Artificial intelligence is one of the current social hot vocabulary，It is also a popular topic of philosophical research。Philosophy research on artificial intelligence，At present, the subject of the academic circles is the subjectivity、Ethics and other issues，and affect social division of labor、Promoting people's liberation and other many discussions。From a historical perspective，Chinese artificial intelligence philosophy in recent years is not the first time，but has decades of research tradition，and experience the change of research focus in different periods。Although artificial intelligence philosophy is closely connected at the forefront of the development of science and technology，But it is also necessary to "look back" in the while "looking forward"，Clarifying its development source flow。This is not only the meaning of writing the history of contemporary Chinese philosophy and ideological and cultural history，And it has a certain reference significance for thinking about how to better play its own role in the era of science and technology。

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How did artificial intelligence philosophy originate in China? There are two clues in artificial intelligence itself: one is the origin of the concept from "intelligence" to "artificial intelligence"; the other is from controlling the theoretical origin of artificial intelligence。The concept of "artificial intelligence" can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s。1965，Introduction to the Discipline of Natural Sciences "set the second level of" information processing theory "under the first level of" computing technology "，The latter has a three -level entry of "Artificial 'Smart' Research"。1972，"Pioneer Literature Index (2)" has clearly used "artificial intelligence" to correspond to "Artificial Intelligence"，There are general problems in parallel、Self -organized、Learning machine、Examine machines and other related devices and other sub -entries，It is the earliest Chinese literature record that can be seen in the earliest use of "artificial intelligence"。

other，Although compared to today，Low computer technology in more than bet365 best casino games half a century ago，However, the important development goals of machine simulation of human intelligence (or machine simulation brain)，Since then, it has been established。Practice from practice to promote artificial intelligence to move forward，It is an increasingly developing computer technology; and theoretically connects the "artificial" and "smart"，It is a science with horizontal -cut nature -CyberNetics。Artificial intelligence was first regarded as one of the four major branches of the huge scientific system that control theory (the other three branches are engineering control theory、Theory of biological control and social control)，It is also controlling the theory of communication "Different technical systems、Biological World and Society "embodiment。

Just as "Lao San Division" (systematic theory、Control theory、Information theory) The scientific research and its philosophical research have a linkage effect.，The opening of China's artificial intelligence research and the rise of artificial intelligence philosophy are also synchronized。The 1960s and 1970s，Chinese artificial intelligence philosophy research is mainly manifested as a small amount of translation and sporadic discussion，until the reform and opening up, it gradually became hot。Before the mid -to -late 1970s，"Magazine of Natural Dialectics" and "Translation Translation of Foreign Natural Science Philosophy" series translated Su、Mei、Day、English、De、Research papers of multinational scholars such as law。Due to the particularity of the times，At that time, it was mainly criticized for philosophy of artificial intelligence，If you think "you can smell idealism and metaphysical world view from" artificial intelligence '"。By the end of the 1970s，In addition to the natural dialectical legal circles such as "Dialectics Communication" and "Natural Science and Philosophy Question Series"，"Philosophy Research", "Philosophy Translation", "Foreign Social Sciences" and other comprehensive philosophical publications have also incorporated artificial intelligence philosophy into vision。

From the perspective of the subject level，The start of artificial intelligence philosophy is closely linked to the development of natural dialectics。"Dialectics of Nature (Philosophy in Mathematics and Natural Sciences) Twelve years (1956-967) Research and Planning Draft" has been listed in the sixth type of title "Philosophy in Mathematics" Bet365 lotto review "Philosophy in the theory of control"。"Outline of the Development Plan (Draft) of Nature Dialectics (Draft) from 1978 to 1985" is clearly listed in the sixth "study of philosophical issues in each natural science":，For example, to study artificial intelligence、Control theory、Philosophy problems in information theory and bionics，Analysis of system engineering, etc.。”

　　Research boom in the 1980s

The 1980s，Artificial intelligence philosophy set off the first wave of research in China。There are two philosophical branches of this boom: First, the natural dialectics of leading artificial intelligence philosophy，The second is the Marxist philosophy of expanding the philosophy of artificial intelligence。The former is represented by the Research Office of the Nature Dialectics of the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Including Chen Bu、Tong Tianxiang、Fan Yannian、Ding You and other senior scholars，Related work covering the paper、Journal、Meeting、Organization and other aspects。1981，Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Social Sciences、Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、The Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly organized the "Symposium on Artificial Intelligence Philosophy Issues"，It is the first specialized artificial intelligence philosophy academic conference。Participants come from different units，Covering philosophy、Computer Science、Psychology、Linguistics、Intelligence science and other fields，It is evaluated as "forming alliances of natural science workers and philosophers"。In the same year，The establishment of the Chinese Artificial Intelligence Society。Although the society is a community organization based on natural science workers，But at first hanging in the Academy of Social Sciences，Tong Tianxiang was elected as Deputy Chairman，Reflects the strong influence of artificial intelligence philosophy on the entire artificial intelligence field。

At the same time，The field of Marxist philosophy also pays close attention to the new phenomenon of the development of science and technology in artificial intelligence，The Marxist philosophical textbooks and discussions of Marxist philosophy in the 1980s often specifically mentioned artificial intelligence philosophy，So that artificial intelligence philosophy becomes a universality、Emerging and comprehensive emerging philosophy themes。Bet365 app download This wave of booms collected by many different forms of achievements has its focus -theory of epistemology，and can be subdivided into three major themes。

One is the first problem -the relationship between thinking and material。Machine simulation brain, that is, machine simulation thinking，It is also the initial problem of artificial intelligence philosophy。Artificial intelligence in the 1980s is "Exploration in parallel in theoretical and application"，Mainly natural language processing、Theorem certificate、Perception Questions、Manufacturing automation、Expert consultation system, etc.。According to the characteristics of human thinking，Artificial intelligence needs to overcome two difficulties: First, to recognize the brain of thinking organs，Second, the self -learning ability of the machine with human thinking。Artificial intelligence can realize the machine simulation of the brain，This means that the material can simulate thinking。This simulation is the "reproduction" of material thinking about thinking，"Eliminate the mystery of the spirit，It is a breakthrough in epistemology "。

The second is the key issue -the relationship between the subject and the object。Cao Boyan、Zhou Wenbin proposed，Development of production and science and technology represented by artificial intelligence，Makes artificial organs no longer limited to the category of understanding tools，and may become the subject of recognition。Just，Artificial subject does not have social and classical。This argument has a great response，Tong Tianxiang and Wang Haishan wrote an article on question。May 1981、June and November，The editorial department of "Philosophy Research" has been in Shanghai、Dalian and Beijing Organization held three symposiums in the "Marxist epistemology and modern natural science" symposium，Exploration and contention of "the subject of artificial understanding" continues。

The third is the classic problem -the relationship between man and machine。The technical form of artificial intelligence is also a machine，But it is different from the previous machine，The names of "robot" and "computer" related to them。"Artificial Intelligence" itself，"Artificial" indicates machine attributes，"Smart" is preset as the same or similar as human intelligence。Can robots equal to others? Can computers equal to the human brain?，"People Bet365 lotto review are machines" have aroused many controversy; in contemporary philosophy，"The machine is a human" also caused many controversy。Artificial intelligence philosophy can realize the problem of the relationship between human and machine relationships.，That is, from "people is a machine" to "machine is human"。Once the "machine is human" is established，The relationship between people and machines is not only the relationship between people and technical tools，Not only the relationship between human and technical entities，The relationship between people and "technical others"。

　　Research Steering of the 1990s

After the 1990s，The overall popularity of Chinese artificial intelligence philosophy research is slightly dropped，"Social Steering" that has happened to switch on research and focus。The vision of the research of artificial intelligence philosophy has shifted to artificial intelligence and society，Discuss artificial intelligence and change of the times、Social impact of artificial intelligence、Topics such as artificial intelligence and social production。

Tong Tianxiang's pioneer exploration is the representative of "social steering"，Mainly "Intelligent Revolution Theory" (1992) and "Lighting Heart Lantern -the morphological description of smart society" (1996) (1996)。In his opinion，The development of artificial intelligence will form a new generation of productive forces around intelligence，This new productivity has the main form of "human -machine composite intelligent system" and "high intelligence and high smart machine (device)"。New productivity promotes the formation of new production relations，It will eventually create a new social form -smart society。Agricultural society takes creatures as the main resource，Industrial society with technology as the main resource，Intelligent society will take intelligence as the main resource。To welcome the smart revolution and the upcoming smart age，Artificial Intelligence Philosophy also makes advance reflection。

As one of the founders in the field of artificial intelligence in China，Ma Xiwen's contribution in the field of philosophy is also worth commemorative。He participated in the translation of Hubert L. Dreyfus's "What can't Computer do -the limit of artificial intelligence" (1986) and Douglas R. HOFSTADTADADTER、Aisher、Bach Book —— Jiji of the Books (1997)，The original and translation of the two can be called classic。"Logic · Language · Calculation — Selection of Ma Xiwen" Bet365 lotto review published in 2003 not only includes his various research works，and summarize his research purpose through the keywords of the subtitle。He thinks，"Computer is the steam engine that year"，Pay attention to changes that occur in the information era of human society。"Computer should not be the final smart machine"，It still has a long way to go。

Just in the vertical，"Social Turning" has opened the trend of artificial intelligence philosophy today，The academic community is used to science and technology ethics today、Social governance and other perspectives The research method of cutting into artificial intelligence philosophy has the relationship between inheritance and development。Looking back on the development process of Chinese artificial intelligence philosophy in the 20th century，You can summarize three unique stages: gradually originated in the 1960s and 1970s，In the 1980s, it became prosperous，Steering in the 1990s，This constitutes the basis of the 21st century artificial intelligence philosophy to further improve the breadth and depth in China。

It is understood from the characteristics of the research of Chinese artificial intelligence philosophy itself in the 20th century.，You can summarize the following three points。One is basic。The issue of "whether the machine can simulate thinking", "how the machine simulates thinking", and "to what extent the machine simulation can the thinking" as the starting point of artificial intelligence。These are both scientific issues，It is also a philosophical problem。It can even be said，The study of artificial intelligence philosophy was closely aggressive in the basic problem of philosophy，Pay attention to problems such as "the relationship between thinking and material", "the relationship between the subject and object", "the relationship between people and machines"。The second is comprehensive。Research on artificial intelligence philosophy，Not only the power point of the entire philosophy world，Especially the natural dialectics of the natural dialectics and the Marxist philosophy of the philosophy，and is interested in the fields other than philosophy，Participate in the academic discussion and translation of artificial intelligence philosophy and computer science、Psychology、Linguistics、Intelligence science and other fields many interdisciplinary researchers。Third is forward -looking。Although the foundation of artificial intelligence philosophy may be just logical or theoretical possibilities，But the value of this type of theory is still worthy of recognition。The artificial intelligence philosophy in recent years has undoubtedly exceeded Bet365 lotto review the 20th century，But study the basic questions of philosophy、Joint different disciplines, especially the scientific community、Research a new round of scientific and technological revolution and future social governance，You can still be inspired from it。

　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation's major project "Philosophy Research on the Prospects of Intelligent Revolution and Human Deep Technology" (17zda028) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)