism tradition of the history of Chinese thought

Du Guozhen used Marxist methods to study the history of Chinese thought，Persist in analysis of ideas from the high degree of philosophy and party spirit，and explain the traditional materialism tradition，Criticizing idealistic errors，Has made a significant contribution to the reform of the history of Chinese thought from idealism from the ideological system of idealism to a scientific ideological system。Hou Waulu said: "Du Lao's history of studying thoughts，From the pre -Qin，From contemporary，History long river that spans thousands of years，bet365 best casino games Always running through one feature，That is his life that he spared no effort to explain the traditional materialism tradition，Unveiled、Criticizing idealistic errors。”

Explain the materialism of materialism on the basis of comparing the thoughts of the pre -Qinzi thoughts。Du Guoji analyzes the thought of the pre -Qin sons，pointed out that they are divided into two philosophical factions of materialism and idealism on the issue of cosmic views and epistemology。His to Mencius and Xunzi、Comparison of the author of "Mo Jing" and Gongsun Long and other thoughts，It can be said that it is an example of using this method。Du Guozhen thinks，Mencius and Xunzi have contacted Song Yin’s doctrine，But Mencius was influenced by their metaphysics，According to "Everyone has the heart of people who can't bear people"，The development of Confucius' "similar sex" is developed into sexualism，Therefore, the "congenital basis" is given to the benevolence and wisdom。In epistemology，Mencius will "cultivate the mind" of Song Yin school、The development of health -based preservation (cultivation) theory based on good theory，Put forward the ideological viewpoints such as "I am good at raising my vast qi", "nourishing the heart", "foreign objects are all available to me"。This indicates that Mencius's philosophical tendency is "metaphysical of idealism"。For Xunzi，Du Guozhen believes that "Xunzi's Cosmic View (" Tian Lun ") is among the pre -Qin Zhuzi，It is the most materialist factor "。He pointed out that "heaven" thought is a natural natural Taoist view of materialism，No longer "the Temple of God of God since the Western Zhou Dynasty"，It is no longer "Song Yin Xue School and other metaphysics"，Instead of advocating "Tomorrow People Tomorrow" and "Make Destiny" materialist thoughts，thus cracking down on the mysterious heavenly Taoist view of idealism。He also pointed out that Xunzi had abandoned Song Yin’s theory，Seeing knowledge as a kind of motionless contradiction movement process of materialist understanding，Therefore, the theory of the pre -Qin sons is recently scientifically scientifically。As for the author of "Mo Jing" and Gongsun Long，Du Guozhen believes that the two are fundamental opposite。He praised the simple materialist thought of the Mo family，pointed out the author of "Mo Jing" to abandon Mozi "Tianzhi" and "Ghost God" thought，From "outside knows，Starting in the fundamental view "，The concept of nature and epistemology for forming materialism。The philosophy of Gonglonglong，Du Guozhen thinks，It is "a diversified objective idealism"。Because Gongsun Long not only regards the so -called "fingers" as something that can be left independently，And think that it is the existence of leaving people's consciousness and objectively。

Discovering the materialism of materialism in this period in the study of the thought research of the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties。Du Guozhen criticized the universe and life outlook of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，Pointing out the universe view of "Talks" "always go to the world of concept"，In the outlook on life, "Although self -demeanor is" romantic '"，But I don’t care about the world，To win，Do not ask the truth，Debate for the debate。He emphasized at the same time，Under the shroud of the metaphysical atmosphere during this period，There is also a kind of materialistic thought，And further discovered Yang Wangsun's naked burial theory、Yang Quan's "Physics Theory" and Fan Ye's "Divine Extinction" and other materialistic heritage。In "The Naked Buried Order of Yang Wangsun two thousand years ago"，He believes that Yang Wangsun's naked burial theory "Spirit artces，Each belongs to its true "" Condition，The theory of the Dead Form "" The Dead ""，For Fan Ye's "Divine Extinction Theory" pioneer。Yang Quan between Wei Jin has proposed all the views of the universe in "Physics"。For this，Du Guozhen praised in "Yang Quan's Water One Yuan" said: "Yang Quan is a materialist"，"In the environment that advocates mysteries，Being able to 'Zhuoer is not group'，Independent materialist view，It can be described as commendable and valuable。"" Fan Xiang's Materials Thought，He pointed out that Fan Ye's "Divine Extinction" occupies a very important position in the history of Chinese bet365 best casino games materialism，Praise Fan Ye's "shape and god stock，Thanks and God Destroy "Materialism Viewpoint，The idealist world view of the "immortal theory" that destroys Buddhist theology has an indelible historical achievement。

Explaining the materialist understanding route of progressive thinkers。In "The Philosophy of the Classic of" Classics "，Du Guozhen believes that Dai Zhen is to me、The things proposed in the relationship between the directors are outside me、Thoughts of reasoning in things，"It is a very distinctive material reflection theory"。In "The End of" Confucianism "，Du Guozhen Huang Zongxi, the friend of the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Gu Yanwu、The materialism and truth -seeking style of Wang Fuzhi and Yan Yuan give high evaluation。He believes that Huang Zongxi denies mind，Materially explained the problem of rationality and qi; Gu Yanwu is "the most objective person"，It has the excellent style of "seeking truth from facts"; Wang Fuzhi proposed that "things were born in the cosmic view of the universe，Not Born in Nothing.，The view of "in front of the Tao" determined by the theory of the Taoist theory "is undoubtedly the theory of glorious materialism";。

　　Discover the practical viewpoint value in the history of Chinese traditional thought

Du Guozhen as a Marxist scholar，Sister -in -law to engage in the research of Chinese thought history，Not "Academic for Academic"，Instead of closely connecting academic research with social reality problems。His spirit of revolutionary struggle，Pay attention to the practical viewpoints contained in the history of thinking in the process of exploring the history of Chinese thought，Explaining their historical significance and political value。Whether it is the thought of the pre -Qin sons，Fan Ye after the pre -Qin Dynasty and Huang Zongxi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Gu Yanwu、Wang Fuzhi、Yan Yuan et al.，Du Guozhen is introducing their thoughts，Pay attention to promoting them attach importance to practice、Thoughts used by Jingshi。

In the study of the pre -Qin sons，Du Guozhen pointed out，Zhu Son "Subjective wants to‘ learn the world with its own world ’，Not thinking about thinking "，This affirms that each family wants to promote or influence the social change at that time with its own doctrine。In -depth excavation of his ideological perspective of Moho's thoughts and their ideological value，Reflecting this research characteristics。Du Guozhen thinks，Mozi attaches great importance to practice，And Mozi has a leading person to practice his own political claims。He cited Mozi to realize his "non -attack" proposition，persuading King Chu，Prevent Chu State from attacking the historical allusions of the Song State，Let's show that Mozi attaches importance to practice。Du Guoji analyzed the "Three Tables" created by Mozi in detail。He pointed out，The first table "This is the matter of the ancients of the ancients"，refers to accepting ancient experience，This experience contains the past "words" and "things"; the second table "Xia Yuanxiang people's ears"，It is based on the experience of the people; the third form "send it to think of criminal administration，View of the country、People、The benefits of the people "，It is required to test whether it is in line with the country in political practice、The interests of the people and the people，That is to test the correctness of the theory with practice。Table 2)，Mozi's "Three Tables"，Standards based on experience (first、Table 2)，Still testing by practice as the theoretical test (Table 3)，Basically, it is in line with materialist understanding，Perseverance based on the spirit of practice。Du Guozhen thinks，Three ways of knowledge obtained in the later period of the Mo Jia (hearing knowledge、Knowing、Knowing) understanding and understanding，In the aspect of the real relationship (rectify the name)，Inheritance of Mozi thought on the basis of Mozi's practice spirit。He also thinks，Shangxian of the Mojia Thought、Shang Tong、Use for festival、burial、non -music、Non -Life、Zun Tian、Ghost、Mutual Love、Non -attack these ten claims，Although each Mingyi meaning，But there is a common purpose，is "the benefit of the world for the world，Except the harm of the world "。Brief words，Du Guozhen gave a high evaluation bet365 live casino games of the spirit of the Mo Jiazhong practice，I believe that the Mojia brings the spirit of weighing and valuable practice into the theory of knowledge，"The foundation for the Mojia materialism with the standard of understanding the truth of practice"。

When studying Fan Ye's materialist thinking，Du Guozhen highly praised Fan Xiang to transform the criticism of "Heaven" into a criticism of reality，Therefore, the feudal nobles and monks and landlords are explicitly attacked the policy of advocating Buddhism，and profoundly exposing the great harm of the vicious expansion of Buddhist forces to the society。In "Fan Ye's Materials Thought"，His detailed quoting Fan Ye revealed the deceptiveness of Buddhism in "Divine Extinction" and the description of the serious harm of society，Point out: "The intention of" Divine Destroyer "lies in saving the disadvantages of society due to Buddhism.。"He praised Fan Ye" I sorrow and disadvantage，The historical progress of the worry of the country and the people with the weakness of the country，Say: "Real thinker，Never be over the world，Back to the world's disadvantages and vulgarity。”

For Gu Yanwu，Du Guozhen pointed out that his purpose of learning is "to disorderly purify" and "will see all kinds of affairs，"The Book of Turning the World"。Because he is used to use it in the world，"It must be enough to see all the ways of learning"，So the way he does learning is to seek truth from facts。Du Guozhen believes that the method is guided by objective needs，So quoting Gu Yanwu's doorman Pan Lai to evaluate Gu Yanwu's academic thoughts in the preface of "Nikko Record"，Say: Gu Yanwu do academic，"Those who are related to the livelihood of the people's livelihood，Back to the poor source，Discuss it why "。Du Guozhen pointed out when he evaluated Huang Zongxi's "Mingyi to be visited"，Huang Zongxi's index of the monarchy，Bar budding democratic political thought。As for Yan Yuan，Du Guozhen thinks，He runs the spirit of "seeking truth from facts" through his enthusiasm of human studies，Form his practicalism; he not only measures the standard of academic standards with the actual utility，And his expression method is to use examples from ordinary daily use; he opposes both reading as learning，Also opposed to sitting kung fu，advocates "movement" and "Xi Xing"，Pay attention to practice，Pay attention to the effect and practical effect; he is serious and practical in his life，I think that reading should not be a nerd，Pay attention to its purpose of the people's stem people，Point out "Gulai Poetry Book，But the Economic Spectrum of Xi Xing "。

In short，Du Guozhen's struggle in the cultural and ideological front under the leadership of the party、Active contribution to the use of Marxist scientific methods to study Chinese traditional culture，It is worthy of being a loyal warrior of the party。His research on the history of the Chinese revolution and the history of Chinese academic thoughts is covered with thorns、The lifetime of pioneering forward，Forever is a model of future generations。

　(This article is the State Social Science Foundation Western Project "The Centennial Journey and Experience Research on the Principles of Independence" (22xdj023)

(The author is a professor at Marxist College of Longyan College)