With the rise of the global value chain，The division of labor between the country、Cross -border factor flow has formed an increasingly complex relationship。Intermediate Product、Parts and final products such as multiple cross -border transfer，Not only requires solving border rules，and whether a relatively unified control measure can be formed within the country in various countries。But，Duoha round negotiation under the WTO framework，Mainly negotiating negotiations such as reducing tariffs and market opening rules，Based on the elimination of trade、Investment and other fields of goods or barriers to cross -border flow of capital，Promote the achievement of trade facilitation and investment liberalization，It is difficult to promote the collaboration of regulatory rules in the border。In this background，countries around the world are seeking to join the regional trade agreement (RTA) or bilateral free trade agreement (FTA)。

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Current，Free Trade Agreement (FTA) presents rapidization、New trends of breadth and deep development。First, the number of FTAs ​​increases rapidly。According to the WTO Regional Trade Agreement Information System (RTA-IS) data display，As of January 2019，A total of 467 bilateral and multilateral regional trade freedom agreements that notified the WTO and are being implemented.，and the total FTA in 2000 is only 94。Second, the countries and regions of FTA are becoming more and more extensive。At present, except for a few island nations and the Principality worldwide, they have not participated in any form of FTA，​​Most countries have participated in multiple cross -regional multilateral or bilateral FTA。More importantly，FTA international trade rules Bet365 app download gradually deepen from border rules to protection of intellectual property rights、Environmental protection、Competitive policy、Competitive policy、Capital flow regional cooperation、Education and training and other border rules，far exceeds the range covered by the WTO protocol，Show obvious deepization trend。

China's FTA starts late，The number of FTAs ​​that has taken effect is not much。​​The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is proposed，"Implementation of the free trade zone strategy，Strengthen bilateral multilateral economic and trade cooperation "，This is the first time that the Chinese government will establish a free trade zone as a national strategy。As of the end of 2018，China has signed 16 FTA，Involved in 24 countries and regions。FTA Border Lord's rules covered relatively low，But in intellectual property protection、Environmental protection、Competitive policy、Rights coverage and commitment rates in the border of competition policies have gradually increased。FTA signed by China also shows a breadth and deep development trend。

Signing FTA will reduce the trade cost between member states，Promoting the development of bilateral trade，From this to produce a trade creation effect。Academic circles can calculate the general equilibrium model (CGE model)、Global Trade Analysis Model (GTAP model)、Local equilibrium model and other simulated economic -trade effects of FTA; inspection of the after -after -after -after trade effect of the FTA that has been implemented，Take static and dynamic panel models、Gravity model、Division analysis, etc. Discovery，FTA through improving trade liberalization and facilitation，Promoting my country's trade scale expansion。

　Accelerate the pace of domestic reform

FTA new trend to breadth and deep development，will provide external power for my country's reform，Accelerate the pace of domestic reform and innovation Bet365 app download of institutional mechanisms。For example，FTA intellectual property protection clauses are higher than the requirements of the Intellectual Property Agreement signed by the WTO framework，contains trademark registration、Geographical sign、Copyright and adjacent rights、Protection of uninterrupted data、Patent Protection、Law Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, etc.。FTA Intellectual Property Protection Rules and my country Intellectual Property Rules are relatively large，FTA intellectual property protection deepization and high standardization，It will force our country to change the intellectual property protection system，Prepare the system of docking with international traffic rules。

In terms of environmental protection issues，There are nearly 85%of the Agreement in the FTA that has taken effect.，Related content involved in environmental includes sanitation and plant hygiene measures (SPS)、The exemption clause of general trade obligations、Technical cooperation、Promise to effectively implement national environmental laws、Promise related environmental standards、Implementation of dispute resolution mechanisms for environmental obligations、Cooperation and capacity building mechanism in the environmental field。Introduction of environmental clauses in FTA，promoted the mutual support of trade and the environment，Effective execution of environmental law，To a certain extent, it will also promote my country to improve environmental protection standards，Strengthen domestic and foreign cooperation at home and abroad、Public participation in improving environmental protection affairs。

In terms of labor standards，As of now，13 FTAs ​​in the United States are included in labor standards，There are 6 in the EU、There are 10 in Canada。EU FTA's labor standards take a unified paradigm to stipulate labor issues，It mainly includes respect、Promoting and realizing the relevant principles Bet365 app download of basic rights，That is the free and effective recognition of collective negotiation rights，Eliminate all forms of compulsory labor or forced labor、Effectively abolish children's workers and eliminate employment and occupational discrimination。The United States signed the labor standards in FTA more widely，In addition to EU standards，Generally involves minimum employment standards，Eliminate race -based、Religious、Age、Employment discrimination in gender and other aspects，Prevent occupational damage and disease，Compensation for occupational injuries and diseases, compensation and protection of immigration workers。Current，Five of the FTAs ​​signed by our country are included in the standard terms of labor，Link trade with labor standards。my country has promulgated and implemented a complete set of laws and regulations such as the Labor Law, "Labor Contract Law", "Protection of the Protection of the Minor" and "Regulations on the use of children's workers"，Implementing workers protection，and signed 4 core conventions: "The Convention on the Equal Return of Men and Workers", "For the Minimum Convention on Employment Age", "Forbidden and Immediate Actions to eliminate the worst form of child labor labor conventions" and "Eliminate Employment and Employment and Employment and Occupational Discrimination Convention。FTA labor standards will also promote the legal specifications of the protection of more powerful workers in my country。Of course，FTA development towards breadth and deep development，It will also promote my country's accelerated implementation of the national unified market access negative list system，Create unified openness、The orderly market environment，Promote a new round of high levels of opening to the public。

　　Create a stable trade environment

The breadth and deep development of FTA is conducive to creating a stable trade environment。bet365 Play online games Under the current multilateral trade rules of WTO，There is a high coordination cost for trade between the country，and constant international trade frictions and disputes。According to statistics，During the 10 years from 2007 to 2016，WTO members propose a total of 169 consultation requests，Established 149 expert group。At the same time，The dispute resolution agency has passed 64 original dispute resolution reports and 13 appeal reports。FTA effectively reduced the scope of negotiation of member states，There are also fewer trade dispute issues，Reduced the uncertainty of the trade policy。Of course，The breadth and deep development of FTA also helps to alleviate or offset the reverse impact of Sino -US economic and trade frictions。In order to alleviate the negative effects of Sino -US economic and trade friction on China's exports，China can restrict the United States of electromechanical products that restrict China into the US market，Exit to countries and regions with relatively abundant demand such as South Korea and ASEAN;，You can also consider replacing it by FTA member states。

The breadth and deep development of FTA promoted the optimization of the types and structure of trade products，to promote high -quality economic development。Many scholars are concerned that FTA will generate compliance costs，That is, the enterprise is to cope with the high standard of the FTA，May increase production cost。FTA various types of subdivided rules deeply brought about compliance costs，It will produce asymmetric effects between products，It will have heterogeneity effects on the type of export product。especially，FTA protection to intellectual property、In -depth border rules such as environmental protection and labor standards，It may increase intellectual property dense products、Labor -intensive products and compliance costs of pollution -intensive products。such as，FTA environmental protection issues exceed bet365 live casino games the scope of the topic covered by the WTO，Forced high energy consumption and high emission enterprises to strengthen environmental investment，So as to improve the production cost of such enterprises。So，With the breadth and deep development of FTA，The comparative advantages of these products will gradually be weakened，The type and scale of its exports will be reduced，It plays a certain optimized role in the structure of my country's export product。

The breadth and deep development of FTA is conducive to high -tech equipment and product imports，At the same time, it promotes domestic enterprises to accelerate the optimization of export products。Adjustment and optimization of export types is a defensive strategy to deal with FTA，It is also a kind of strategy for domestic enterprises to actively adjust the product portfolio，helps to enhance China's trade gain，Improve the quality of economic development。Under the WTO multilateral trade system，China relies on low element costs、Continuous capital investment and other advantages，formed a traditional development momentum，and created the "China Miracle" of the world's largest trading country。But，In the global division of labor，China is still at low end of the value chain，The value -added value of export products is low，Little trade benefits。Take the export of Chinese iPhone mobile phones in China as an example，In 2010, China exported the total value of the iPhone mobile phone to the United States 1.875 billion US dollars，But from the perspective of added value，Its added value is only $ 65 million，and the corresponding imports are 229 million US dollars。Obviously，In the traditional processing trade model of "Big Entry and Big"，my country has less trade income。Optimize the types of Chinese export products，It is an important way to increase trade benefits。Research indicates，Change of product scope and product conversion will cause the resource bet365 best casino games to re -optimize the configuration，can also significantly increase the total output of the enterprise、Full factor productivity and profitability。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Economics and Trade, Guangdong University of Foreign Trade)