■July 19，The 15th China (Nanjing) International Software Products and Information Services Trading Expo opens in Nanjing，More than 1,200 companies from more than 30 countries and regions around the world gathered together，Exhibiting the “Smart Future” under the “Digital Economy”。The picture shows the staff demonstrating the motion sensing robot。Just like motion sensing robots need to be based on human motion，Artificial bet365 voucher also needs to be based on human bet365 voucher。 Photo source: China News Photo Network

The Flynn effect shows，The level of human bet365 voucher (bet365 voucher) is improving year by year，Not just human bet365 voucher，Non-biological bet365 voucher such as machines is also improving，Some scholars even think that，Non-biological bet365 voucher will reach a "singularity" that surpasses human bet365 voucher in a few years。However，Many current social problems have not been solved，Some conflicts are intensified，The level of human wisdom (wisdom) has not increased correspondingly with the growth of bet365 voucher。How can the growth of bet365 voucher promote the growth of wisdom？If you want to solve this problem，It is necessary to analyze the connotations of bet365 voucher and wisdom and the similarities and differences between them。

　　The connotation of bet365 voucher

Intelligent，Especially human bet365 voucher，Always an important topic studied by psychologists。However，The definition and measurement of bet365 voucher have been debated，There are two main reasons: on the one hand，The evaluation of human bet365 voucher will inevitably be interfered by "off-site factors"，A typical example is，Nobel Prize winner、Watson, known as the "Father of DNA"，Has publicly spoken out about differences in IQ between races，Fired from his institute and stripped of his honorary title，Causing huge controversy；On the other hand，Within the researcher，Like Robert J. Sternberg) pointed out，“Basically there are as many definitions of bet365 voucher as there are experts on bet365 voucher”。With the deepening of research on human bet365 voucher，Especially the development and application of various types of bet365 voucher scales，Psychologists are gradually reaching a consensus on the understanding of human bet365 voucher，Considering that human bet365 voucher represents the psychological ability that enables an individual to adapt well to the environment，These abilities often include reasoning、Plan、Problem solving and learning from experience, etc.。The most controversial thing currently is，Some researchers believe，This ability is domain general，Other researchers think，This ability is domain specific。However，Both parties agree，Human bet365 voucher can bring considerable returns to individuals in real life。Some studies also reveal，bet365 voucher quotient (IQ) can independently predict academic performance、Income and other indicators that represent success in the secular sense。

The study of bet365 voucher in psychology is “species specific”。Take artificial bet365 voucher as an example，Although its main purpose is to simulate and extend human bet365 voucher，But based on the working memory involved in human bet365 voucher tests、Abstract reasoning and processing speed and other indicators are not suitable to measure the level of artificial bet365 voucher。Simulating humans from both a functional and structural perspective，The internal mechanisms of artificial bet365 voucher are completely different from humans。For example，Machines can win board games through brute force algorithms or deep learning。At the same time，Moravec’s paradox is also pointed out，The more difficult intelligent activities for humans，The machine is simpler to implement，On the contrary, it is an almost instinctive ability for humans，The more difficult the machine is to achieve。Therefore，The understanding of bet365 voucher must keep up with the pace of scientific and technological progress，It must also be compatible with psychologists’ characterization of human bet365 voucher，At the same time, it can also provide a unified standard for various types of bet365 voucher that can be compared with each other。If we consider humans、All bet365 voucher of other animals, machines, etc.，Eliminate "accidental factors" that describe bet365 voucher (such as abilities that must rely on the nervous system)，The rest will be more essential to bet365 voucher，It can be defined as the subject’s ability to achieve goals in a variety of environments。current，The goals of mainstream artificial bet365 voucher are given by humans，And can only be used in a single environment (such as AlphaGo can only be used in the Go environment)，Human beings can adapt to a variety of environments，The goal is usually determined by the "reward" it brings (but the reinforcement learning technology in artificial bet365 voucher also uses the reward principle)。Based on environmental type，The level of human bet365 voucher still far exceeds the current machine bet365 voucher。

　　The connotation of bet365 voucher

The word wisdom appeared very early in both Chinese and Western civilizations，Many philosophers agree that wisdom can help people live a happy life。1980s，In the field of psychology，Sternberg and other authoritative scholars in bet365 voucher research realize that，High bet365 voucher cannot help people be happy，They began to turn to and work with scholars in the direction of "life-span ability development" to study wisdom。Wisdom is the crystallization of culture，Early psychologists mainly explored the public’s view of wisdom in a specific culture，Research on the implicit theory of wisdom。But the public’s view of wisdom is often fragmented、Not systematic。and，Psychologists also believe，These implicit views are not enough to accurately reflect the connotation and essence of wisdom。Therefore，They are based on their respective research backgrounds and implicit views，Propose your own wisdom theory，This orientation is called the explicit theory research of wisdom。

The explicit theory of wisdom can be subdivided into two orientations: ability and personality。Among them，The main viewpoints of capability orientation include: Baltes (Paul B. Baltes) believes in the Berlin wisdom paradigm，Wisdom is a practical expert knowledge system about important areas of life；Sternberg’s theory of balanced wisdom，Wisdom is guided by positive values，Use bet365 voucher、Creativity and knowledge experience，Balance within the individual、Individual interests with others and society，Balancing short-term and long-term interests，Balance between adapting to the environment and shaping the environment，To obtain overall well-being；Igor Grossmann and others believe，Wisdom includes specific types of pragmatic reasoning，Mainly reflected in intellectual humility、Macroscopic view、Uncertainty and change of consciousness and compromise or integration。Personality orientation mainly includes: Monika Ardelt’s three-dimensional wisdom theory，Wisdom is essentially cognition、A personality trait that integrates reflection and benevolence (emotion)；Webster (Mic M. Webster)’s wise hero model (The H. E. R. O. （E.）model of wisdom）think，Wisdom comes from important life experiences、Humor、Reflection、Openness、Integrated into five parts of emotion regulation (the name of this model is the English initials of these five parts)；Levinson (Michael R. Levenson et al.’s self-transcendence theory of wisdom，Wisdom is when individuals no longer rely on external characteristics to express their existence，But focus on the inner world and spirit，Dissolve the boundaries between self and others at the same time to achieve a state of self-integration。

The wisdom possessed by an individual is in a specific field，Therefore wisdom cannot show pan-situationality like personality，But there are often more stable performances in areas where individuals are good at，So wisdom is relatively stable。Based on this，Wang Fengyan proposed the theory of wisdom integrating political integrity and talent，To integrate the above two orientations of wisdom research，Considering that wisdom is an individual’s bet365 voucher and knowledge based on it，A comprehensive psychological quality integrating political integrity and talent acquired through experience and practice。Once an individual possesses this comprehensive psychological quality，Become wise、Look at life and show life with an open mind，And gain insight into all kinds of people and things in life；When you are in a complex problem situation，The following behaviors can be produced in a timely manner: individuals are guided by their conscience or inspired by good motives，Use your bet365 voucher and talents in a timely manner to correctly recognize and understand the complex problems faced，Then adopt the correct、Novel (often giving the impression of flexibility and ingenuity) and ethical means or methods to solve problems efficiently，And ensure that the results of their actions will not harm the legitimate rights and interests of others and society，It can also enhance others, society or oneself in the long term、The welfare of others and society。

　　The similarities and differences between bet365 voucher and wisdom

The overlap between bet365 voucher and wisdom，The main reason is that both contain certain problem-solving abilities，On the one hand, this ability relies on fluid bet365 voucher, which is mainly analytical reasoning，On the other hand, crystallized bet365 voucher relies on acquired learning to grow。For artificial bet365 voucher，The realization of fluid bet365 voucher of the symbolic cognition school is similar to that of humans，All through a certain physical symbol system，Crystal bet365 voucher can be pre-installed with various types of expert systems，Implemented in the system；The connection party’s realization of fluid bet365 voucher is derived from the simulation of the human brain structure，The specific principle has not yet been determined，The realization of crystal bet365 voucher does not need to be given in advance，You can “learn from scratch” through deep learning，For example, the upgraded version of AlphaGo, AlphaGo Zero, quickly became a super-class Go master through this method。

Of course，There is an essential difference between bet365 voucher and wisdom in the cognitive abilities used in problem solving。Fluid bet365 voucher based on analytical reasoning (equivalent to the formal computing ability mentioned by Piaget)，Mainly formed during individual adolescence；Cognitive ability in wisdom is far more than this，Also includes “post-formal computing ability” characterized by dialectical thinking，This ability is mainly formed in an individual’s early adulthood。In addition，bet365 voucher and wisdom differ in the following three aspects: 1.bet365 voucher is value-neutral，It is "conditional goodness"，And wisdom is "unconditional goodness"。When highly intelligent people use their abilities to do evil, they are stupid；And wisdom brings all benefits and no harm。A wise person，If you seek development by joining the WTO，You can often achieve a brilliant career；If you retire and live the life of a hermit，Often able to enjoy oneself and live a happy life。2.Balance is an important characteristic of wisdom，And bet365 voucher is not available。Highly intelligent people pay more attention to how to accomplish goals efficiently，Since the goal is mainly determined by the "reward" that can bring certain benefits，Making highly intelligent people often centered on self-interest，Ignore the interests of others and society，Become a "refined egoist"，This is also a typical example of what Sternberg’s stupidity imbalance theory calls “too smart to be stupid”。A wise person pays more attention to the overall interests，Not only can you balance the interests of yourself, others and society，Also able to balance short-term and long-term interests，Therefore, they often make concessions and compromises to their own goals。3.The above distinction is only for human bet365 voucher and human bet365 voucher，And bet365 voucher essentially has nothing to do with humans，Wisdom is not the case。Before the appearance of modern Homo sapiens，There are already various forms of animals and plants on the earth，They have all evolved abilities that are beneficial to their own survival，The side reflects their respective bet365 voucher。Meanwhile，At present, artificial bet365 voucher has defeated humans in many special "environments" (such as board games)。As a program，In addition to requiring certain electrical energy and equipment for its operation，No need for human help，When strong artificial bet365 voucher is born，Machines may be able to completely separate themselves from humans。The "goodness" in wisdom is the product of human culture，It is formed through human interaction，Even if artificial bet365 voucher possesses the attributes of virtue and talent and develops into "artificial bet365 voucher"，But it does not mean that the machine has the so-called "machine bet365 voucher"，But hope that machines can recognize human values，So it still embodies human wisdom。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of Moral Education and School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University)