The bet365 refer a friend code Site in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province is China’s first Neolithic (Chalcolithic Age) site to enter the World Heritage List，Regarded as evidence of five thousand years of Chinese civilization，The World Heritage Committee calls it "China's late Neolithic period, with rice agriculture as its economic support，Early regional countries with social differentiation and unified belief systems”。Archaeologists Yan Wenming and Zhang Zhongpei both believe that bet365 refer a friend code has entered the national stage and a civilized society。British archaeologist Colin Renfuru and Liu Bin, director of the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, etc. call it "the earliest state society in East Asia"。

　bet365 refer a friend code culture has indeed entered a civilized society

Civilization is the most extensive cultural entity，Refers to the advanced stage of human culture and social development，The emergence of a country is generally regarded as the most important sign of entering a civilized society。The bet365 refer a friend code ruins include a palace city of about 300,000 square meters、3 million square meters of inner city、6.3 million square meters of outer city，And dozens of seats high、Low dams, etc.，The scale is unprecedented。Colin Renfuru and Liu Bin think，The scale of its water conservancy projects may be larger than those in Egypt and Sumer，Wang Ningyuan of the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology estimates that the total earthwork volume of all projects is more than 10 million cubic meters。In addition，Create a large amount of precious jade、lacquer、Ivory、The amount of professional labor required for pottery, etc. is also huge。It can be seen that bet365 refer a friend code has very strong social organization and mobilization capabilities，No country can do anything about it。

According to estimates by Zhao Hui of Peking University，The bet365 refer a friend code ruins group covers an area of ​​about 1,000 square kilometers，There should be about 3000 villages at that time，In order to produce the rice needed to feed the approximately 20,000 people in the ancient city of bet365 refer a friend code。According to this calculation，The entire bet365 refer a friend code cultural distribution area of ​​tens of thousands of square kilometers，There were tens of thousands of settlements at the same time，Population may be one million，But there is only one super central settlement and political and cultural center like bet365 refer a friend code Ancient City，Clear distinction between urban and rural areas，High degree of unity，Like a national scene。

Zhang Zhongpei divided bet365 refer a friend code tombs into four levels: the first level also included jade congs and jade axes，It is speculated that the owner of the tomb controlled both divine and military power during his lifetime，Can be called the "God King"，They are the supreme rulers of bet365 refer a friend code society who dominate the world；The second level should have military power before death，Buried with a jade ax after death；The third level shall be part-time warriors who have the power to perform military functions during their lifetime，Stone Yue buried with him after his death；The fourth class should be ordinary agricultural workers，No stone ax was buried with him after his death。This shows that there were obvious class divisions and strict etiquette at that time。Complete divine, human and animal face emblems on bet365 refer a friend code jade，Basically only seen in Fanshan、The highest level tombs such as Yaoshan，Lower level tombs only have simplified emblems。Zhao Hui thinks，The facial pattern of gods, humans, and animals represents “the highest status in the hearts of bet365 refer a friend code people”，Even the only god”，Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology Xiang Ming believes that it is "the only symbol to maintain social stability in bet365 refer a friend code"。Highly unified、Religious worship with a clear hierarchy should be a powerful weapon to maintain social stability and unity in bet365 refer a friend code and organize and mobilize national power，It is mutually exclusive with the military power symbolized by "yue"。

Exquisite jade from bet365 refer a friend code、Jade lacquerware、Engraved ivory and engraved pottery，And high-quality woodwork，Shows that various handicraft technologies under the control of nobles have reached a very high level，There is no doubt about the existence of professional craftsmen。As Qin Ling of Peking University said，The "standardization" of bet365 refer a friend code jade production and the institutionalization of use，Exceeds any culture in China’s Neolithic Age，Uncivilized society cannot cope with this。In addition，Various text-like symbols are commonly found on bet365 refer a friend code pottery，Many complex structures，Some even count "words" in a line，May be the original text，This type of original writing was probably mostly written on bamboo, wood and silk，Difficult to preserve to this day。So，We cannot easily conclude that bet365 refer a friend code is a civilization without writing。

Even if judged according to the standards first proposed by Western scholars，bet365 refer a friend code society in its heyday around 5,000 years ago，Also with Sumerian civilization、Egyptian civilization is the same，It has indeed entered the stage of civilized society and early state。

　　The ancient bet365 refer a friend code Kingdom has regional royal power

If you expand your horizons，It will be found 5000 years later，In the Yellow River Basin and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River，There are at least three cultures that were at the same time as the bet365 refer a friend code culture in its heyday and stood on the threshold of civilized society，That is Dawenkou culture、Qujialing Culture and Yangshao Culture，These cultures also have ancient cities、Large tombs and “palace-like” houses。It’s just that these three cultures are not unified within themselves，Unlike bet365 refer a friend code culture, which has a single center，And the level of development of material culture is not as good as that of bet365 refer a friend code Culture。Of course，There are also differences in civilization models among the four cultures。For example, the Yangshao culture and Dawenkou culture in the Yellow River Basin both pay attention to the secular world and ancestor worship，Emphasis on social order，But the difference between rich and poor in Dawenkou culture is even more obvious；The bet365 refer a friend code Culture and Qujialing Culture in the Yangtze River Basin have strong religious colors，Obvious differentiation between rich and poor，But the social order of bet365 refer a friend code Culture is much stricter than that of Qujialing Culture。Different civilization models will also affect our judgment of the level of civilization。

Although Dawenkou Culture、The Qujialing Culture and Yangshao Culture are slightly less civilized than the bet365 refer a friend code Culture，But its strength is comparable to that of bet365 refer a friend code Culture，The extent of their mutual exchanges and external influence is even more unparalleled than that of bet365 refer a friend code Culture。For example, the respect of Dawenkou culture、Cup and other factors can reach as far west as the Guanzhong area，The oblique belly cup and other factors of the Qujialing Culture can be spread northward to the southern Shanxi region，The blue patterns and other elements of the Yangshao culture reach as far east as Haidai、Arriving south to Jianghan。Even the decline of the bet365 refer a friend code civilization may have something to do with the southward movement of the Lutai culture after 4300 years ago。Comparatively speaking，The wealthy and confident bet365 refer a friend code culture seems to be quite "introverted"，The rulers of bet365 refer a friend code Ancient City mainly ruled within the scope of bet365 refer a friend code Culture，With the Yellow River Basin、The cultures in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are in conflict with each other、The situation of fighting against each other，And communication with each other is limited。If compared with other early civilizations，The city-states of Sumerian civilization had a narrow jurisdiction，Regarded as "city-states" with small royal powers；Egypt’s early dynasty has already faced off、Rule over a vast area of ​​Lower Egypt；The early Erlitou state (late Xia Dynasty) ruled most of the pluralistic and unified early China。Both the Early Dynasty of Egypt and the Early Erlitou State were considered to be "extensive states" or "wide-area royal states" with great royal power。The ancient bet365 refer a friend code Kingdom ruled a larger area than the Sumerian city-states，But it is much smaller than Egypt and the early Erlitou countries，Call it a “regional royal state”，Perhaps more appropriate。

Su Bingqi once proposed the "ancient country of the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization.、Fang Guo、The plan for the three major stages of "Empire"，Yan Wenming and Wang Zhenzhong revised it to "ancient country、Kingdom、Empire” and “State、Kingdom、Three major stages of empire。From the perspective of the early Chinese cultural circle as a whole，The early bet365 refer a friend code state was a "regional royal state"，Only equivalent to the first "ancient country" or "state" stage，It was only after the Erlitou Culture that it entered the "kingdom" stage of "everything in the world is the land of kings"。

　　“Early China” gave birth to bet365 refer a friend code Civilization

China’s geographical environment is relatively independent，Making early Chinese bet365 refer a friend code indigenous、Uniformity Characteristics，Guaranteed the opportunity for long-term stable and continuous development。Chinese bet365 refer a friend code has certain characteristics since the Paleolithic Age，As of the Peiligan era, about 8,000 years ago, the "early Chinese cultural circle" has already sprouted，Becoming stable and restrained、Traits such as ancestor worship。The Miaodigou era about 6,000 years ago，Under the substantial expansion and strong influence of the Miaodigou type of Yangshao bet365 refer a friend code，The cultural unity of most regions in China, including Jiangsu and Zhejiang, has been unprecedentedly enhanced，Formally formed the pluralistic and integrated "early Chinese cultural circle" or cultural "early China" with the Central Plains as the core，At the same time, the earliest steps towards the origin of early Chinese civilization were taken in the Central Plains，The subsequent influence drove most of China into a period of general civilization。

For example, 6000 years ago，Southern Shanxi, the hinterland of the Central Plains、Miaodigou type of Yangshao bet365 refer a friend code in western Henan and eastern Guanzhong，Large-scale houses of 200-500 square meters appear，And large-scale settlements with millions of square meters，This is where social complexity begins；The Yellow River later、The dawn of civilization is emerging everywhere in the Yangtze River Basin，For example, the "palace" style house with an area of ​​more than 400 square meters in Dadiwan, Qin'an, Gansu around 5300 years ago、An elegant tomb with an area of ​​nearly 20 square meters on the west slope of Lingbao, Henan、The magnificent "temple" in Niuheliang, Lingyuan, Liaoning、Altar、Mound” sacrificial remains，And the Jiao family in Zhangqiu, Shandong、The luxurious jade tombs in Lingjiatan, Hanshan, Anhui and Dongshan Village, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, etc.，Show Yangshao bet365 refer a friend code、Hongshan bet365 refer a friend code、Dawenkou bet365 refer a friend code、Songze bet365 refer a friend code and others have already stood on the edge of civilized society。

　　Also around 5300 years ago，Songze culture transformed into bet365 refer a friend code culture，Later a large number of people immigrated to bet365 refer a friend code area。Although the climate was dry and cold about 5000 years ago，The groundwater level in bet365 refer a friend code area has dropped，Having initially met the conditions for habitation，But in such a low-lying plain area，“Water control” may still be the top priority。The influx of a large population also needs to solve the problem of food，Stimulated the rapid development of irrigated rice agriculture。Large-scale civil water conservancy projects and irrigated rice agriculture，Making bet365 refer a friend code’s social productivity level rapidly improved，It also greatly improved the organizational and mobilization capabilities of bet365 refer a friend code society and the power of aristocratic leaders，Thus gave birth to the splendid bet365 refer a friend code Civilization，This is similar to the reason for the formation of Sumerian civilization。In the final analysis，bet365 refer a friend code civilization is only the result of the continuous civilization process in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River since the Miaodigou era，The start of this civilization process is also related to the promotion from the Central Plains，And interact with surrounding areas。Therefore，bet365 refer a friend code Civilization was formed in the context of the cultural integration and interaction of various regions in China in the early days of pluralism，Is an important part of early Chinese civilization。

　　bet365 refer a friend code Civilization Influenced "Early China"

The main influence of southward expansion during the bet365 refer a friend code Civilization period，Haochuan Culture in Southern Zhejiang、Shixia Culture in northern Guangdong, etc.，They are all deeply imprinted with the bet365 refer a friend code civilization。There is a strong Dawenkou culture in the north of bet365 refer a friend code，Discovery of the tombs of martyrs in Huating, Xinyi, Jiangsu，Indicates that the bet365 refer a friend code people once expanded northward here，And there was a war with the Dawenkou people，But this is also the farthest point where the bet365 refer a friend code Culture expanded northward。The west-northwest direction is the territory of Qujialing Culture and Yangshao Culture，bet365 refer a friend code culture is unable to get involved。Anyway，The impact of the bet365 refer a friend code Civilization in its prosperous period on the Yellow River Basin and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, which were the main body of the early Chinese cultural circle, was still very limited。

The bet365 refer a friend code Civilization really had a great impact on the Yellow River Basin，After it enters the late stage。About 4500 years ago，Taosi culture appeared in Linfen Basin in southern Shanxi，Qi Cong、Bi、yue、V-shaped kitchen knife and other jade、Stone tools，They are all obviously bet365 refer a friend code cultural factors。Taosi’s ancient city of nearly 3 million square meters，There has never been such a large-scale city in the Central Plains before，Perhaps it is also a product inspired by the concept of bet365 refer a friend code city building。The Qingliang Temple Cemetery in Ruicheng, Shanxi was also deeply influenced by bet365 refer a friend code、Exquisite jade from Lushanmao site in Yan'an, Shaanxi Province and other places、The large number of stone tools。The far-reaching influence of bet365 refer a friend code Civilization，It should not only be expressed on the material level。The emergence of bet365 refer a friend code style jade，The people in the Yellow River Basin finally found an excellent high-level social identity marker；At the same time that the bet365 refer a friend code-style city appeared，The political management model of the bet365 refer a friend code Civilization may also penetrate into the Central Plains and northern regions。It can be seen that bet365 refer a friend code promoted the civilization process of the Longshan Period in the Central Plains and the North。

What’s more important is，Based on Taosi culture，cong、The north direction of jade artifacts such as Bi influenced the type of stone mounds in Laohushan Culture，Westward affecting Gansu、Qinghai、Qijia Culture in Ningxia Region，Adds a lot of warmth to these rough north-northwestern cultures。bet365 refer a friend code Jade Ware to the neighboring Dawenkou Culture、Of course Longshan culture will have a more obvious influence，Zhilongshan culture has formed its own unique jade style，And profoundly influenced the emergence of Xiaojia roof culture jade in the Jianghan Plain area in the late Longshan period。The jade tradition of bet365 refer a friend code Culture，Also through Taosi culture、Longshan Culture、Xiaojia Rooftop Culture、Shimao type, etc.，Inherited to the later Erlitou Culture (Late Xia Culture)，Zhizhi Shang、Zhou Wenhua。

Although bet365 refer a friend code Culture is not Xia、Businessman、The direct predecessor of the Three Dynasty culture，The bet365 refer a friend code civilization also declined on the eve of the establishment of the Xia Dynasty，But the bet365 refer a friend code civilization itself is an important part of the pluralistic and unified early Chinese civilization，His great contribution to the formation and development of early Chinese civilization，Always worth remembering。

(The author is a professor bet365 refer a friend code Department of Archeology and Museology, School of History, Renmin University of China、Director bet365 refer a friend code Chinese Archaeological Society)