Provincial Education Administration is an important part of the role of China's modern education administrative system。Its institutionalized exploration starts in the New Deal period of the Qing Dynasty，Transformed in the early period of the Republic of China，Developed in the late Republic of China。In the twists and turns of this nearly 50 years，Provincial education administrative system presents distinct historical characteristics。

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Early Qing Dynasty，Provincial provinces according to the old Ming Dynasty setting up the school，Supervisor in the province's imperial examination。1726，Taoism Taoism is renamed the Governor of the Governor，But the authority is still a specialty for the Division。

Enter the 20th century，To meet the needs of local learning，Hubei、Zhili set up a academic office、School Division，The first attempt to establish a provincial education administrative system。January 13, 1904，The Qing government promulgated the "Academic Outline"，Requires the provincial capital to set up a academic office。Based on this，The Provincial Division of Reconstruction。

September 2, 1905，After abolition of the imperial examination system，The provinces have lost their life and governance.，Leading its identity in crisis。But，September 4，The Qing court ordered "All provinces to study politics，All in the special departments' inspection school affairs，Together with the supervisor manager "。Then，September 11，The Qing court also ordered "Afterwards, the affairs of the academic politics should be evaluated by the Minister of the Academic Affairs，Needless to invite the Ministry of Li "。From this，The "dual -track system" that forms academic departments and academic politics and co -control local education。But in practice，This system is exposed to multiple gates in politics、Multi -head command and other questions，Serious restrictions on the promotion of new schools in the provincial area。

For the above disadvantages，Academic Minister、Learning Department、Local Supervisor and other stakeholders，Bet365 lotto review Expressing various restructuring schemes through various channels。where，The dispute between learning politics to stay runs through。December 1905，After the establishment of the Ministry of Studies，The voices of the dismissal of school gradually occupy the advantage。May 1906，The Department of Studies issued the "Detailed Official and Office Permanent Articles of Dedication and Work Permanent"，It is stipulated that the provinces abolish the "dual -track system"，Establishing a Promotion Affairs Division; the study of the Chinese Academy of the High School、Investigators as a study;，Study on it。According to this charter，The Division of the School of Prime Minister is mainly composed of the Promise of the Promise and the Academic Office; the academic office includes six business courses、Speaker and gentry、Provincial Vision、Education officer exercises and other departments，each with corresponding positions and their responsibilities。In short，Prospects of the charter，It marks the official establishment of the provincial education administrative system in the modern sense。

　Transformation: 1911-1925

October 1911，Wuchang Uprising explosion。After a month，The wave of revolution has swept most parts of the country。Since then，The Ministry of Education、Division、Education Bureau、Study Department、Education Department、Division、Education class、The Division of the Division and other names of the Division，but not independent provinces all follow the Qing Dynasty Promotion Acts。At the same time，The internal organization of these organs is quite chaotic and the affiliation relationship is quite chaotic。

In order to change the situation of their respective politics，May 1912，The Ministry of Education's Electric Electricity province "Fan Division Public Capital，A name for the Education Department，All Education Chiefs in charge of the province，Whether the name is consistent，All should be followed "。After the power is issued，Southern provinces have established the Education Department。January 8, 1913，The Beiyang Government issued the "Organization Order of the Local Administration Office of the Provincial Provincial Administrative Offices"，It is stipulated bet365 live casino games that the Education Department of Education under the Provincial Administrative Office，You Director、Dagress、Organization from Search Member。Since then，In the northern provinces to abolish the Division of the Promotion Division and establish the Education Department。Comprehensive establishment of the Department of Education，ending the situation of provincial education administrative chaos since the Republic of China。

But，The situation changes after two months。Beiyang Government In order to deal with the fiscal crisis，Vigorously advocate "reduction of politicalism"。Affected by this，Anhui Province took the lead in changing the Education Department of the Education Department of the Executive Office into the Education Department of the Office of the Commissioner。September 1913，Beiyang government 饬 the province's "affiliated bureau，Ru Education、Two industries，Except Hubei、Guangdong、Jiangsu、Zhili and other provinces are still outside，Yu Jun should follow the method of opening the electricity of Ni Du, Anhui，merged into the Division of the Internal Affairs，Education、two subjects in the industry "。May 23, 1914，Beiyang Government promulgated the provincial official system，It is stipulated that the Education Division is set up under the offering of the government office，The person in charge of various subjects should be committed by the patrol to the officer。The introduction of the law，Not only does the provincial education administrative status fall thousands of feet，And its organization has also been greatly reduced，As a result, the education department is unable to lead and manage education。

Before and after the New Culture Movement，Increase with the return of international students，my country has emerged in China to study American education。In view of the reality that is difficult for the education department to operate and compulsory education urgently needs to be popular，Local education industry、Officials have requested to imitate the practices of states in the United States，Set independent education department in various provinces。Later through the National Education Association Federation、Education Chief Fan Yuanzhang、House of Representatives and other unremitting bet365 Play online games efforts for many years，September 6, 1917，The Beiyang Government promulgated the "Interim Regulations on the Education Department"。According to the terms: The Department of Education is directly belonging to the Ministry of Education，Director of the Department of Education、Three Section Chief and Student、Provincial vision composition; the director of the education is briefly appointment，Adhering to the governor's implementation of the province's education administrative affairs。This system is basically maintained until around 1925。

　　Development: 1925-1949

July 1, 1925，Guangzhou National Government announced the establishment，and promulgated the "Provincial Government Organization Law"。The organization method has two major characteristics: one is to stipulate that the Department of Education belongs to the provincial government; the other is to abolish the Beijing government governor system，Change to a collegial system，That is, the provincial affairs meeting is formed by the heads of the departments，Recommended one person as the chairman of the provincial government。Based on this，Guangdong and Guangxi provinces have successively established the Provincial Department of Education。After the Northern Expedition was launched，The provincial regime nationwide is becoming increasingly chaotic。At the beginning of the establishment of the National Government of Nanjing，Affected by the turbulence of the provincial political situation，Provincial provincial education administration once again appeared in the disorder of their respective politics。This situation will not change until 1927。June 27th，Nanjing National Government promulgated the Provincial Government Organization Law，Standards the establishment of provinces，There is an Education Department，Double leadership of the Central Education Administrative Organ and the Provincial Government。

1927，Although the system is unified，But because of local political situation，The independent status of the Education Department is still very fragile。In view of this，Cai Yuanpei advocates reforming in the French university district system，It aims to realize the provincial education administration independence outside ordinary Bet365 app download administration，Exempted political interference，Realize provincial education administration and academic communication at the same time，Academicization of Education Administration。June 1927，The National Government promulgated the "University District Organization Regulations"，It is stipulated that the principal is set up in each university area，from all the academic and educational administrative matters in the district;，is the legislature of the district; the university district has a secretariat、Research Institute、Ministry of Higher Education、Ministry of Education、Expand the Ministry of Education and other institutions，handle related administrative matters。Based on this，Jiangsu、Zhejiang、Beiping and other provinces and cities have set up university districts，Pilot to carry out university management provincial education。

But less than two years，For various reasons，June 17, 1929，The National Government decided to "stop trial university district system by the Ministry of Education regularly"。As of September 1929，Each university district has been abolished。At the same time，Zhejiang、Hebei、Rehe、Jiangsu and other provinces to restore the Provincial Department of Education，belonging to the provincial government。

Anti -Japanese War period，Except for individual provinces，Most provinces have been implementing the Department of Education。but but，Affected by the tightening of the provincial government，The scale of the organization of the Education Department has reduced a lot than in the past。After the victory of the Anti -Japanese War，The organization of the Provincial Department of Education can be expanded and improved。

　Main features of institutional changes

In a certain sense，The revolutionary process of the provincial education administrative system，It is the study and imitating the administrative experience of foreign education in modern Chinese people，Administrative System of Traditional Education，The process of exploring the administrative system that meets the needs of the development of education in my country。This process presents the following features。

First，Radivi。Different from the relatively gentle reform of modern Western countries and the Japanese education administrative system，Since the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty，my country's provincial education administrative system has changed drastically: bet365 live casino games from the beginning of the Republic of China to the later Education Department、Education Department、Education Department、University District、Provincial Education Department，Frequent changes、The radicals of reform are rare in the history of modern world education。From this，The status of modern provincial education administrative agencies rises time and falls。

2，Professional。Since the Industrial Revolution，With the deepening of the division of social affairs in Western countries，Government institutions also continue to refine professional division of labor，Reflect that the concept of modern section system。Since the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty，This concept began to be introduced into China，It also has a profound impact on the provincial education administrative system: on the one hand, the division of labor is becoming more refined，and the functional configuration is becoming more professional; on the other hand, the qualification requirements of provincial education administrative personnel are constantly improving，Pay attention to its education professionalism。

third，Independent。Affected by the concept of foreign education administrative independence，Since the promulgation of the Scholarship System in the late Qing Dynasty，The independent position of the pursuit of provincial education administrative organs is the constant appeal of institutional reform。It can be said，This appeal is increasingly strong after the Republic of China，When the university district system was promulgated in 1927，reached the peak。After the university district system was abolished in 1929，All provincial governments set up the Education Department。Although the Department of Education has gradually been included in the state power system since then，But with relative independence。

Fourth，Standardized。During the New Deal Period of the Qing Dynasty，Western education administrative system was introduced to my country via Japan，This has opened the process of standardization of provincial education administration，Its significant performance is the standardization of administrative agencies。After the Republic of China，Provincial provincial education administrative agencies have successively introduced some internal management rules。No doubt，The introduction of these bet365 live casino games regulations，For the operation of regulating provincial education administrative agencies、It has a positive significance to improve the administrative efficiency of education。

(this article is the National Social Science Fund Education and Studies Youth Project "Provincial Education Administration and Local Education Modernization Research (1912-1949)" (COA150138)

(Author Unit: School of Education, Shaanxi Normal University)