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■ July 19，The 15th China (Nanjing) International Software Products and Information Service Expo opened in Nanjing，More than 1,200 companies from more than 30 countries and regions around the world gathered together，"Smart Future" under the "Digital Economy"。The picture shows the staff's demonstration of the action sensing robot。Like the action sensor, the robot needs to be based on human movements，Artificial intelligence also needs to be based on human wisdom。 Picture Source: China News Picture Network

Flynn Effect (Flynn Effect) indicates，Intelligence level is increasing year by year，Not only human intelligence，Machines and other non -biological intelligence are also increasing，Some scholars even think，Non -biological intelligence will reach a "strange point" that transcends human intelligence later。But，Many current social problems have not been resolved，Some contradictions are increasingly intensified，Human wisdom (WISDOM) level has not increased with the increase in intelligence。How can we make intelligent growth promote intelligent growth? If you want to solve this problem，Analysis of the connotation of intelligence and wisdom and the similarities and differences between the two。

　　Smart connotation

Smart，Especially human intelligence，It has always been an important topic for psychologists to study。but but，The definition and measurement of intelligence has been constantly arguing，There are two main reasons: on the one hand，Evaluation of human intelligence will inevitably be interfered by "off -site factors"，A typical example is，Nobel Prize winner、Watson, known as the "father of DNA"，Once publicly published remarks on the differences between IQ differences，Disted and deprived of honorary titles by its institute，caused bet365 best casino games huge controversy; on the other hand，Internal，Robert J. Sternberg pointed out，"Basically, how many intelligent research experts have the definition of intelligence"。With the deepening of human intelligence research，Especially the development and application of various types of intellectual tables，Psychologists have gradually reached a consensus by the understanding of human intelligence，It is believed that human intelligence represents the psychological ability that enables individuals to adapt to the environment，These abilities usually include reasoning、Plan、Problem solution and learning from experience。The current controversy is large is，Some researchers think，This ability is generally available，while other researchers believe that，This ability has a domain specialty。but but，Both sides think，Human intelligence can bring considerable returns to individuals in real life。Some studies also revealed，IQ (IQ) can independently predict such as academic performance、Revenue and other indicators representing success in the secular sense。

Psychology's research on intelligence has "species -specific"。Take artificial intelligence as an example，Although its main purpose is the simulation and extension of human intelligence，But the work memory involved in the human intelligence test、Exciences such as abstract reasoning and processing speed to measure the level of artificial intelligence is not appropriate。Simulate humans from the perspective of the structure，The inherent mechanism of artificial intelligence is very different from humans。For example，Machines can win chess games through violent algorithms or deep learning。At the same time，Moravec ’s Paradox also pointed out，Smart activities that are more difficult for humans，The easier it is to implement the machine，Instead, it is almost instinctive ability for humans，The more difficult it is to achieve the machine。So，Knowledge of intelligence must keep up with the pace of scientific and technological progress，Bet365 app download It is also necessary to portrayed human intelligence from psychologists，At the same time, it can also provide a unified standard for comparison with various types of intelligence。If you consider humans、All intelligence of other animals and machines，Eliminate the "accidental factor" depicting intelligence (if it must rely on the ability generated by the nervous system)，The rest will be more essential for intelligence，The ability to define it as the subject to achieve a goal in various environments。Current，The goal of mainstream artificial intelligence is given by humans，and can only be used in a single environment (such as AlphaGo can only be used in the Go environment)，and humans can adapt to multiple environments，The target is usually determined by the "reward" brought by it (but the reinforcement learning technology in artificial intelligence also uses the principle of rewards)。Taking environmental types as the standard，Human intelligence level is still far exceeding the current machine intelligence。

　　Connotation of Wisdom

The word wisdom appears very early in Chinese and Western civilizations，Many philosophers recognize that wisdom can help people live a happy life。The 1980s，In the field of psychology，Authoritative scholars such as Stenberg and other intelligent research awareness，High Smart can not help people happy，Scholars who start to turn and work with scholars with the direction of "Lifetime Development" are committed to studying wisdom。Wisdom is the crystallization of culture，Early psychologists mainly explore the public's view of wisdom under a specific culture，That is the theoretical research of wisdom。But the Volkswagen's wisdom concept is often fragmented、No system。and，Psychologists also think，These internal hidden views are not enough to accurately reflect the connotation and essence of wisdom。So，Based on their respective research background and inner vision，Put forward your own wisdom theory，This orientation is called the theoretical research of wisdom。

The theory of intelligence bet365 live casino games can be subdivided into two orientations of ability and personality。Where，The viewpoints of ability orientation are mainly: Berlin Wisdom Paradigma, represented by Paul B. Baltes，Wisdom is a practical expert knowledge system about the important field of life; Stenberg's balance of wisdom theory believes，Wisdom is under the guidance of positive values，Use intelligence、Creativeness and knowledge，Balanced inside the individual、The interests of individuals and others and society，Balanced short -term and long -term interests，Balanced adaptation to the environment and shaping the environment，To obtain the overall well -being; Igor Grossmann and others think，Wisdom includes a specific type of practical reasoning (Pragmatic Reasoning)，It is mainly reflected in the humble humility、Vision Macro、Uncertainty, change and compromise or integration。Personality orientation mainly includes: Monika Ardeelt’s 3D Wisdom Theory Consid by，Wisdom is essentially cognitive、Personality traits of integration of reflection and love (emotion); Model of WISDOM, a hero model (The H. E. R. O. (E.) (E.) (E.) of MIC M. Webster), believes，Wisdom from important life experience、Humor、reflection、Openness、Emotional regulation five parts of the five parts (the model's name is the first letter of these five parts of English);，Wisdom is an individual no longer rely on external characteristics to show its own existence，Instead of paying attention to the inner world and spirit，At the same time to eliminate the boundary between self and others to reach the state of self -integration。

The wisdom owned by the individual is all in a specific field，Therefore, wisdom cannot show a general situation like personality，But there are often more stable performances in the fields of individuals，So wisdom is relatively stable。Based on this，Wang Fengyan proposed the theory of wisdom's virtue all -in -one theory，To integrate the above two orientation smart studies，I believe that wisdom is an individual bet365 live casino games on the basis of its intelligence and knowledge，A comprehensive psychological quality that is acquired through experience and practice ourselves。Once the individual has this comprehensive psychological quality，can be wise、Openly looking at life and showing life，Insight and insight into people and things in life; when you are in a certain complex problem situation，The following behaviors can be generated in a timely manner: under the guidance of their conscience or the stimulation of good motivation，Timely use its intelligence and intelligence to correctly understand and understand the complex issues facing，Then use correct、Novel (can often give people flexible and clever impression) and ethical and moral standards to solve problems highly efficiently，and ensure that its action results will not only harm the legitimate rights and interests of others and society，Can also improve others and society or yourself for a long time、Welfare of others and society。

　　Similar similarities between intelligence and wisdom

The overlapping of intelligence and intelligence，Mainly in both the two include a certain problem solving ability，This ability relies on the on the one hand to analyze the inference and the main fluid intelligence (FLUID Intelligence)，On the other hand, the crystal intelligence that can obtain growth can be obtained through the day after tomorrow.。For artificial intelligence，The realization of fluid intelligence in the symbol cognitive school is similar to humans，All through a certain physical symbol system，Crystal intelligence can be pre -installed with various types of expert systems，Implementing it in the system; the realization of the parties to party fluid intelligence comes from the simulation of the human brain structure，Its specific principles have no conclusion，The realization of crystal intelligence does not need to be given in advance，and you can "start from zero" by deep learning，For example, the upgraded version of AlphaGo AlphaGo Zero is quickly becoming super -first -class Go master。

Of course，The cognitive bet365 best casino games ability used in the solution of intelligence and intelligence has essential differences。Fluid intelligence, which is mainly based on inference (that is, equivalent to the formal computing capacity of Piajie)，It is mainly formed in the period of individual adolescents; the cognitive ability in wisdom is far more than this，It also includes "post -form computing capacity" characterized by dialectical thinking as the main feature，and this ability is mainly formed in the early individual's adult。In addition，Intelligence and intelligence still have three different aspects: 1. Intelligence is value neutral，Is "conditional good"，and wisdom is "unconditional good"。When a high -intelligent person, it is stupid to use his ability to use his ability to do evil;。A wise man，If you "enter the WTO" development，can often get a brilliant career; if you retire the hidden hermit life，Often can be happy to live a happy life。2. Balance is an important feature of wisdom，while intelligence does not have。High -intelligent people pay more attention to how to efficiently complete the goal，Because the goal is mainly determined by the "reward" that can bring a certain benefit，Makes high smartrs often focus on self -interest，Ignore others and social interests，Become a "Exquisite Symbol"，This is also the typical typical of Stenberg's stupid imbalance theory.。Smart people pay more attention to the overall interests，Not only can we balance the interests of self and others and society，It can also balance short -term and long -term interests，Therefore, we often make concessions and compromises on their goals。3. The above differences are only for human intelligence and human wisdom，Intelligent in essence has nothing to do with humans，Wisdom is not。Before the appearance of modern Homo sapiens，The earth already exists in various forms of animals and plants，They have evolved the ability to survive，The side reflects its respective intelligence。At the same time，At present, artificial intelligence has defeated humans under bet365 live casino games many special "environment" (such as chess games)。As a program，Except for a certain amount of electrical energy and equipment for its operation，No human help is needed，The birth of the strong artificial intelligence，Machines may reach the extent to completely separate from humans。"Goodness" in wisdom is the product of human culture，It is formed by，Even if artificial intelligence has the attributes of morality and talent, it has developed into "artificial intelligence"，but does not mean that the machine has the so -called "machine wisdom"，but I hope that the machine can recognize the value concept of human beings，So it still reflects human wisdom。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Moral Education and School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University)