Artificial bet365 withdrawal is one of the hot words in society，Also a popular topic in philosophical research。Philosophical Research on Artificial bet365 withdrawal，Currently, academic circles pay more attention to subjectivity、Ethical issues，And influence social division of labor、Promoting human liberation and other fields of discussion。Based on a historical perspective，This is not the first time that China’s artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy has become “heated” in recent years，But with decades of research tradition，And experienced changes in research focus in different periods。Although the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal is closely connected with the forefront of technological development，But it is also necessary to “look backward” in addition to “looking forward”，Clarify its development sources。This is not only the proper meaning of writing the history of contemporary Chinese philosophy and intellectual culture，And it has certain reference significance for thinking about how philosophy can better play its role in the era of science and technology。

　　The origin of Chinese artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy

How did the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal originate in China？There are two clues to artificial bet365 withdrawal itself: one is the origin of the concept from "bet365 withdrawal" to "artificial bet365 withdrawal"；The other is the theoretical origin from cybernetics to artificial bet365 withdrawal。The emergence of the concept of "artificial bet365 withdrawal" can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s。1965，In "Introduction to Natural Science Disciplines", there is a second-level entry of "Information Processing Theory" under the first-level entry of "Computing Technology"，The latter has a third-level entry of "Artificial bet365 withdrawal Research"。1972，In the "Bionics Literature Index (2)", "artificial bet365 withdrawal" has been clearly used to correspond to "Artificial bet365 withdrawal"，Juxtaposed with general questions、Self-organizing、Learning machine、Examination machines and other related devices, etc. sub-entries，is the earliest Chinese document record of the use of "artificial bet365 withdrawal" currently visible。

In addition，Although compared to today，The level of computer technology more than half a century ago was low，However, the important development goal of machines simulating human bet365 withdrawal (or machines simulating the brain)，It has been erected since then。Committed to promoting the advancement of artificial bet365 withdrawal in practice，is an increasingly developing computer technology；And theoretically connects "artificial bet365 withdrawal" and "bet365 withdrawal"，It is a cross-sectional science - Cybernetics。Artificial bet365 withdrawal was originally regarded as one of the four branches of the vast scientific system of cybernetics (the other three branches are engineering cybernetics、Biological cybernetics and social cybernetics)，Also cybernetic communication "essentially different technical systems、A manifestation of "biology and society"。

Just like the "Laosan Theory" (system theory、Cybernetics、There is a linkage effect between the scientific research of information theory and its philosophical research，The start of China’s artificial bet365 withdrawal research is also synchronized with the rise of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy。1960s-1970s，The research on Chinese artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy mainly consists of a small amount of translations and sporadic discussions，It only became popular after the reform and opening up。Before the mid to late 1970s，The "Journal of Dialectics of Nature" and the "Extracts and Translations of Foreign Natural Science Philosophies" series translated Su、US、日、English、Germany、Research papers by scholars from France and other countries。Due to the special nature of the times，At that time, the main focus was on philosophical criticism of artificial bet365 withdrawal，If you think that “the decadent smell of idealism and metaphysical worldview can be smelled from ‘artificial bet365 withdrawal’”。At the end of the 1970s，In addition to "Natural Dialectics Newsletter", "Natural Science Philosophical Issues Series" and other natural dialectics journals，Comprehensive philosophy publications such as "Philosophical Research", "Philosophy Translation Series", and "Foreign Social Sciences" have also included the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal in their vision。

From a disciplinary perspective，The beginning of the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal is closely connected with the development of the discipline of dialectics of nature。The "Draft Research Plan for Dialectics of Nature (Philosophical Issues in Mathematics and Natural Sciences) for Twelve Years (1956-1967)" has been listed in the sixth category of topics "Philosophical Issues in Mathematics" "Philosophical Issues in Cybernetics"。The "Outline of the Development Plan for Dialectics of Nature 1978-1985 (Draft)" clearly lists in the sixth item "Research on Philosophical Issues in Various Natural Sciences": "In technical sciences，For example, if you want to study artificial bet365 withdrawal、Cybernetics、Philosophical issues in information theory and bionics，Analysis of systems engineering, etc.。”

　　bet365 withdrawal boom in the 1980s

1980s，The philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal has set off the first wave of research in China。This craze is driven by two branches of philosophy: one is the dialectics of nature that leads the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal，The second is to expand the Marxist philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy。The former is represented by the Dialectics of Nature Laboratory of the Institute of Philosophy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Including Chen Bu、Tong Tianxiang、Fan Dainian、Senior scholars including Ding You，Related work covered papers、Journal、Conference、Organization and other aspects。1981，Institute of Philosophy, Academy of Social Sciences、Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences、The Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly held the "Symposium on Philosophical Issues in Artificial bet365 withdrawal"，It is the first dedicated academic conference on the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal。Participants come from different units，Covering Philosophy、Computer Science、Psychology、Linguistics、Information science and other fields，Evaluated as “an alliance between natural scientists and philosophical workers”。Same year，China Artificial bet365 withdrawal Society was established。Although the society is a social organization mainly composed of natural scientists，But it was initially affiliated to the Academy of Social Sciences，Tong Tianxiang was elected as vice chairman，Reflecting the strong influence of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy on the entire field of artificial bet365 withdrawal。

At the same time，The field of Marxist philosophy also pays close attention to artificial bet365 withdrawal, a new phenomenon in the development of science and technology，Marxist philosophy textbooks and treatises in the 1980s often specifically mentioned the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal，Thus making the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal a universal one、Emerging philosophical themes of contemporary and comprehensive nature。This wave of achievements brought together by many different forms has its focus - epistemology，And can be divided into three major themes。

The first is the primary issue—the relationship between thinking and matter。Machine simulates the brain, that is, machine simulates thinking，It is also the initial question of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy。Artificial bet365 withdrawal in the 1980s was “parallel exploration in both theory and application”，Mainly natural language processing、Theorem Proof、Perception problem、Manufacturing Automation、Expert consultation system, etc.。According to the characteristics of human thinking，Artificial bet365 withdrawal needs to overcome two difficulties: First, understand the brain as a thinking organ，The second is to equip the machine with the self-learning ability of human thinking。If artificial bet365 withdrawal can realize machine simulation of the brain，This means that matter can simulate thinking。This simulation is the "reproduction" of thinking by matter，“Demystifying the Spirit，A breakthrough in epistemology”。

The second is the key issue—the relationship between subject and object。Cao Boyan、Proposed by Zhou Wenbin，Production and scientific and technological development represented by artificial bet365 withdrawal，So that artificial cognitive organs are no longer limited to the category of cognitive tools，And may become the subject of knowledge。Nothing more，Artificial subjects do not have social and class characteristics。This argument has great repercussions，Tong Tianxiang and Wang Haishan respectively wrote articles discussing it。May 1981、June and November，The editorial department of "Philosophical Research" has been in Shanghai、Dalian and Beijing organized three symposiums on "Marxist Epistemology and Modern Natural Science"，The exploration and debate on the “artificial cognitive subject” continue to have aftermath。

The third is the classic problem-the relationship between humans and machines。The technical form of artificial bet365 withdrawal is also a machine，But it is fundamentally different from previous machines，Such as related names such as "robot" and "computer"。The same is true for "artificial bet365 withdrawal" itself，"Manual" indicates machine attributes，“bet365 withdrawal” is preset to be the same as or similar to human bet365 withdrawal。Can robots be equal to humans？Can computers be equal to human brains？Can artificial bet365 withdrawal be equal to human bet365 withdrawal？In 18th century philosophy，“Humans are machines” has caused many debates；And in contemporary philosophy，“Machines are humans” has also caused a lot of controversy。Artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy can realize the reversal of subject and object in the relationship between humans and machines，That is, from "people are machines" to "machines are people"。Once "machine is human" is established，The relationship between man and machine is not only the relationship between man and technical tools，It is not just the relationship between people and technical entities，It’s still the relationship between people and the “technical other”。

　　bet365 withdrawal Turn in the 1990s

　After the 1990s，The overall popularity of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy research in China has dropped slightly，The “social turn” that switches research focus has occurred。The vision of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy research turns to artificial bet365 withdrawal and society，Discussing artificial bet365 withdrawal and the changes of the times、The social impact of artificial bet365 withdrawal、Artificial bet365 withdrawal and social production and other topics。

Tong Tianxiang’s pioneering exploration is a representative of the “social turn”，Mainly two works: "On Intelligent Revolution" (1992) and "Lighting the Heart-Description of the Shape of Intelligent Society" (1996)。In his opinion，The development of artificial bet365 withdrawal will form a new generation of productivity around bet365 withdrawal，This new productivity has the main form of "human-machine composite intelligent system" and the two elements of "high bet365 withdrawal and highly intelligent machines (machines)"。New productivity promotes the formation of new production relations，A new social form will eventually be created - an intelligent society。Agricultural society uses biology as its main resource，In industrial society, technology is the main resource，Intelligent society will use bet365 withdrawal as its main resource。In order to welcome the ongoing intelligent revolution and the upcoming intelligent era，Artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy also needs to make advanced reflections。

As one of the founders of China’s artificial bet365 withdrawal field，Ma Xiwen’s contribution in the field of philosophy is also worthy of commemoration。He participated in the translation and proofreading of Dreyfus (Hubert L. Dreyfus's "What Computers Can't Do—The Limits of Artificial bet365 withdrawal" (1986) and Douglas R.. Hofstadter)'s "Godel、Aisher、Bach’s Book—A Collection of Different Bricks” (1997)，The original works and translations of both are classics。"Logic·Language·Computation—Selected Works of Mahi" published in 2003 not only includes his various research works，And summarizes his research interests through the subtitle keywords。He thinks，"Computers are the steam engines of the past"，We should pay attention to the changes that have occurred as human society enters the information age。“Computers should not and will not be the ultimate intelligent machine”，It still has a long way to go。

　In terms of vertical direction，The "social turn" started the trend of today's artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy，Today’s academic circles are accustomed to starting from the ethics of science and technology、The research methods of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy from the perspective of social governance and other aspects have a relationship of inheritance and development。Reviewing the development of Chinese artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy in the 20th century，Three distinctive stages can be summarized: gradually originated in the 1960s and 1970s，Trenched in prosperity in the 1980s，Turning in the 1990s，Thus jointly form the basis for further improving the breadth and depth of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy in China in the 21st century。

Understand from several characteristics of China’s artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy research in the 20th century，The following three points can be summarized。First, fundamentality。Using questions such as “Can machines simulate thinking”, “How can machines simulate thinking”, “To what extent can machines simulate thinking” as the starting point of artificial bet365 withdrawal。These are scientific questions，Also a philosophical question。You can even say，The research on the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal has been closely focused on basic philosophical issues from the beginning，Focus on issues such as "the relationship between thinking and matter", "the relationship between subject and object", "the relationship between man and machine"。The second is comprehensiveness。Research on the philosophy of artificial bet365 withdrawal，Not only the starting point of the entire philosophical community，Especially in the circles of natural dialectics and Marxist philosophy that have outstanding performance，And is of interest to fields other than philosophy，Computer science is also involved in academic discussions and translation work on artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy、Psychology、Linguistics、Many interdisciplinary researchers in information science and other fields。The third is forward-looking。Although the basis for the philosophical argument of artificial bet365 withdrawal may only be logically or theoretically possible，But the value of this kind of theoretical discussion is still worthy of recognition。The popularity of artificial bet365 withdrawal philosophy in recent years has undoubtedly exceeded that of the 20th century，But just delve into basic philosophical issues、Uniting different disciplines, especially the scientific community、In terms of studying and judging the new round of technological revolution and future social governance，You can still get inspiration from it。

　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Philosophical bet365 withdrawal on the Prospects of Intelligent Revolution and Human Deep Technologicalization” (17ZDA028)

(Author’s unit: Institute of bet365 withdrawal, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)