Monopoly Capital School of Western Marxist Economics，Excessive impact on American radical political economics。The school was founded on the basis of the pioneering work of Paul Balan and Paul Swiqi on the basis of the pioneering work of Michael Kalezki and Joseph Stander.。1966，Publishing of "Monopoly Capital: On the Economic and Social Order of the United States" by Balan and Swiqi，It marks the formal proposal of the theory of monopoly capital。Xiong Peter has proposed in "History of Economic Analysis"，The formation of an economic theory includes two stages，Tools and means of map scenes and conceptual pictures。From the perspective of Xiong Peter，"Analysis of the work must have a pre -analysis behavior as a pre -guidance，The material required for analysis work "，This kind of "cognitive behavior" is also known as "picture scene"，That is the theoretical worker's view of the basic characteristics of socioeconomic and economic，It is roughly equivalent to the questions preset by the theorist and try to get answers。But，Such problems do not exactly originate from experience and facts，I also immersed the influence of ideology。The theoretical construction process of monopoly capital school confirms the above analysis of Xiong Peter。The economic crisis and economics paradigm of the 1920s and 1930s，The two basic elements formed by the stagnation of the school's economy。

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18th century to early 20th century，Capitalism has gone through a rapid development stage，Based on this，A group of economists with a typical representative of Marshall regards accumulation and growth as the normal state of capitalism。In their opinion，Dressing and depression are just the inherent mechanism bet365 best casino games of temporary repair and self -adjustment of capitalism，Due to the existence of unlimited demand for additional capital，The accumulation rate mainly depends on the supply。This credentials have been adhered to the supply face theory of neoclassical comprehensive economics.。But，Just on the eighth edition of Marshall's "Principles of Economics"，The capitalist economy has transitioned from the free competition phase to the monopoly capitalist stage，At this time, the motivation mechanism for prosperity is very different from the free competition capitalist stage。As far as the United States is concerned，Starting in the mid -to -late 1920s，Despite the surge in consumer credit，But the capacity utilization rate of manufacturing has decreased。The result is the collapse of the New York securities market in 1929，Fast decline in industrial and agricultural production。1931 The outbreak of the US financial crisis，It has caused more common and profound depression in industrial and agricultural production，and quickly affect the UK、France、Germany and Japan and other major capitalist countries，Economic crisis that triggered the entire capitalist world。

Two founders Bet365 app download of the monopoly capital School Balan and Swiqi have experienced this crisis and the Economic Paradigm Revolution brought by it。Swick was born in New York in April 1910，His father, Evertete Swiqi, was the vice chairman of the first national bank of Wall Street。The occurrence of the big collapse of the stock market in 1929 caused his father to lose a lot of money，At this time, Siweiqi happened to be 19 years old，It is accepting economics education dominated by Marshall Economics at Harvard University。The occurrence of the crisis has gradually shaken his belief in the above theory。1932-1933，Swick goes to the London School of Political Economics for study，During this period, I met the school's professor of political Bet365 lotto review science、A firm socialist Harold Rollsky，Marxism began to enter his vision。Sweetqi said in his later years in an interview，"1933-1934，When I return to Cambridge, Massachusetts,，I think it is a Marxist "。

It is worth noting that，The research results of Swiqi during this period，until 1938，He is still a firm Keynesist。1936，Keynes in "Employment、Interest and Currency General Theory，Several defects accumulated under the capitalist system。In his opinion，The normal operation of this system needs to invest in new capacity，However, the investment is completely an adventure under the modern capitalist system。Due to the existence of "uncertainty"，Excessive production capacity accumulated in the plant and equipment、The market's demand for consumer goods is close to saturated and limited by the ability of external market expansion，Investment opportunities that are beneficial to Kotu are increasingly scarce，also leads to employment、Revenue and expenditure decrease，As a result, the company becomes a "bubble floating in the speculative vortex"。

In fact，Kanes' above ’s independent discovery was found in the business cycle as early as 1933 as early as 1933、Analysis of issues such as wages and unemployment independently proposed。The interesting thing is，1936 Kleski arrived in the Naka of Stavia，I received the newly published "Employment from Joseph Sagasky from London、Interest and Monetary Theory "。Read this book，Kalezki is very shocked to discover，Keynes has written the work he intends to write。In a letter to Shakel，Kalezki wrote，"I am uncomfortable in the next three days"。It is also based on this reason，Calezki never wrote his "general theory"。However, in 1936 he wrote "Some Reviews of Kanes (Comment" in 1936，Fully affirmed Kanes’s attention to investment issues，At the same time, Kanes has not completely solved this problem，This has also become a major Bet365 lotto review theoretical problem for Kalezki Zizi。

Tong Kalezki starts from Marx's reappearance.，Examiner's research on the role of investment in national income and profit realization is different，Keynes is more in the "Incorrect theoretical form encountered the problem of residual value implementation"。It is also in this sense，Famous economists in our country、Educator Fan Hong pointed out，"There are many similarities between Kanes and Marx's criticism of classical economists"。This is also the important reason why Sweli quickly realized the transformation from Keynesist to Marxists，and published "Capitalism Development Theory" in 1942。Research of Kanes and Kalezki during the Great Depression indicates，The major reality of the collapse of the accumulation process has attracted the attention of some economists at that time，and try to re -consider the investment theory。It is in this sense，Keynes and Kalezki jointly launched an economic paradigm revolution，and have a significant impact on later generations。

　1937-1938 Debate and economic stagnation

Since 1933，Although there is a two -digit unemployment rate，The US economy has gradually recovered。But，Only 4 years after getting out of the Great Depression，The US economy declines again，History called "1937-1938 decline"。In this background，A major debate on the roots of economic stagnation rises quickly in the economics community。The two most famous protagonists were Harvard Economists Hanson and Xiong Peter in the 1930s。Hanson is a fan of Kanes on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean，In 1938, he took the title "Complete Revolution or Stagger"，Opening the prelude to this big debate。1939，Xiong Peter in the "Economic cycle: the theory of the capitalist process、Analysis of History and Quantity "made a response。

From Hanson's view，Due to the huge size of the company plus income distribution，Savings will inevitably excess under monopoly capitalist conditions。Bet365 lotto review With the end of geographical expansion、The decline in population growth and decline in capacity utilization rate under monopoly capitalist conditions，Investment opportunities that are beneficial to Kotu are bound to become increasingly scarce。This makes savings unable to transform into production capital accumulation，will only lead to lower income、Large -scale unemployment and long -term depression。According to this，He proposed that the normal state of the capitalist economy is not growth and accumulation，but it is possible to fall into economic stagnation for decades or even forever。Although Xiong Peter summarizes Hansen's theory as "the theory of increasingly depleting investment opportunities"，However, the critics of Hanson, who are typical representatives of Kum Peter, did not give convincing refute opinions。From the perspective of Xiong Peter，In the 1930s, it was in the typical Jogra cycle，The root cause of the recession lies in the anti -business spirit of the executive of the new policy，Therefore, "The theory of New Deal about stagnation"。

The dispute between Hanson and Xiong Peter has become a classic debate in the history of economic thoughts，This is essentially an important part of the Kanes Revolution。Swiqi has experienced the entire debate process，also indicates that Hansen's research on stagnation is of great significance to him。Not only economists pay attention to this question，Franklin Roosevelt is facing the "New Deal" he has highly hopted by this kind of unpredictable economic disaster，It has also appointed a high -level "National Interim Economic Commission" to study this。Therefore，After the Great Depression from 1929-1933, the decline of 1937-1938, and the economic paradigm caused by it，Isviqi、The monopoly capital school represented by Balan will stagnate as the economic map。

　　The theoretical dilemma of economic storage map and monopoly capital school

The economic crisis and economic revolution in the 1920s and 1930s constituted the two basic elements formed by the stagnation Bet365 app download of the monopoly capital school。Based on this，Monopoly Capital School absorbed a large amount of absorbing from Marx、Kanes and Vanbaln's related thoughts，Rejecting to Xiong Peter's thought，Monopoly capital theory。，They keenly captured the new features of American capitalism entering the financial period of the 1970s and 1980s，Building monopoly financial capital theory。The epistemology of stagnation maps preset helps the school from contradictory from the remaining value production and remaining value，Based on production -finance two -point method，Proposal of the contemporary capitalist financial analysis framework characterized by production and finance as its main characteristics，and laid the important position in the school's school in the theory of contemporary Marxism。

But，In order to meet the epistemology of the stagnation scene，Balan and Swiqi distinguished "epoch -making innovation" and "'normal' technology innovation"，It is clearly proposed that Xiong Peter's creative destruction process is no longer applicable under the monopoly capitalist system，Therefore, "epoch -making innovation" is completely attributed to foreign factors，Coupled with the "normal 'technical innovation" speed slowly slows down under monopoly capitalist conditions，They will inevitably complain about the growth of investment all of the accidental factors。This is engraved with the mark of insufficient consumption theory for its theory，Make the monopoly capital theory in the analysis of the relationship between innovation and capital accumulation.，Can't make a correct explanation of the law of the capitalist economic movement in the golden age。Therefore，The stagnation map is prerequisite for the existence Bet365 app download of the monopoly capital school's own theoretical dilemma，Breaking through this dilemma objectively requires the school to continuously revise its picture and scenery according to the Bet365 app download specific operation of the capitalist economy to achieve further development and creativity of its theory。

　　(this article is the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Foreign Left Scholars on the theoretical Study of Contemporary Capitalism and Economic Stagging" (17cks029) phase -based results)

(Author Unit: School of Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (National Academy of Administration) Marxist College)