The Maritime Silk Road officially opened in the 8th century，Arab is a pioneer。Before them，Greece、The Romans once sailed along the north of the Arabian Sea to West India。From a few centuries BC，The Indians came east to Claid Gorge in Thailand and Malaysia，Many small countries have been established there。China was in the Song and Liang period of the Southern Dynasties，Some small nations in Claridia and Funan (now Cambodia、Thai、Old、The more parts of the parts), there is contact，Chinese merchant ships and pyrine ships sail to Pulo Serai to supplement freshwater and firewood。("Liang Shu" Volume 54 "Panpan Biography"; G.M.Khan, History of Kedan,Third Edition Printed by Penang Press, P.18) In the maritime trade that lasts hundreds of years in the future，Immigration、Religious communication、Trade intertwined together，Created the prosperity of the Silk Road on the sea。The meaning of "civilization" is summarized by philosophy，Very abstract significance。but，"Civilization" is just like the sea color cloud at sea，flowing in the vast and boundless sky。Development and prosperity of the Silk Road at sea，Reflected human contact、communication naturally fusion、Learn、Sublimation、identity。

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Immigration contact and religious communication are important aspects of civilization exchanges。China's understanding of Indian civilization，Except for land (Indian monks、Shang Jia Laihua and Chinese monks to get the scriptures)，As far as the Silk Road on the sea，It is mainly felt through the contact of the people in Indian immigrants with the people in Indian immigrants in Southeast Asia。such as "Liang Shu" Volume 54 "Zhongtian Zhu Guo" records: Three Kingdoms，Wu Guo envoy Kangtai's envoy Funan，"See Chen Song and others to ask Tianzhu local customs"，Only know that it is the country of "Buddhism"，and Indian palace "Carving Carsh"，"Music Clothing Xianghua"。"Tao" here should refer to Brahminism。

understanding of Buddhism，Yijing returning from the Tang Dynasty，Analysis in his "Biography of the South China Sea"。His "from the perspective of bet365 best casino games the law" will "jointly use and obey the same precepts"，"Hold a monk in accordance with the provisions of this precepts、Religious Activities such as the Precepts "Monk Group is called the Ministry School。(Yi Jing: "The Biography of the South China Sea" (Note of Wang Bangwei School)，China Book Company 1995) The four factions he calls，Refers to the public、upper seat、Say everything there is、Four parts of positive quantity。Yijing records the popular Buddhism of Southeast Asia and China，Say "East -Treasures，Miscellaneous Four "，"Both seats，and the public reprimanded "。"Ran there are more than ten countries in Zhuzhou, South China Sea，Pure Wei has a department at all，Qin Qin，Recently，Shao and Yu two。Senaixian follows the Dharma，Only Mo Luyou，Only Mo Luyou，Less Mahayana。"" Guanzhong，Jiangnan Ridge Table。Jiangnan Ridge Table，There is a ministry first。"" Yijing passed by Shi Lifo (now giant port in Indonesia) to learn Sanskrit，He introduced: "Under the corridor of the Buddha，More than a thousand monks。Learning is pregnant，Multi -line bowl。"" Here, for a year or two，Is a good choice。

The record of Yijing shows that the respect of the monks in the Tang Dynasty and the praise of the Popular Dharma of the Popular Dharma of the Dharma of the Dharma。Indian monks and Chinese monks to contact at sea，The impact of cultural exchanges caused by it is multi -faceted，Such as Tang and Song poems benefit from the translation of the Buddhist scriptures。Xie Lingyun of Liu Song in the Southern Dynasty，Participated in the translation of the Big Nirvana Sutra。He inspired by the comparison of Chinese and foreign language when he was translated by the Buddhist scriptures，Written the book "Fourteen Sound Training"，formed the "anti -cut" theory in Chinese，It has an influence on the development of Chinese。"Anti -Cut" and Chinese "Four Sounds" and "Ping Ping"，Provided vocal theory for the creation of later generations of rhythmic poetry，Open the road of the development of Tang poetry。

"The Story of Malaya" records，When the first Tamil seafarers arrive，Following the royal family member、Warrior、Missionary、Urgent，They have from India because of the influence of the war。So from Myanmar to Java、Borneo、Siam、Indian branch，Both have become the colonies and towns of the stars of India。Some of them develop into the kingdom of the Indian Bet365 app download Pope，Cities and temples with walls。"Most residents east of India were quickly ruled because of trade。Their trade and governance and beliefs、The customs are constantly expanding。"(w. s. morgan, The Story of Malaya, Third Edition, Malaya Publishing House Limited, 1948, P.14) means，In the process of immigrants from India，Colonial governance and religious communication is simultaneously advanced。

As a small country of the Claridia Gorge in the border of Tamar, the small country of the Claridia gorge was affected by Indian culture at the beginning。"Ji Diam History" also records，Archaeological Discovery provides provides from 6th century BC to 13th century AD，India's Hinduism continues to affect it with sufficient evidence，As an elephant unearthed from the 5th century, the elephant unearthed from the red pottery residue of the Hindu goddess。9-12 centuries，Red Clampous Earth Elephant Head God Rains，Hindu Temple with bricks with a porch。(g.m.khan, History of Kedan, Third Edition Printed by PENANG PRESS Co., 25 China Street，ghaut，Penang, p4.）

Brahmanism is the religion of ancient India，Big Buddhism、Hindu is still ancient。In Buddhism、After Hindu is generated，Brahminism is still popular，Many of its ideas directly affect Buddhism。Chinese History Books "Brahmin"，refers to both Brahman and Hindu，refers to both religion and race (Indians)。"Sui Shu" Volume 82 "Red Earth Biography" Cloud: "Vulgar respects Buddha，Judong Brahman。"Although the understanding of Indian religious civilization at that time was not very accurate，But it is already based。This is the phenomenon of the more vague stage of religious belief during the civilized exchange process，Insufficient is strange。

　　Islam spread to Southeast Asia

Except Buddhism、Brahminism、In addition to Hinduism，The most important thing is the spread of Islam。Early 13th century，Islam is introduced into India，Established the Sultan State of Delhi。After the ruler of Islam, Northern India，The rise of the Empire of the Victoria Empire of the 14th Century South India，The cultural orientation of the Victorner Empire indicates that Islam and Hindu beliefs and interests are compatible with interests。King Vichagar and the people of the people believe in India，but not opposed、hostile to other religious beliefs and culture，If hired Muslims Bet365 app download to serve in the army。(Catherine B. Asher and Cynitthia Talbot, India Before EUROPE, Cambridge University Press, 2012, P.70) 14th century，Islamic Meridian routes，By spread smoothly and gradually expand to Southeast Asia。Hungarian oriental scholar Ignaz Goldziher (Ignaz Goldziher) believes，The "mysterious thought" of Buddhism has an impact on Islam。

Sumatra's Pakistan is the earliest Islamic country in Southeast Asia，and then Yazi、Ma Liujia、Java and other places。The interesting thing is，When Zheng He went to the west，Already Chinese converted to Islam，such as Java，"Three state -owned people: first -class return person，All Xifan each is a business flowing here，Food and clothing is exquisite; first -class Tang people，All Guangdong、Zhang、Quan and others live here，Daily Meijie，Most of the converted to the Memorraphytanuskeeper。"Chinese convert to Islam，It will inevitably bring changes to the meaning of the belief of Islam。Islam passed to Southeast Asia at the time，More believers in Sophie，They worship the orthodox belief of Islam。When they spread to Southeast Asia，After the Mongolian West Expedition has destroyed the Arabia Harry to send a regime，Muslims can no longer rely on military and political forces to conquer Chinese mission，So the Sophieists adopt a way to spread peace。In this context，Chinese who are deeply influenced by traditional Confucianism may convert to Islam。But after conversion，It can only be taken from each need，This brings the fusion of cross -border religious beliefs、Learn、Sublimation and recognition。Some scholars think，Islam in Southeast Asia，Especially the spread of Indonesia and Malaysia，There is a close contact with Zheng He's sailing。

　　Other beliefs penetrate and compatible with each other

Immigration、Times of religious communication，Other folk beliefs are also colliding、Communication，Mutual penetration and compatibility，This is also a side of civilized communication。Rela Mukji's "The Pioneer of Globalization -From ancient times to modern port cities" wrote:，There are also places where immigrants live and be forced to flow，Transformed into science because of its opening up、Knowledge、Language、Customs、Place of religious and folk beliefs。"Very similar goddess worship，Protect the navigation people，Mazu of China，Matham; Bet365 lotto review Lara Kidu，Vailankanni，Khwaja Khizr in Persia and Bangladesh，Darya All Udara，There are also famous Sagar Dev and Saurashtra、Pir Jind and Kutch，Gujarat) "(Rila Mukherjee, VANGUARDS of Globalization, Port-Cities from the Classical to the Modern, Primus Books,2014, p26.) Establish a complex belief system。In the port city，Each community、Harmonious coexistence between humans，They have a common wish，Pray that the gods bless the security and trade at sea、Harvest harvest。

The impact of immigration and religious communication on civilized exchanges often has the merit of "a thousand wishes"，Humans are in contact，Ocean that integrates civilized communication。

　　Maritime trade promotes civilization exchange

Trade brings the exchange of material civilization，Maritime trade has a greater impact on civilization exchanges，There are endless cases。For example，Guangzhou Port in the Tang Dynasty、Song and Yuan Quanzhou Port, etc.。Tang Wangjian's "Send Zheng Quan Shang Shu South China Sea" poem cloud: "Seven counties and Shuang Jinggui，People do not remember。Dolochor Shop，Passing the ivory cciege。Set the smoked furnace，Barbone Curse Festival。City Hao Mountain Thief Broken，Golden Boat Ship Come。WhiteHome Weaving，Planting red bananas everywhere。I will report to the country，Mo Qiwang Township Taiwan。"(" Quan Tang Poetry "Volume 299) Dolochor admission，ivory is a raw material for crafts。Textile White(cotton) indicates that there is already a cotton weaving industry in Guangzhou in the middle and late Tang Dynasty.

Quanzhou is the cotton and weaving center of China during the Southern Song Dynasty。The Southern Song Dynasty Lin Yueyun: "Jade Wheel Bamboo Bow Bolly Bodon，Lime 荛 leaves to get betel nut。Spring Nanfeng is not evil，Only owe Longjin Rice fragrance。"Quanzhou is one of the three cities in the Southern Song Dynasty，close trade relations with overseas countries。In the Song Dynasty, Cao Xun had a memorial: At that time, the value of imported goods in Quanzhou at that time was more than three or five million。Among them, ramie and Jibei (cotton、cotton) is a community。This shows the development of the cotton weaving industry in the Southern Song Dynasty。Hainan Island and Quanzhou should be the relay station of Indian cotton -weaving civilization east。Robin Maxwell believes: "The entire Asia，Textiles are the most infectious bet365 best casino games and charm art forms，This is especially true in Southeast Asia。The importance of its spiritual and ritual regulations is manifested in the use of textiles in the country and in large mystery、The display of the magnificent religious etiquette。"(Robyn Maxwell, Textilies of Southeast Asia, Tradition, Trade and Transformation, Published by Periplus Editions (UK) LTD, Print in Singapore，p9）

The cotton weaving industry in Southeast Asia is from India，Chinese cotton、Cotton cloth earlier also from India，But China's cotton weaving industry is based on its own long history of silk weaving。The so -called sea roads at sea，In fact, it is just a symbol of the scholars，It can also be said to be a cotton road at sea、Sea Porcelain Road and other symbols。People remember the deeds that Yodao brought cotton textiles from Hainan Island to Wudi, Songjiang Prefecture，According to my research，The background of the development of cotton textile technology in Hainan Island is the development of the cotton textile industry in Southeast Asia's Indianization national cotton textile industry。India、cotton in Southeast Asian Indian countries、Cotton，It has been introduced to Hainan and other places since the Tang Dynasty。

Huang Dao Po returns to Songjiang Mansion from Quanzhou。Fang Dazhen of the Southern Song Dynasty said: Quanzhou can weave cotton cloth，Guangzhou lacks cotton weaving，So the South Ship will come to Quanzhou。In addition, Quanzhou is a city carrier residence，Terminal routes to Hainan Island and South China Sea countries，So Huang Dao Po returns to Songjiang Mansion from Quanzhou。Then the Yoda Po "teaches to make a bomb textile，As for the wrong yarn color，Clue Line，Each of the Dharma "records，Hainan does not "fighter textiles"，The physical object exhibited by the Hainan Museum，Non -things at the time，and Zhang、Spring has similar textile machines。(Zheng Xue Meng: "Quanzhou: Reinning Station of the Communication of Silk Road Cotton and Weaving Civilization at Sea"，"Culture and History Knowledge" 2019 No. 4) So，Quanzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty is one of the relay stations that Indian cotton and weaving civilizations were introduced into China。Cotton -weaving civilization is introduced into China，It is an epoch -making event for the changes in the supply of ancient Chinese clothing，It is a major event for bet365 Play online games the spread of material civilization on the sea of ​​the sea。

Civilized exchanges on the Maritime Silk Road are not smooth sailing。From the beginning，It is due to colonial rights、Cultural differences、Equipment allocation、Race barrier and other factors and collision，Even war。These collisions will be ideological、Governance、Law、Customs and habits and other aspects are manifested。but，It is precisely only the torrent of civilized communication can be cleaned、Clear the calamity caused by this type of collision。In other words，Only in the fusion of civilized communication，can gradually eliminate contradictions and conflicts between civilizations。

(The author is a professor at the Department of History at the School of Humanities of Xiamen University，Former executive vice president of Xiamen University、President of the Chinese Tang History Society、Deputy Director of History Teaching Guidance Committee of the Ministry of Education、Honorary President of the Chinese Economic History Society、Member of the National College Ancient Books Organization Committee、Vice Chairman of the Federation of Social Sciences in Fujian Province)