Hu Zhongda (1919-2000)，Male，Han nationality，Jiangsu Bao Yingren，Famous historian。He is mainly engaged in ancient history of the world、History of Mongolia、Social and economic form、History comparison、Historical Philosophy、Teaching and research work in the theory of history。Autumn 1940，Hu Zhongda was admitted to the Confederation of the Confederation of the Jiangsu and Anhui Federation。Autumn of the following year，Transfer to the Department of History of Wuhan University，Graduated in 1944。1946，Edit in Shanghai "Wen Wei Po"。Autumn of the same year，Employment of Suzhou Soochow University School of Arts as a lecturer。spring 1948，Employment at the History Department of Peking University，As an assistant instructor、Lecturer、Lecturer，Promotion Associate Professor in 1956，At the same time, he also serves as the director of the ancient history teaching and research office of the world。November 1957，Hu Jongda Fengdong Department of Education，Support the creation of Inner Mongolia University，The Director of the Department of History、Director of Honorary Department、Director of Academic Affairs、Vice President。After 1979，Vice Chairman of the World Ancient History Research Association of China、Chairman、Honorary Chairman，Once the chairman of the 4th CPPCC of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region、Deputy Director of the Standing Committee of the 6th People's Congress of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region、Member of the 6th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference，President of the Committee of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Committee of the China Democratic League、Member of the Central Committee of the China Democratic League。After retired in 1988，Still adhere to academic research。1992，Back to Beijing。September 10, 2000，Died in Beijing，81 years old。

His main academic achievements are collected in "History of History of Hu Jongda" (1997)，Among them, "Questions about the Number of Slaves in Slave Society" (1956)、"Democratic Politics and Class Basis of Athens" (1957)、"Hohhot Old Town (Introduction) Early Exploration of the Casting of the City" (1959)、"A Blue City on the Beach of Fengzhou" (1960)、"The Nature of the Thirteenth Century Mongolia Society" (1962)、"Discussion of Ming and Beiyuan -Mongolian Relations" (1984)、"Theory of the" Five Production Methods "of the" African Ministry of Production Methods "and the" Five Production Methods "(1982)、"Review of the Five Production Methods" (1986)、"Five Production Methods" question Answers Questions "(1988) and other articles。

Hu Zhongda is a famous historian in my country，Long -term engaging in ancient history of the world、History of Mongolia、Social and economic form、Historical comparison teaching and research work。In the development process of Hu Zhongda's academic career，He is gradually affected by Marxist thought，and eventually become a real Marxist。 

　　bet365 live casino games  

During the period of studying in Wuhan University，Hu Zhongda will contact Marxist thought。Although he was not a Marxist at that time，But actively involved in Marxist thought，and oppose the rule of the Kuomintang。Hu Zhongda loves reading history books in his youth，1941 transfer to study in the history department of Wuhan University，Published three papers in succession，Showing its historical talent，His graduation thesis on Soviet issues also makes the mentor Yang Renxuan very appreciate。Yang Renyi graduated from Olier College, Olin University, the University of Oxford in 1937，The mentor is a French revolutionary history expert Thompson。After returning to China，Enter Wuhan University (during the Anti -Japanese War，Move to Leshan, Sichuan) to teach Western History。1938，Zhu Guangqian, then dean of the School of Arts of Sichuan University，Due to opposition to the Kuomintang's partyization education order，Maintenance of academic independence, democracy and freedom，Organize the teacher of the whole school。This move has been supported by the Communist Party of China，I invited him to visit Yan'an root。Zhu Guang's potentially after the fighting struggle，Transfer to Wuhan University Bet365 app download as the chief of the instructor。1945 Zhu Guangqian north，Director of the Department of Western language of Peking University，Affected by the underground party，Thinking more progress。Yang Renyi, who has a deep relationship with Zhu Guangqian，At this time, it is also actively opposed to the Kuomintang's rule，Participated in the establishment of the establishment of the Jiu San Society。1946，Zhu Guangqian recommends Yang Renzheng to Professor Western History of the Department of History at Peking University。1946，Hu Zhongda is engaged in editing work in Shanghai "Wen Wei Po"，Under the recommendation of Yang Renyu，Employment of Suzhou Soochow University School of Arts as a lecturer。spring 1948，Hu Jongda is also under the recommendation of Yang Renyu，To the Department of History of Peking University，Professor Western History。From the victory of the Anti -Japanese War to the establishment of New China，Zhu Guangqian、Yang Renyi and Hu Zhongda have a close relationship。They are acting as a democratic person，Support the Communist Party、Oppose the Kuomintang。 

，Some information of the same period also proves from the side that Hu Zhongda actively contact Marxism。Translator Yang Jingyuan wrote in her memoir "Let Lu Diary": 1944，She met "Hu Zhongda, a underground party member of Wuhan University at Wuhan University"。The frequent ideological exchanges of the two let Yang Jingyuan start to understand the Communist Party，and further contact the CCP's newspapers and books，For example, "Yan'an January", "Xinhua Daily", "On the United Government", "On the Battlefield of the Liberated Area", etc.，"April 2, 1945，Hu Zhongda lent me a book "Westward Man"，I have to watch it，I have to seize every opportunity to know the Communist Party "。This incident explains that Hu Zhongda actively learns and spread Marxist thought。spring 1946，Multiple progressive groups in Chongqing organized a symposium，Well -known scholars、Social activist Jiji，Hot discussion current politics。Hu Zhongda not only seriously studied Marxism and Mao Zedong's "On the United Government"，and show the spirit of seeking truth from facts。 

January 1949，Peiping peaceful liberation。New and old regimes replaced for more，The transformation of old academics also gradually begins。This stage，Marxist historian and non -Marxist historians conducted multiple academic exchanges and dialogues at Peking University。where，September 1949，Guo Moruo、Fan Wenlan, etc., go to Peking University to hold a symposium，The topic revolves around "How can the history of the feudal society in China so long"。Hu Zhongda starts from the Western History he has learned，I also published insights，"However, the monarch did not answer it，Meet the meeting next time to discuss "(Zhou Wenzheng:" Historian、History and History "，Social Science Literature Press 2019 edition)。It can be seen from this thing，Hu Zhongda is interested in learning the ideal of learning Marxist historians，and accelerate the transformation to Marxists。Wang Dunshu, a historian who had studied at Peking University in an interview: Hu Zhongda "attaches importance to Marxism -Leninism theory，From productivity and production relationship、The relationship between the economic foundation and the upper -level building is analyzed and recognized in history，and Engels' Family、The Origin of Private System and the State "is a classic work that guides us to learn the ancient history of the entire world" (Wang Dunshu interview，January 18, 2007，Festivals from the ninth series of "Chinese History Review")。1957，The paper published from Hu Zhongda "Athens Democratic Politics and its class foundation" can be seen，He is already using Marxism to analyze historical problems，Clear speculation，The skill is quite deep。 

　　Cute the Mongolian History Research Team 

1957，Establishment of Inner Mongolia University。According to the instructions of Premier Zhou Enlai，The Ministry of Education regulates a group of academic backbone teachers from well -known universities in China to support the construction of frontiers' disciplines。38 -year -old Hu Zhongda Nian R & F，It has been rated as an associate professor at the Department of History at Peking University，Conditions meet，Selected sent to Inner Mongolia University，Director of the Department of History，Preparation of historical disciplines。After receiving the work adjustment,，Hu Zhongda, Bet365 app download who has a sense of mission, obey the party's arrangement，With an enthusiasm for education and academics，The 35 -year -old Inner Mongolia support life。Starting in 1958，He made every effort to form the Department of History of Inner Mongolia University。Hu Zhongda went to Inner Mongolia University，Get full support from the director of the Department of History of Peking University。翦 翦 agreed to choose from the history department to bring a assistant，and participate in the allocation of graduates in 1958。Hu Zhongda finally brought Wu Rong from the ancient Chinese history teaching and research room and Zhou Jianqi of the world's modern history teaching and research room，and selected four people including Huang Shijian from graduates，Work at Inner Mongolia University。Except Peking University，Hu Zhongda also invited Renmin University of China、Sichuan University、Teachers and graduates from famous universities such as Wuhan University。 

Construction of Inner Mongolia University is a major event that Premier Zhou Enlai and Vice Premier Ulanf's care of support。Hu Zhongda except for the establishment of history，There is another important task，That is the formation of Mongolian History Teaching and Research Office。Except for Jin Qizhen's research near the ancient northern ethnic history，Others in the teaching and research room are novice in Mongolian history research。Facing the lack of Mongolian history research talents，Hu Jianda perseverance，Discover the students who cultivate your own。In the early days, except Huang Shijian，And September 1957, Zhou Qingzheng, a graduate student of Mongolian History, at the Department of History of Peking University at Inner Mongolia University in September 1957，and Mongolian student Lin Shen, a Mongolian student who graduated from the History Department of Peking University in 1961 (that is, Yi Jianzhen)、Bo Yin Lake and Hao Weimin。Master Zhou Qingzhang from the three Yuan Shi everyone，and Lin Shen in Mongolian Mongolian。Prove to the facts，These students have later become Mongolian history experts inside and outside the academic world。Hu Zhongda preparation discipline、Founding professional、Cultivate newcomers、Pay attention to teaching and research，The Department of History of Inner Mongolia University has gradually formed a teacher with the young talents of famous schools as the core，Late the solid foundation for talent for the development of the history department of Inner Mongolia。Mongolian History and Research Office was renamed Mongolian History Research Office in 1962，In 1982, developed into an independent Mongolian History Research Institute。"Cultural Revolution" later，The Institute completed the work of "Yuan Shi"。By the 1980s，The Mongolian History Research Team of Inner Mongolia University has been famous for international academic circles。 

In addition to the outstanding contributions of the establishment of history and Mongolia History and Research Office, Hu Zhongda，Mongolian history research has made remarkable achievements，Its influence is still here。Hu Zhongda puts on holding his own world ancient history research，Also to encourage and cultivate young teachers in Mongolian history，Responsive devoted to the study of Mongolia History in the Ming Dynasty。He chose "Hohhot History" as the beginning of collective research，Responsible for writing the history of Guizhou City Construction City。1959，Published "Hohhot Old City (Introduction) Jiancheng Early Exploration"，After completing the "Blue City on Fengzhou Beach"。The previous article proposed the problem of the time for the construction of the old city of Hohhot，Picks up cocoons from dozens of ancient historical materials，Detailed research and argumentation of the time of returning city construction，Provides topics for future studies such as Scholars such as thin sound lake。and then one article，The framework of the history of the Hohhot area of ​​the Ming Dynasty，Become the basis for later research，can be described as the precedent of this research paradigm。Under the conditions at the time，Research on both the person can be used for reference，There is no good scientific research environment。He can complete these two macro texts with insights in a short time，quite difficult，From this we can see that Hu Zhongda's profound historical skills and strong academic perseverance。 

1984，Hu Zhongda published Bet365 lotto review an article in the field of Mongolia History in the Ming Dynasty "The Discussion on the Ming and Beiyuan -Mongolian Relations" ("Inner Mongolia Social Science" 1984, No. 5)。This article passes rich historical materials，The Beiyuan (Mongolia) and the Ming Dynasty believed that they were orthodox inheritors of the Yuan Dynasty，was the two confrontation regimes under the banner of China's "orthodox" at that time。The confrontation between the Ming and Mongolia that he proposed constitutes the view of the "Third Northern and Southern Dynasties" in ancient China，Once accepted by more and more people。"Third Northern and Southern Dynasties" view was originally preliminarily proposed by Cao Yongnian, Department of History, Inner Mongolia University in 1981，But Hu Zhongda passed the deep digging historical materials and delicate and meticulous logic demonstrations，Make this view fully proof，Article Gaowu Jianyu、Perseverance for a reason，Caused a huge response of society。The reason why this article is huge is，It is a major problem in the history of the Yuan Dynasty in my country，and involved Mongolian and Han relations in reality，Hu Zhongda's article provides new analysis ideas for this issue。 

In short，Although Hu Zhongda published in the field of Mongolia History in the Ming Dynasty, the number of articles is not much，but affecting a large number of post -school，Has made great contributions to the study of Mongolian history in my country。 

　　Delievable research on socioeconomic morphology 

The main academic research results of Hu Zhongda's life are concentrated in the "History Collection of Hu Jongda History"，Except for three papers on the history of Mongolia in the Ming Dynasty，The rest are studying ancient socio -economic forms or related papers。As mentioned earlier，During Peking University，Hu Zhongda has already begun to use Marxist materialist history view for historical teaching，But the academic attitude of seeking truth from facts did not let him blindly obey authority。He has published the "Number of Slaves in Slave Society" ("Guangming Daily · History" August 2, 1956) and "Democratic Politics and Class Basis of Athens" ("History Teaching" 1957 No. 1957 Issue 6) Two papers。where，"The Democratic Politics of Athens and the Basis of its stage" is flexible to use Marxist history，On the basis of affirming the work of working to promote the main factors of history，Emphasizing the key figures in the slave owners also play a vital role，It reflects Hu Zhongda's extraordinary courage and the history of governing the history of truth。 

In the early stage of reform and opening up，Director of the History Department of Hu Zhongda，and also served as Vice President of Inner Mongolia University，At this time, the Mongolian History Teaching and Research Office is also out of the historical department of the history department。Hu Zhongda returned to the study of ancient history in the old world，and re -turned research to the problem of socioeconomic forms that have been concerned about since the early 1950s。The "Five Golden Flowers" in the history of the history of the 1950s is one of the time，Among them, "Ancient Chinese History In installments"，Different opinions，No sincerity is。He has published the "The" Five Production Methods "and" Five Production Methods "of the" Asian Production Method "and" Journal of Inner Mongolia University ", 1982)、"Review of the Five Production Methods" ("History Research" 1986, No. 1) and "Five Production Methods" question answers "(" Literary History and Philosophy ", 1988, No. 6)，Caused a strong response from society。 

The start time of ancient slavery in China is an important issue。For this，Hu Zhongda began to explore the problems in slavery。In 1980, he published "The Typical Typical of Seeing Slave from" Aga "and the reason why production slaves are commonly used in agricultural production" ("Journal of Wuhan University" 1980, No. 1)。He inspected the group of "Aga" in the past Liangshan Yi people，Analysis of the types of slave types in slave society。He believes that although the "Aga" class has real estate and land，Different from the "typical slave" completely deprived of，It can be called "raising slave"，But the identity of the slave is undoubted，Because Aga has no personal freedom，The slave owner is completely possessing。Aga is essentially different。This article provides an innovative reference for the division of ancient slave society and feudal society from the case analysis of a region。In order to further solve the problem of whether there is a non -slavery economy in the slave society，Bet365 lotto review Runnnoise、Rental system and other systems，In 1980, Hu Zhongda wrote the "Economic Structure of Slave Society" ("Collection of World History Academic Discussion"，Think "in a slave society，The general development trend of rental system and serf system is slavery "。Research it as the "dominant production relationship theory" that is, the dominant theory of slavery。Hu Zhongda dares to take on the academic attitude of academic tackling.。 

The study of Hu Zhongda promoted the development of economic morphological theory in Chinese Marxist philosophy and social sciences。He has promoted the re -cognition of the theory of sociological and economic morphology in Marxist classics。In Marx's works，Once proposed the "Asian production method"。Hu Zhongda made in -depth thinking and research on this problem，I put forward my own family's words。Hu Zhongda believes that Marx said that capitalism produces before，"Asian production method", "slavery" and "feudal" three socio -economic forms，In fact, they are all feudal systems (broadly)，and the complexity of slavery society has been discussed slightly。Because of the production tool、Investigation of the level of productivity and productivity，Ancient slave society and feudal society are considered agricultural society under the dominance of the natural economy。Slaves in the so -called "slave society" are not necessarily more than slaves in feudal society，Slavey and serfs coexist for a long time。After the argument is proposed，Strong response caused by the historic community at home and abroad。 

Research on Western History in Western History Promotion Promoting the Decision of Western Central Doctrine。Hu Zhongda discussed the relationship between the relationship between the ancient Greek and Roman slavery and the European feudal system，And the first to talk about the quantity of slaves in slave society，Questions about the meaning of the staging of ancient Greek and ancient Roman slavery society and feudal society。Then ask the time problem about the beginning of the feudal society in Europe。Coupled with the analysis of the view of Marx's "Asian production method"，further strengthened the consciousness of "different Chinese and Western" academic circles，Classical times in the "Western Center Theory" and the concepts and theories of feudal society have the meaning of deconstruction。 

In short，Hu Zhongda's research on socio -economic forms has achieved world -renowned achievements，This has always insisted on seeking truth from facts、Independent thinking，and adhere to the basic principles of Marxist materialist historical concept, the science style is not open。His research has played a certain role in enriching my country's Marxist philosophy and social sciences，At the same time, its historical attitude has also inspired post -school。 

　Study on the historical comparison of social development 

Except "Social Economic Form" research，In the 1980s, Hu Zhongda also achieved a lot of achievements in the road of social development and the study of ancient Chinese and Western comparatives，Some views still affect far -reaching。The most representative research in this area is "In the Une balancedness of the World Development" ("History Theory" 1988, No. 1) and "Comparison of the Evolution of the Greek Political System in Classical Times" ( 》 1996, No. 6) Two articles。 

Hu Zhongda’s "In the Unexplainable of World Development"，It is believed that the social and economic forms of various civilizations in the world in history are more replacement of the trend of human development，But "I can't mechanically think，Various cultures and civilizations are developing synchronously "，There are obvious imbalances in the development path of various civilizations。About the development of various civilizations in the world sooner or later and successively，He proposed a regular analysis framework，and for China's reform and opening up、Establishing a socialist commodity economy (market economy) for macro、Research on History。Article to view the important civilizations and development stages of ancient and modern China and foreign countries，Excellence beside it、Determination of high deep、Determination of high deep，It reflects Hu Zhongda's knowledge about such problems，and have unique insights。 

In the article "Comparative Study on the Evolution of the Greek Political System in Classical Times"，Hu Zhongda systematically compared the similarities and differences between ancient China and ancient Bet365 app download Greek civilization，Focusing on the perspective of the political system compared the autocratic king and democratic politics。Hu Zhongda thinks，Wang Qiangqiang weak、External expansion methods and results、The foundation of the agricultural economic foundation determines the development of the political system。The autocracy of ancient China is produced by adapting to military expansion，"On the basis of the landlord economy and the individual economy of the small farmer，Only the autocratic royal power and the unified autocracy of the unified autocracy may appear，It is impossible to produce democratic politics。Only on the basis of the full development of the commodity economy，Democratic politics may occur "。The randomness of historical development is reflected in the history of world history.。Greek classical civilization is also reflected by Chinese civilization in the ancient world.，each has a thousand autumn。 

Hu Zhongda can always stand at the forefront of contemporary Chinese academic research，Perspective is unique，The continuous development of thought and the use of the comparative research method is inseparable。Hu Zhongda has learned world history since his student days，Always pay attention to historical comparative research。When he talks with Guo Moruo and others，often puts forward different opinions with the world history knowledge you have learned。This way of thinking is extremely high for academic research。Written "Democratic Politics and its class foundation of Athens in 1957"，By 1996, "Research on the Evolution of China's Greek Political System in Classical Times"，The same topic has passed for decades of continuous research and thinking，Its ideological and academicity is more mature。can also be seen，Comparison research methods run through his research。When comparing Chinese and Western comparative research，Hu Zhongda uses a highly conscious historical comparative research consciousness，Depart from the overall situation，Putting Chinese history into the background of the history of the development of the entire world of civilization，Diagnosed use of Marxism's theory and method，Thinking and understanding the relationship between Chinese history and world history，Features for them、Contribution and limitations made accurate grasp and objective comments。At the same time，Hu Zhongda insists on the combination of micro and macro，Micro and specific historical comparison of Chinese history and world history，Grasp the diversity and unity of human history from the theoretical level、commonality and personality、Macro theoretical problems such as regularity and uniqueness。 

His comparative study of China and the West has great theoretical value and practical significance for promoting the development of Chinese humanities and social sciences。Hu Zhongda has been committed to through in -depth research on foreign history，Better understand our own historical development path and cultural tradition，Plan the future development direction from it，Realize the value of history in contemporary China。 

　Contributions to the construction of Chinese history disciplines 

In addition to the contribution of the above major issues，The contribution of Hu Zhongda in ancient history and education in the world of China is worthy of our book。He is one of the founders in the field of ancient history research after the founding of the People's Republic of China，I did a lot of foundation for the research and discipline construction of ancient world history and discipline construction。 

Hu Zhongda actively participates in the construction of academic exchange organizations。He and Lin Zhichun, the University of Jilin University, are also everyone in the study of ancient history in my country。At the beginning of reform and opening up，Two people cooperate to build the China World Ancient History Research Association。The research meeting was established in Changchun in mid -August 1979，Hu、Lin was elected as Deputy Director and Chairman。The establishment of the academic community of ancient history research marks the beginning of the specialization of ancient world history disciplines in my country，It has established an academic platform for the exchange and discussion of the results of the research results of ancient world in China。 

Hu Zhongda has cultivated a large number of talents of world historical disciplines，Tao Li Mantian。His dedication to world history，Start with teaching and educating people，As early as the 1940s and 1950s，Hu Zhongda is lectured on "Ancient History of the World"，Teaching content is full，bet365 live casino games Vivid language，Strong logic，Welcome to students。He has successively at Suzhou Soochow University、Peking University and Inner Mongolia University have trained students from generation to generation with the historical majors of materialist history。He is good at discovering and cultivating talents，A strong teacher team was quickly established at Inner Mongolia University，Among them, there are many famous families。 

Hu Zhongda preparations for the establishment of World History of Inner Mongolia University，Also participated in multiple schools to write related textbooks and development courses in world history。During the teachings of the Department of History of Peking University，The "World Ancient History Lecture" he wrote was approved by relevant departments as teaching reference books in ordinary universities nationwide。After being transferred into Inner Mongolia University in 1957，History Department，and leading teachers to develop all courses in accordance with the teaching plan。Hu Zhongda also served as the leadership of Inner Mongolia University for a long time，Erying for education。By 1989 Hu Zhongda's illness when he got sick，Inner Mongolia University has developed from the original 6 departments to more than 40 majors，There are 20 masters，5 doctoral points，Nearly 100 people with full -time professors。Mongolian Chinese at Inner Mongolia University、Research on Mongolia History and other disciplines are in the forefront of domestic or international disciplines。All of these devoted him to his hard work。 

A series of unique views formed by Hu Zhongda in the field of academic research、System theory and research method，Especially the academic style of seeking truth from facts also affects generations of scholars。The research results of his social and economic problems，an important impact in the academic community at home and abroad，Become one of the representative scholars in the field of socioeconomic research in the 1980s。 

Special Times、Special academic experience，Make Hu Zhongda start from China's social reality，A sense of historical mission、sense of responsibility，Gradually becoming a Marxist history everyone who has achieved great achievements，Promoting the development of Chinese Marxist philosophy and social sciences。The academic contribution of the discipline in the world of China、Governance of History、Discipline Construction、Education，Still social activities，Hu Zhongda has made outstanding contributions。August 2019，"Academic Symposium on the 100th Anniversary of Mr. Hu Zhongda's Birthday" was grandly held at Inner Mongolia University。At the seminar，More than 40 famous scholars from more than 20 universities across the country attended the meeting，Remember Hu Zhongda in Higher Education、important contributions in social activities，Summarized his theory in history、The academic influence of ancient history and Mongolian history，Also academic thoughts、Study style and research methods summarized。Hu Zhongda’s academic thought is extensive and profound、The system is grand，It still has an important impact on the development of my country's Marxist philosophy and social sciences。 

(Author Unit: Qiannan National Teachers College)