Agriculture is the “ballast” and “stabilizer” of economic and social development，Especially for developing countries or countries with large populations，Food security is particularly important。bet365 bonus code pa production is characterized by the interweaving of natural reproduction and economic reproduction，Natural risks and economic risks coexist，Therefore，Government policies are particularly important to support and guide bet365 bonus code pa production。Subsidy to agriculture is a common practice in most countries to support bet365 bonus code pa development，To protect vulnerable industries，Promote bet365 bonus code pa development and ensure food security。

Currently，Our country is in a critical period of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way，But rural development is still a shortcoming。bet365 bonus code pa subsidies are an important part of fiscal support for agriculture policy，Formulation and improvement of policies related to bet365 bonus code pa subsidies，For bet365 bonus code pa development、Rural revitalization and farmers’ prosperity are of great significance。In fact，Although the scope and intensity of China’s bet365 bonus code pa subsidies have expanded and improved，But the amount of bet365 bonus code pa subsidies farmers receive is not high，And under the WTO framework，The "ceiling" of bet365 bonus code pa product prices is gradually capping and the "floor" of bet365 bonus code pa production costs is rising rapidly，The increase in farmers’ income that subsidies can bring is limited after all。plus，Non-bet365 bonus code pa employment income is growing，Not enough to change the situation of relatively low returns from bet365 bonus code pa production。We must clearly understand the role and effect of bet365 bonus code pa subsidies，This is important for making up for the shortcomings in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way、Promote the independent and orderly flow of factors、Improve element allocation efficiency、Promoting the improvement of market allocation of factor resources is of great significance。

　An important tool to increase farmers’ income

The connotation of my country’s bet365 bonus code pa subsidy policy continues to change。bet365 bonus code pa subsidies began in the late 1950s，First appeared in the form of fixed loss subsidies for tractor farming at state-owned tractor stations，Later, it gradually expanded to price subsidies for bet365 bonus code pa production materials、bet365 bonus code pa production electricity subsidies and loan interest subsidies, etc.。Since 2004，my country has gradually established a system of subsidies for improved crop seeds、Direct subsidies for growing grain、bet365 bonus code pa subsidy system based on purchase subsidies for bet365 bonus code pa machinery and comprehensive subsidies for bet365 bonus code pa inputs，And began to completely cancel bet365 bonus code pa taxes in 2006。Not only that，The scope of bet365 bonus code pa subsidies and crop varieties are also expanding。Crop varieties from rice、Wheat、Corn subsidies extended to potatoes、Cotton、Peanuts, highland barley and other crops。Like Shanxi、Subsidy for straw returning operations carried out in Jiangsu、Corn mulching film subsidies in Shaanxi Province, etc.。The bet365 bonus code pa subsidy system is gradually improving、Optimization，Comprehensively launch the “three subsidies” reform in 2016 (subsidy for improved crop seeds、Three subsidies, direct subsidies for growing grains and comprehensive subsidies for bet365 bonus code pa inputs, were merged into bet365 bonus code pa support and protection subsidies)，Adjust soybeans、The temporary storage policy of cotton is a target price system；Cancel the temporary corn storage policy，Changed to producer subsidies, etc.，bet365 bonus code pa subsidies have changed from "covert subsidies for circulation" to "explicit subsidies for production"，The depth and breadth of subsidies continue to expand。

bet365 bonus code pa subsidies are one of the important ways for farmers to increase their income，The amount of bet365 bonus code pa subsidies in our country continues to increase，The amount of four subsidies increased from 14.5 billion yuan to 165.2 billion yuan from 2004 to 2016，Increased more than ten times。The income from bet365 bonus code pa products is not high、In the context of rapid increase in bet365 bonus code pa production costs，Subsidies have become an important way for farmers to increase their income。According to the 2019 Thousand Village Survey data of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics on 243 prefecture-level cities in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities)，The average farmland fertility protection subsidy received by farmers is more than 100 yuan per mu，bet365 bonus code pa subsidies received by families，Constitutes one of the important sources of farmers’ family business income。

　An important means to adjust factor prices

bet365 bonus code pa subsidies are not only a way to increase income，It is also a means to adjust factor prices and guide the optimal allocation of factors。Based on the nature of the subsidy，my country’s existing bet365 bonus code pa subsidies can be roughly divided into incentive subsidies in terms of economic nature、Capital subsidies、Three major categories of inclusive subsidies。

The first category is capital subsidies，Such as bet365 bonus code pa machinery purchase subsidies、Subsidy for improved seeds、Comprehensive direct subsidies for bet365 bonus code pa supplies, etc.。Capital subsidies will reduce the relative price of capital，Promote large growers to increase capital investment，Expand the scale of bet365 bonus code pa production，Enhance the allocation efficiency of production factors，Contributes to the rational allocation of bet365 bonus code pa production factors，Effectively promote large-scale operation of bet365 bonus code pa production，Realize the organic connection between small farmers and modern bet365 bonus code pa development。

The second category is incentive subsidies，Including rice、Soybeans、Corn producer subsidies, etc.。Incentive subsidies are similar to efficiency wages，Help increase income from farming，Increase farmers’ willingness to engage in bet365 bonus code pa production。Incentive subsidies play an important role in regulating labor and land factor prices。On the one hand，Non-bet365 bonus code pa employment wages are growing rapidly，The income from bet365 bonus code pa production is relatively low，Increase in incentive subsidies or expansion of scope，To a certain extent, it increases the relative return of labor factors input into bet365 bonus code pa production。For example, minimum acquisition protection price、Producer subsidies (corn、Soybeans、Rice) etc.。On the other hand，Incentive subsidies also adjust the price of land factors，Directly increased the income of large growers，Reduced costs for large growers。For example, subsidies for large growers、bet365 bonus code pa support and protection subsidies (moderate-scale grain operations), etc.。

The third type of subsidies is inclusive subsidies。Inclusive subsidies are similar to dividends generated by interest-earning assets，The subsidy targets are basically farmers with contracting rights。Even if farmers rent out farmland, they only rent out the management rights，Keep the contracting rights，You can still get inclusive subsidies，The holding dividend will not be reduced。Inclusive subsidies have increased farmers’ income to a certain extent，Therefore, it often promotes the transfer of farmland。

　Further optimize the resource allocation of “agriculture, rural areas and farmers”

Factor price is the core of factor allocation。Changes in bet365 bonus code pa input factor prices caused by bet365 bonus code pa subsidies，It will inevitably lead to adjustments in the allocation of factor resources，Especially during our country’s transition period to modern agriculture，The optimal allocation of bet365 bonus code pa factors under high output must be achieved，includes land、Capital、Optimal allocation of labor。

Optimization of rural land element allocation，Since the Central Committee’s No. 1 Document “Encouraging the Gradual Concentration of Land to Farming Experts” in 1984，Farmers’ land contract rights continue to strengthen，Land management rights transactions are gradually given to farmers。bet365 bonus code pa land transfer rate increased from 11 in 2000.63% growth to 21 in 2008.15%，The bet365 bonus code pa land transfer rate in 2018 was as high as 37%。bet365 bonus code pa production，Mechanical investment continues to increase，The comprehensive mechanization rate of bet365 bonus code pa production reached 69% in 2018。Reform of the Household Responsibility System，While improving bet365 bonus code pa production efficiency, it also creates a large amount of bet365 bonus code pa surplus labor，And with the development of the non-bet365 bonus code pa sector and the advancement of urbanization，A large number of labor force across departments、Cross-regional transfer to increase income level or improve living conditions，The total number of migrant workers in 2019 reached 290.77 million。With the acceleration of the flow of labor factors，Labor factors have become relatively scarce in bet365 bonus code pa production，Capital factor investment gradually increases，Land factors gradually tilt toward scale。bet365 bonus code pa subsidies are increasing income、While adjusting factor prices，It also promotes the optimal allocation of element resources。It not only forms an incentive mechanism for bet365 bonus code pa production，And promote the transformation of bet365 bonus code pa production into a deep division of labor and a modern bet365 bonus code pa production model。Leveraging the role of bet365 bonus code pa subsidies in optimizing the allocation of factor resources is an important measure in bet365 bonus code pa modernization reform，Specifically including the following aspects。

Incentive subsidies can increase farmers’ bet365 bonus code pa production income，Thus guiding the reasonable allocation of labor factors in the bet365 bonus code pa and non-bet365 bonus code pa sectors。Incentive subsidies for large-scale growers，Not only can it increase its income from bet365 bonus code pa production，And it can further expand its production scale。

Large-scale transfer of rural labor force，Making labor factors relatively scarce in bet365 bonus code pa production，Capital subsidies reduce the relative price of capital，Make capital cheaper relative to labor，Promote farmers to increase capital investment in bet365 bonus code pa production，Or the substitution of capital for labor in factor input。At the same time，The increase in bet365 bonus code pa subsidy capital investment can also effectively promote the increase in bet365 bonus code pa income。bet365 bonus code pa machinery, in particular, has certain specificity，Can improve labor production efficiency and promote the expansion of bet365 bonus code pa production scale。The scale of bet365 bonus code pa production also helps to reduce the unit cost allocation of capital，Thus reducing bet365 bonus code pa production costs，Thus increasing bet365 bonus code pa production units or total income。

Inclusive subsidies are not only fiscal transfer payments，Some inclusive subsidies are related to whether bet365 bonus code pa land is abandoned due to their tax calculation method and tax basis，It also encourages farmers to put their farmland into bet365 bonus code pa production or sublease it to others，Avoid idle or invalid allocation of land elements，Making the allocation of land elements more effective。

The "Opinions on Building a More Complete System and Mechanism for Market-oriented Allocation of Factors" issued by the State Council in 2020 pointed out，To “promote the independent and orderly flow of factors，Improving the efficiency of element allocation”。Improving and optimizing bet365 bonus code pa subsidies，Helps to promote and guide the orderly flow of factors and improve the efficiency of factor allocation，bet365 bonus code pa subsidies are also of great significance in filling the shortcomings of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and realizing the organic connection between smallholder production and modern agriculture。

(Author’s unit: Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Agriculture and Rural Affairs Research Institute)