1885，Engels wrote in his article "On the History of the Communist League": "It is never the state that restricts and determines civil nj bet365，It is civil nj bet365 that restricts and determines the country。”Past，We often position this assertion as the ideological state of the young Marx from 1843 to 1844，Complete the first materialist transformation。However，We have ignored the previous sentence of Engels’s conclusion，That is, "in the "Annals of Germany and France" (1844)"。In other words，Engels believed that Marx put forward views consistent with "civil nj bet365 restricts and determines the state" in "Introduction to "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"" and "On the Jewish Question"，From idealism to materialism。If we don’t care whether Engels’s conclusion is accurate or not，Then we need to think first: as a manuscript that Engels had not yet seen at that time，Marx’s “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” extensively discusses the relationship between civil nj bet365 and the state。What does Marx mean by "civil nj bet365" here？

1st，Is there a concept of "civil nj bet365" in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"？The answer seems obvious，Marx certainly used this concept。But，This problem is not that simple，There is a certain ambiguity in Marx’s use of the concept of “civil nj bet365” in this manuscript。On the one hand，Marx did not necessarily use the concept of "civil nj bet365" to express the "civil nj bet365" in his mind。Because "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" is a manuscript，Not the works compiled and published by Marx，So the wording is not particularly rigorous。For example，Marx said, “Hegel here raises an irresolvable antinomy。On the one hand, it is external necessity，On the other hand is the inner purpose。There is unity between the general ultimate purpose of the state and the special interests in which individuals should exist。In other words，An individual’s obligations to the state and his rights are the same within himself”。If you analyze this passage in isolation from the manuscript，What Marx is criticizing here is the unified relationship between the state and individuals，But if you look at it in conjunction with Hegel's "Principles of Legal Philosophy"，You will find that Hegel is discussing the relationship between the state and civil nj bet365，Marx quietly converted "civil nj bet365" into "individual"，The "individual" here actually refers to individual rights。The loose use of this concept poses a greater challenge to researchers’ reading，But it just highlights Marx’s subconscious knowledge framework。In his thoughts at this time，“Civil nj bet365” is actually composed of individual rights，This constitutes the antinomy between the state and civil nj bet365 according to Marx。Marx’s undergraduate law major is still lingering in his mind，Hegel's "Principles of Legal Philosophy" in a non-strict legal sense provided Marx with an intermediary for the transition from law to philosophy。On the other hand，Marx used more than one concept of “nj bet365” in the manuscript。"Gesellschaft" and " appear in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"”，The Chinese translation of both is "nj bet365"。Marx used "" is spelled " in the new German orthography of 2005”，This word is a French loanword，That is, “nj bet365” in current English vocabulary。And in Germany in the 18th and 19th centuries，The word is mainly used within and in the description of the aristocratic class，The term was even equated with the aristocratic academic group "Akademie"。Marx's use of this word in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" is not limited to nouns，The adjective "social" is also used，There is even a confusing expression of historical materialism called “socialen Daseins” (the existence of nj bet365)。Then，How did Marx view "”This social concept？Context with the context in which Marx used this concept，We can see，Marx generally associates this word with "level" (der Stand)、"separation" (trennen)、Used together with “difference” (unterschieden)，Although it has a certain structure，But it expresses the separation between the upper class nj bet365 and the civil nj bet365 mentioned by Marx。Therefore，“die”has a certain derogatory nature，It must not be confused with civil nj bet365 and the social definition in historical materialism。Marx’s direct use of the concept of “nj bet365” in the meaning of civil nj bet365 follows the usage in Hegel’s “Principles of Legal Philosophy”，i.e. "Gesellschaft"。“bürgerliche Gesellschaft” has appeared in various translations during the Chinese translation process，Such as civil nj bet365、nj bet365 of property owners、Bourgeois nj bet365。Based on the internal development and changes of Marx’s thoughts，It should be translated as "civil nj bet365"。

Second，Is there "civil nj bet365" in the meaning of Hegel's philosophy in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"？Indicated above，Marx’s spelling of the German concept of “civil nj bet365” follows the usage in “Principles of Legal Philosophy”，But，Did Marx really continue to speak on the basis of Hegel？When we study "Hegel's Critique of Legal Philosophy" and "Principles of Legal Philosophy" together，Hegel’s discussion of the family and civil nj bet365 can be found in Sections 158-256 of Principles of Legal Philosophy，In the existing "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"，Marx started excerpting from the "State" chapter in Section 261。In response to this problem，Although it is not difficult to find from existing manuscripts，The first page of the existing manuscript begins with Part "II" marked by Marx，But according to the length of parts "Ⅱ", "Ⅲ" and "Ⅳ" of the manuscript，It can be inferred that the missing part "Ⅰ" is also within 5 pages，It is impossible to have an in-depth discussion of the huge "Civil nj bet365" chapter in "Principles of Legal Philosophy"，Therefore, some scholars have raised the issue that the manuscript of Marx’s discussion of “Civil nj bet365” is missing，I’m afraid it’s difficult to establish。Corresponding to this view is，Marx said in his comments on section 303 of "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right": "About this，We will continue our study in the later chapter on ‘Civil nj bet365’。" Regardless of whether Marx's subsequent research plan on the "Civil nj bet365" chapter is realized，It is obvious that，The manuscript of "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" does not contain an in-depth analysis of "civil nj bet365"。However，When we jump out of this concept to analyze Marx’s transcendence of civil nj bet365，But you will also see the strong Hegelian speculative color that occupied Marx's mind。Marx believes，In the reality of modern nj bet365，Civil nj bet365 should replace the feudal political state，Therefore, the "feudal state" and its system should be abolished and replaced by civil nj bet365。In his opinion，There are still residual elements of medieval feudal politics in modern German nj bet365, namely the political state，Hegel described the opposition between civil nj bet365 and the political state as the opposition within the political state，Attempt to incorporate civil nj bet365 into the larger system of the country。How did Marx resolve this contradiction？Consistent with Hegel’s logic: “Civil nj bet365 is a realistic political nj bet365。”It can be seen，The way Marx tried to resist feudal autocracy was to abolish the political state，The way to abolish the political state is to use civil nj bet365 to transcend the components of the political state in reality。In simple terms，It is to incorporate the factors in the political state that are in line with modern nj bet365 into the larger system of civil nj bet365。Complete the Hegelian system from the opposite of Hegel，It is the realistic realization of political and social logic—the historical mission of civil nj bet365。

　Third，Is there "civil nj bet365" in the sense of "economic basis" in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"？First，Judging from Marx’s reading notes，Marx at this time had not yet systematically studied political economy，Although Hegel's "civil nj bet365" is developed based on the "need system" in the context of Smith's economics，But at this time, it was difficult for Marx to grasp the meaning of economic relations。Secondly，Judging from Marx's use of this concept in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"，Marx said: "He (Hegel) was talking about private rights and private happiness，That is, starting from the relationship between the realm of family and civil nj bet365 and the state。”It can be seen，Marx directly equated family and civil nj bet365 with private rights and private happiness，And the "private rights" here do not refer to the rights of everyone，It is the individual rights of civil nj bet365 that confront the material benefits obtained by chance through feudal royal power。Although Marx mentioned the concept of private property in this manuscript，Private property is even said to be the pillar and foundation of the country，But the country mentioned here is not a country in the general sense，It refers to the feudal country。It can also be seen from the excerpt from "Kreuznach Notes"，The concept of "property" used by Marx at this time still remained at the level of abstract legal possession and realistic intuition。Last，Because Marx’s “civil nj bet365” based on legal rights is a non-structural representation of citizen groups，Although borrowing Feuerbach’s terminology of “inversion”，But can he complete the materialist inversion of Hegel？In "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"，Civil nj bet365 is composed of citizens with private interests，Or a citizen group，In this group，Through the natural basis of marriage、Social provisions of the contract、Property (in the sense of legal rights，The foundation of life (not in the process of production and exchange) forms the bond between citizens and citizens，Civil nj bet365 also relies on this intuition、The foundation of abstraction is built in the mind of Marx。can be seen，This kind of civil nj bet365 is an unstructured flat group，And Hegel’s description of civil nj bet365 itself is not only structural，And to the organization and political implementation of the country，And the entire system structure of two-way intermediation between the state and civil nj bet365，Detailed design。Marx attempted to directly reverse the structured state system through flattened citizen groups，The reversed subject and predicate do not constitute an equivalent relationship，Replace "country" directly with "citizen"，Unable to complete the inversion of Hegel's structured "state-civil nj bet365-family" system，The inversion method of Feuerbach’s materialism cannot be successfully applied，I can only circle around abstract legal rights。Therefore，As Marx recalled in the "Preface to the Critique of Political Economy": "The anatomy of civil nj bet365 should be sought in political economy"，In the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844，The concept of "civil nj bet365" has just begun to really emerge。

　Fourth，Is there a humanistic "civil nj bet365" in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"？At this time, Marx had begun to accept Feuerbach’s humanistic materialism，Humanistic logic gradually dominates Marx’s mind。But，Not all of the "civil nj bet365" described by Marx at this time is humanistic in nature。In Marx’s view，The political state of Germany at that time was a remnant of feudal nj bet365，Not in line with the principles of a true civil nj bet365。The first thing civil nj bet365 should do is to sublate the political state，Only after completing the transcendence and replacement of the (feudal) political state，The driving force and prerequisite for civil nj bet365 to become a reality。Only on this basis，Marx’s humanistic logic can make its official debut。As Marx said: "The member of civil nj bet365 is politically free from his own caste，Freed from his real private status，Here，He himself appears as a human being。”After getting rid of the historical factors of political hierarchy，Unstructured civil nj bet365 is composed of people with self-interests。In other words，That is, the realization of individualism in Marx’s words in reality。Private rights、Private interests constitute the driving force and premise of real life，This is consistent with Marx’s realization that “interests trump law by a majority vote” during his time in the Rheinische Zeitung。However，Civil nj bet365 transcending the political state is only the first step，What’s more important is that Marx proposed the future-oriented development logic of civil nj bet365。After completing the realistic revolutionary mission of "civil nj bet365"，Marx then thought，In the future nj bet365，This kind of self-interested civil nj bet365 itself can be abandoned again。Except for the essential provisions of human nature，The necessary provisions given by civil nj bet365 to human beings are all external to humans，Activities and labor are only means for people in civil nj bet365，And "personal survival is the ultimate goal"。Therefore，The logic of Marx’s vision of the mission and future of civil nj bet365 can be summarized: Civil nj bet365 is composed of people with private interests in reality，The reality of civil nj bet365 with self-interest will definitely surpass and replace the political state in history，After the completion of transcendence，Civil nj bet365 will also abandon the external ties between civil nj bet365 itself and individuals，Thereby eliminating the problem of the integrity of civil nj bet365 itself and the dominance of "obscene materialism"。Finally，“Real People” Revealed，This is an important manifestation of Marx’s humanistic materialist thought at this time。

　　(Author’s affiliation: Marxist Social Theory Research Center and Department of Philosophy, Nanjing University)