Early 20th century，bet365 refer a friend code was born in the United States as an emerging research field。Today，It has become transhistorical、Economics、Important research areas in management and other disciplines。A century ago，The paradigm of bet365 refer a friend code research has undergone several major changes。Understand these shifts，For our understanding of the purpose of bet365 refer a friend code research、Methods and properties are of great significance。

　　Promote the academicization of bet365 refer a friend code research

As early as the 19th century，The corporate history works of some European scholars already have certain characteristics of bet365 refer a friend code。But，Scholars generally believe，The term "bet365 refer a friend code" was first coined in 1926 by Wallace Donham, dean of Harvard Business School。Same year，Harvard Business School publishes the first academic journal on bet365 refer a friend code, "The Bulletin of the bet365 refer a friend code Association"，Renamed "bet365 refer a friend code Review" in 1954，Still one of the most important academic journals in the field of bet365 refer a friend code。1927，Harvard Business School hires Norman Glass as first bet365 refer a friend code professor，And authorized him to establish the Harvard bet365 refer a friend code Research Center。1931，Harvard University Press begins publishing the "Harvard bet365 refer a friend code Series"，It continues to this day。Objectively speaking，Harvard Business School is the most important academic institution promoting the development of early American bet365 refer a friend code。

The rise of bet365 refer a friend code in the United States，Related to the special context of the times。Since the late 19th century，The wave of industrialization sweeping the United States，A number of giant monopolistic companies were born。Many “progressives” think，Big companies are trying to control the social economy in all aspects，Destroying America’s liberal tradition。This is how the research boom in corporate history arose，The purpose is to expose scandals in large companies。After the onset of the Great Depression，This kind of whistle-blowing bet365 refer a friend code research trend is becoming more and more prosperous。

Harvard scholars headed by Norman Glass are committed to eliminating the ideological color in corporate history research，And initially determined the paradigm of bet365 refer a friend code research。First，The study of bet365 refer a friend code focuses on how companies actually operate，The shady story behind the company’s “history of fortune”。Secondly，The path of bet365 refer a friend code research is to start from upper-level managers，Describe the evolution of individual companies。Again，bet365 refer a friend code research should follow the general norms of history，Pay attention to the collection and preservation of information，At the same time, long-term analysis is required。Finally，The research object of bet365 refer a friend code is not limited to large monopoly companies，It should also include a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises。Glass et al. focused on a group of small New England manufacturing companies with a long history of success，Examined the entrepreneurship of these companies、Market Development、New product development、Issues such as the intergenerational transfer of business managers and operators。

1940s and 1950s，With Arthur H. Harvard scholars represented by Cole draw inspiration from social sciences，Using entrepreneurship as the ideological basis for bet365 refer a friend code research，Further promotes the academicization of bet365 refer a friend code research。At that time，They have been dubbed the "Harvard School"。

"The research paradigm of the "Harvard School"，Has largely contributed to the development of bet365 refer a friend code as a profession、The research field of de-ideology。But，The research topic of this paradigm is too vague，Difficult to arouse widespread interest。And，Compared with muckraking bet365 refer a friend code，This paradigm gives people a sense of being divorced from real politics。In the next few years，bet365 refer a friend code gradually becomes an appendage of theoretical economics。

　　Chandler starts a bet365 refer a friend code revolution

After World War II，The United States has entered a period of rapid economic development，The relationship between different classes and interest groups is relatively relaxed。Therefore，People are beginning to view large companies in a more positive light，See them as contributors to wealth and social progress。At the same time，The rapid rise of social sciences，Having an impact on the entire field of humanities and social sciences，Inspiring the sociological turn in bet365 refer a friend code research。Alfred Chandler conforms to this social and academic context，Determined the research paradigm of modern American bet365 refer a friend code。

First，Chandler revised bet365 refer a friend code research topic。Since the 1950s and 1960s，The research topics of American bet365 refer a friend code are increasingly narrowed。On the one hand，The old moral question “Are entrepreneurs and big companies robbers or heroes?”，Still the subject of many bet365 refer a friend code books；On the other hand，Entrepreneurial biographies and research on individual companies are in vogue，Corporate history has almost become synonymous with bet365 refer a friend code。Chandler prescribed a good remedy for these two major drawbacks。First，The subject of bet365 refer a friend code is not the moral judgment of entrepreneurs and companies，But tell the history of entrepreneurs and companies truthfully。Second，bet365 refer a friend code should place entrepreneurs and companies in a more complex historical context，Discover the relationship between business changes and historical changes。

Secondly，Chandler expands the content of bet365 refer a friend code research，Incorporating management into the research perspective of bet365 refer a friend code。1962，He published "Strategy and Structure: Chapters on the Growth of American Business Enterprises"，For the first time, management is the focus of bet365 refer a friend code research。He thinks，The management structure of an enterprise must change to follow the strategy，When enterprises adopt expansionary investment strategies，The bigger the goal, the bigger the goal，The greater the need to develop management structures that can coordinate input flows and output distribution。

On this basis，Chandler started the "management revolution" in the study of American bet365 refer a friend code，The investigation of business managers and organizational systems has become the core of bet365 refer a friend code research。Since Adam Smith，It is generally believed，The market’s self-regulation and distribution mechanism is an “invisible hand”，Can coordinate the allocation of economic resources with the highest efficiency。Chandler challenges this notion。He thinks，Since the late 19th century，American companies have undergone fundamental changes in their organizational structure and management methods。First，Professional management has emerged in many companies，They become the core and soul of the enterprise。Secondly，Fewer functions、A single traditional small business，Gradually replaced by large multi-units、Replaced by a multifunctional modern industrial and commercial enterprise。These two major changes，Enables enterprises to supply raw materials internally、Production、Control of the overall process of distribution and final consumption。Compared to the market，This "visible hand" is more efficient、Lower cost。This view shakes the foundation of mainstream economics，Making people aware for the first time，The process of market adjustment does not happen automatically，Market structure is not a determinant of economic performance either，It is the result of management decisions and the institutional framework that affects business organizations shaping the market。

Late 20th century，Almost all works of American bet365 refer a friend code bear the distinct imprint of Chandler，Some scholars directly refer to the research method of American bet365 refer a friend code as the "Chandler Paradigm"。His research also has great influence on Britain、Business historians from Germany and Japan have had an important influence，So much so that there is a “management turn” in bet365 refer a friend code research on an international scale。

　　Try to surpass bet365 refer a friend code

Since the end of the 20th century，Scholars continue to point out problems with Chandler’s model。For example，Ignore the personality of managers；Almost completely ignore the employees at the bottom of the company；Has obvious "de-politicization" characteristics；Ignore examination of government and public policy。On the basis of making up for these shortcomings，Scholars try to surpass Chandler，Constructing a new bet365 refer a friend code research paradigm。

First，Traditional corporate bet365 refer a friend code research on the bet365 refer a friend code of individual companies is experiencing a revival。Many researchers believe，Chandler paradigm places too much emphasis on activity patterns within and between enterprises，Unable to show the uniqueness of the company。Therefore，They re-study the bet365 refer a friend code of individual companies。These studies tend to focus on the behavior of upper management、The development of the company’s special products and services and important external events。

Second，Attention to small and medium-sized enterprises continues to increase。Always，Most bet365 refer a friend code researchers focus on large corporations，In recent years，Many scholars pointed out，A large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially family businesses，Have lasting vitality，Created huge value，Worth attention。Currently，The most popular topic is examining how small businesses adapt to the country and large corporations。

　Third，Research on multinational corporations is in the ascendant。This trend has been around since the 1970s。Before this，Scholars focus on the transnational flow of capital。Afterwards，Scholars’ research horizons have expanded from overseas investment to broader fields。For example，Scientific management concept in the United States、Transmission between Japan and European countries；International differences in higher bet365 refer a friend code education；The influence of corporate culture of large companies on a transnational scale；The impact of different cultures on multinational companies, etc.。

　Fourth，The relationship between government and business activities is one of the popular research fields in the United States。Among them，The fusion of bet365 refer a friend code and public policy history，Considered to be the most promising research direction。The latest research thinks，Business decisions are deeply influenced by public policy；In some specific historical stages，The relationship between business decisions and public policy is often complex and ever-changing。

　Fifth，bet365 refer a friend code begins to participate in the latest historical research trends。Women’s History、Transnational History、Emotional history and other emerging historical trends，All have attracted the attention of business historians。Sven Beckett, a leading scholar of the history of new capitalism, was invited by Harvard Business School，Lead students to study the history of business and capitalism。

Overall，American bet365 refer a friend code research is entering an increasingly diversified stage、The era of increasingly blurred borders。Large companies and small and medium-sized enterprises are both important research objects，Technological innovation and management change are both research priorities，Bottom-up and top-down perspectives go hand in hand，Political factors and business practices no longer divide us。But，In these areas，There has not been a scholar like Chandler who can define the research field。Although some scholars are trying to construct a new bet365 refer a friend code research paradigm，But whether it can succeed，It’s still far from known。

　(Author’s unit: School of bet365 refer a friend code Administration, Hubei University of Economics)