The Liangzhou Liangzhu of Zhejiang is the first Neolithic Age (Copper Stone with Times) site to enter the World Heritage List，It is regarded as an empirical evidence of the 5,000 years of Chinese civilization，The World Heritage Committee calls it "" The late Chinese Neolithic Times is supported by rice agriculture as the economic support，Early regional countries with social differentiation and unified belief system "。Archaeologists Yan Wenming and Zhang Zhongpei both believe that Liangzhu has entered the national stage and civilized society。British archeologist Colin Lunfuru and Liu Bin, director of the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, call it "the earliest national society in East Asia"。

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Civilization is the most extensive cultural entity，Refers to the advanced stage of human culture and social development，The emergence of the country is generally considered to be the most important sign in entering a civilized society。The Liangzhu site includes about 300,000 square meters of Miyagi、3 million square meters of inner city、6.3 million square meters of outer city，and a dozen highs、Low dam, etc.，The grandness of the scale never seen before。Colin Lunfu and Liu Bin think，The scale of its water conservancy project may be larger than that of Egypt and Sumel，Wang Ningyuan, the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology of Zhejiang Province, estimates that the total amount of earthwork of all projects is more than 10 million cubic meters。other，Make a lot of precious jade、Paint、ivory、Pottery, etc.。Visible Liangzhu has a very powerful social organization and mobilization ability，Non -country is not right。

According to Zhao Hui, Peking University，Liangzhu Great Site Group, which covers an area of ​​about 1,000 square kilometers，There should be about 3,000 villages at that time，Only the rice required for about 20,000 people in the ancient city of Liangzhu。Calculated according to this，Tens of thousands of square kilometers of the entire Liangzhu cultural distribution area，Tens of thousands of settlements at the same time，Population or Millions，But only a super center settlement and political and cultural center like Liangzhu Ancient bet365 best casino games City，Clear in urban and rural areas，The degree of unity is quite high，It's a national scene。

Zhang Zhongpei divided the tombs of Liangzhu into four levels: the first level is buried at the same time, the jade and jade，It is speculated that the owner of the tomb master has both the divine rights and control the military rights，It can be called "King of God"，They are the highest ruler of the Liangzhu Society of Liangzhu Society;，Buried by jade after death; the third level is a part -time soldier who exercises military functional power during his lifetime，Buried stone 钺 after death; the fourth level is ordinary agricultural workers，No stone burial after death。This shows that there are obvious class differentiation and rigorous ritual system at the time。Liangzhu jade articles on the complete gods and beast facial emblems，Basically only in the anti -mountain、Yaoshan and other highest level tombs，The lower grave of the lower level only simplifies the emblem。Zhao Hui thinks，The noodle pattern of the gods and beast represents "the highest status of the CCP of the Liangzhu people's minds，and even the only deity "，Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, Di Ming, believes that it is "the only identification of maintaining the stability of Liangzhu's society"。High unity、Clear religious worship at the level is a powerful weapon to maintain the stability of the Liangzhu society and organize the mobilization of the state for mobilization，The military rights symbolized and "钺" are intertwined in the inside。

The exquisite jade of Liangzhu、embedded jade lacquerware、Carved ivory and carved pottery，and high -quality wooden work，Show various handicraft technologies under the control of nobles have reached a very high level，The existence of professional craftsmen is beyond doubt。As mentioned in Qinling of Peking University，"Standardization" and institutionalization of Liangzhu Jade，Any culture exceeding the Chinese Neolithic Age，Non -civilized society is not available。other，Liangzhu pottery commonly commonly symbols of similar text，Many complicated bodies，Some even "characters" are row，It may be the original text，Most of these original texts may be written above bamboo and wood silk，It is difficult to save so far。So，We can’t easily assert that Liangzhu is a civilized civilization without text。

Even according to the earliest standards proposed Bet365 lotto review by Western scholars to judge，Liangzhu Society, which is about 5000 years ago,，Also with Sumerier Civilization、Like Egyptian civilization，Indeed has entered a civilized society and early national stages。

　　Liangzhu ancient country has regional kinglike

If you expand your vision，It will be found that 5000 years away from the next time，In the Yellow River Basin and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River，There are at least three cultures that are at the same time as Liangzhu culture in the heyday and stand on the threshold of civilized society，That's Dawenkou Culture、Qujialing Culture and Yangshao Culture，These cultures also have ancient cities、Big Tomb and "Palace" house。Just these three cultures are not uniform inside，Unlike Liangzhu culture, there is the only center，And the development level of material culture is not as good as Liangzhu culture。Of course，There are still differences in civilized models between the four cultures。For example, Yangshao Culture and Dawenkou Culture in the Yellow River Basin focus on the vulgar and ancestors worship，Emphasize social order，But the difference between the rich and the poor of Dawenkou culture is more obvious; Liangzhu Culture and Qujialing Culture in the Yangtze River Basin are strong in religious colors，The differentiation of the rich and the poor is obvious，But the social order of Liangzhu culture is more strict than Qu Jialing culture。Different civilized mode will also affect our judgment on the level of civilization。

Although Dawenkou Culture、The degree of civilization of Qujialing Culture and Yangshao Culture is slightly inferior to Liangzhu Culture，But its strength is not as good as Liangzhu culture，The amplitude of exchanges between them and external impacts is more than Liangzhu culture。For example, the respect of Dawenkou culture、Cup and other factors to the west can reach Guanzhong area，The oblique abdomen cup of Qujialing culture can be passed north to Jinnan area，Blue patterns of Yangshao Culture East to Haiyu、South Han Han。The decline of even Liangzhu civilization may also have some relationships with the south of the Law Tai Culture after 4300 years.。Comparison for comparison，Rich and confident Liangzhu culture seems to be quite "introverted"，The rulers of the ancient city of Liangzhu are mainly implemented within the scope of Liangzhu culture，and the Yellow River Basin、bet365 best casino games The cultures of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River show each other's confrontation、Situation of the trial to resist gifts，and limited communication with each other。If compared with other early civilization，Sumer Civilization City State State State Cleanless Rules，It is regarded as a "city -state country" with a small king's power;、Under the vast region of Egypt to implement rule; Early state (late summer dynasty) in Erlitou implemented the rule of most of the early China。Egyptian Early Dynasty and Erlitou Early State are considered to be a "fair country" or "wide -regional king right country" with the king's power。Liangzhu's ancient country's ruling scope is larger than Sumerian city -state，But much smaller than Early and Erlitou's early countries，Called "regional kinglog country"，Perhaps more suitable。

Su Bingqi has proposed the "ancient country of the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization、Fang Guo、Empire "three major stages of schemes，Yan Civilization and Wang Zhenzhong revised them as "Ancient countries、Wang Guo、Empires "and" State State、Wang Guo、Empire "three major stages。From the perspective of the early Chinese cultural circle，Liangzhu Early State as "Regional Kingdom State"，Only equivalent to the first "ancient country" or "state" stage，Erlitou culture will not enter the "kingdom" stage of "Mo Fei" in the future。

　　"Early China" to give birth to Liangzhu Civilization

China's geographical environment is relatively independent，Early Chinese culture has indigenous people、Uniform features，It guarantees that it has the opportunity to develop stable and continuous development for a long time。Chinese culture has certain features from the old stone era，The Pei Ligang era, which is about 8000 years ago, has already germinated by the "early Chinese cultural circle"，Early stable and restrained、Ancestral worship and other characteristics。The Temple Ditch Age, which is about 6000 years ago，Under the substantial expansion and strong influence of the type of gutter of the Yangshao Cultural Temple，Unprecedented enhancement of the unified culture of Chinese culture, including Jiangsu and Zhejiang，Formally formed a "early Chinese cultural circle" with the Central Plains as the core or "early China"，At the same time, the footsteps of the early Chinese civilization origin in the Central Plains region at the same time，The subsequent influence bet365 best casino games driving most of China to enter a period of generalization and civilization。

For example, 6000 years ago，Jinnan in the hinterland of Central Plains、In the type of Yangshao Cultural Temple under the central and eastern part of Guan Guan,，Large houses of 200-500 square meters appear，and a large settlement of millions of square meters，Social complexity starts from this; later in the Yellow River、The dawn of civilization in the Yangtze River Basin emerges around，If it is 5300 years ago, the "Hall" -style house with more than 400 square meters of Qin'an Dadi Bay, Gansu、Henan Lingbao West Po is nearly 20 square meters.、Liaoning Lingyuan Niuhe Liang's magnificent "Temple、Altar、Granit "sacrifice relics，and Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaojia、Anhui Hangshan Lingjia Beach and Dongshan Village, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Lianyu Tomb, etc.，Show Yangshao Culture、Hongshan Culture、Dawenkou Culture、Songze Culture, etc., has all stood on the edge of a civilized society。

It is also about 5300 years away from about 5300 years，Songze Culture Transformed into Liangzhu Culture，Later, a large number of people immigrate to the Liangzhu area。Although in the context of dry climate in about 5,000 years from the time of the time,，The groundwater level in the Liangzhu area decreases，Preliminary living conditions，But in such a low -lying small Pingyuan area，"Treatment of Water" may still be the top priority。The influx of a large population needs to solve the problem of eating，Stimulated the rapid development of irrigation rice agriculture。Large -scale civil water conservancy projects and irrigation rice agriculture，Make Liangzhu's social productivity level rapidly，It also greatly improved the organizational mobilization ability of Liangzhu society and the power of the noble leader，So as to give birth to a splendid Liangzhu civilization，This is similar to the reasons for the formation of Sumerian civilization。In the final analysis，Liangzhu Civilization is just the results of the continuous civilization process of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River since the temple bottom ditch era，The start of this civilization process is also related to promotion from Central Plains，Interaction with the surrounding areas。So，Liangzhu Civilization was formed under the background of the interaction between the early Chinese regional cultural integration and bet365 live casino games interaction，is an important part of early Chinese civilization。

　　Liangzhu civilization affects "early China"

Liangzhu civilized period mainly expands south，Haochuan Culture in southern Zhejiang、Shixia Culture in northern Guangdong，All of them have been deeply on the brand of Liangzhu civilization。There is a strong Dawenkou culture northern Liangzhu，Discovery of the Tomb of the Flower Hall of Xinyi Hall in Jiangsu，It shows that Liangzhu people have expanded here，War with Dawenkou people，But this is also the farthest place to expand north of Liangzhu culture。West -northwest direction is the site of Qujialing culture and Yangshao culture，Liangzhu Culture is weak to dye finger。No matter what，Liangzhu civilization during the prosperous period is still very limited for the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River in the middle of the Yangtze River as the main body of the Chinese cultural circle。

Liangzhu Civilization really has a big impact on the Yellow River Basin，It is after it enters the late stage。About 4500 years away from the present，Tao Temple Culture appeared in the Linfen Basin, Jinnan，Its 琮、璧、钺、V -shaped kitchen knife and other jade、Stoneware，All obviously belong to Liangzhu cultural factors。Tao Temple nearly 3 million square meters of ancient city，There has never been such a large -scale city in the Central Plains，Perhaps it is also the product inspired by the concept of Liangzhu's city。It is deeply influenced by Liangzhu.、Shaanxi Yan'an Lushan 峁 Ruins and other places exquisite jade、A large number of stones。The profound influence of Liangzhu civilization，It should be not only manifested at the material level。The emergence of Liangzhu -style jade，Make people in the Yellow River Basin finally find an excellent high -level social identity logo; Liangzhu -style city appears，The political management model of Liangzhu Civilization may also penetrate the Central Plains and the northern region accordingly。It can be seen that Liangzhu has promoted the civilization process of the Longshan era in the Central Plains and the North。

More importantly，Taking the culture of Tao Temple as the base，琮、璧 璧 north direction affects Tiger Mountain Cultural Stone Type，West direction affects Gansu、Qinghai、Qi Jia culture in Ningxia area，Add a lot of warm gas to these rough north -northwest culture。Liangzhu Jade Big Affiliated Da Wenkou Culture、Of course, Longshan bet365 live casino games Culture will have a more obvious impact，To Longshan Culture has formed a self -characteristic jade style，and profoundly affect the emergence of the cultural jade of Xiaojia roofing ridge culture in the late Jianghan Plain area。The jade tradition of Liangzhu culture，Also through Tao Temple Culture、Longshan Culture、Xiaojia's roof culture、Types of Shiji, etc.，Inherited to a late two mile culture (late summer culture)，to Shang、Zhou Culture。

Liangzhu culture is not summer、Business、Direct premise of Wednesday generation culture，Liangzhu Civilization has also declined on the eve of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty，But Liangzhu Civilization itself is an important part of the early Chinese civilization in the early days of diversity，its great contribution to the formation and development of early Chinese civilization，Always worthy of our commemorative。

(The author is a professor at the Department of Archeology and Culture of Renmin University of China、Director of the Chinese Archaeological Society)