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The Chinese imperial app bet365 download system is the product of the development of the imperial system and the centralized system to an advanced stage，It selects talents through examinations，Thus, the influence of blood and nepotism is completely eliminated in the system and basically eliminated in practice，This has become the most objective and fair talent selection system in ancient China，Became a powerful tool for all dynasties and generations after the Tang Dynasty to unite society and consolidate rule。In modern times, countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States learned from China’s imperial app bet365 download system and established their own civil service app bet365 download systems，Therefore, the imperial app bet365 download is also known as the "fifth greatest invention" China has contributed to the world。The reason why the imperial app bet365 download can achieve the above results and influence，It is inseparable from the continuous reforms in the past dynasties，The main content revolves around the following points。

　　Continuously carry out reforms to improve the quality of talent app bet365 download.There are three main performance points: first，The integration of imperial app bet365 download selection and school education is getting closer，For example, a considerable number of candidates for regular subjects in the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty were "students" from central and local official schools；During the Qingli period of the Northern Song Dynasty, all candidates were required to have a certain "listening and reading days" in school；The imperial app bet365 download candidates in the Ming Dynasty were almost entirely from Confucian students and Imperial College students；Late Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty，The imperial app bet365 download and the school are completely integrated，Performed as "the imperial app bet365 download must be conducted by school"，Enrollment becomes a prerequisite for applying for the imperial app bet365 download。This is of great significance to improving the cultural literacy of candidates。

Second，Gradually reduce the frequency and subjects of imperial examinations，Increase its level。In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial app bet365 download was taken every year，Since the Song Yingzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, the exam was scheduled to be held every three years；Thus carefully preparing candidates for the exam、Improving cultural literacy provides time guarantee。The selection of scholars in the Tang Dynasty was divided into two categories: "regular subjects" and "system subjects"，The former has Ming Sutra、Jinshi、Xiucai、Mingshu、Mingfa、Mingsuan and other subjects，The latter has more than 80 subjects；After Song Xining, all subjects were discontinued，In the end, only one subject will be selected for Jinshi。The imperial app bet365 download in the Tang Dynasty was divided into "Guan Xue"、Two levels of "Rural Tribute app bet365 download" and "Provincial app bet365 download"；The Song Dynasty was divided into three levels: "Fajie app bet365 download", "Provincial app bet365 download" and "Palace app bet365 download"。The second year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty，In addition to the palace app bet365 download, Cong Er was added、The "Guan Selection" to select Shujishi from the top three Jinshi，In the Zhengtong period, the "scientific app bet365 download" for selecting rural app bet365 download candidates was added；Thus forming the "scientific app bet365 download"、Provincial app bet365 download、Interview、"Five-level app bet365 download system" including palace app bet365 download and "hall selection"。The above changes will have a promoting effect on improving the quality of talent cultivation and selection。

　Third，To improve the quality of talents，The imperial app bet365 download in the Ming Dynasty also created a system of internship and training for selected talents before taking office，The former is the "Jinshi Observation of Government" system，The latter is the "Shujishi Teaching and Learning" system，All inherited by the Qing Dynasty。

　　Continuously improve the imperial app bet365 download、Objective fairness in marking and admission。Preventing and punishing cheating is the prerequisite for ensuring objective fairness。For this，As early as the Tang Dynasty，There is an entrance inspection system for candidates and a "locked courtyard" system for examiners；There are also measures to conduct separate examinations for candidates who are related to the examiner，The twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan，The Minister of Rites moved to take the exam due to his relative’s death，Called ‘different head’”。Song Dynasty，Admission inspection、The examiner’s “Lock-up” and “app bet365 download” are both customized，It is also strictly prohibited to conduct “exercise papers” and “public recommendations”，To eliminate the interference of powerful ministers in the imperial app bet365 download；To prevent examiners and candidates from colluding in cheating on the test paper，Also established the sealing of test papers、Transcription and reading system。The Yuan Dynasty further increased the intensity of invigilation of candidates，Each candidate is assigned a sergeant to conduct "one-to-one" proctoring；To prevent cheating in transcription and clarify responsibilities，It also stipulates that “when transcribing test papers, the text should be moved in parallel，All written in Zhu”。The Ming Dynasty established the Examiner、The collective oath system of deacons after "locking the courtyard"，Make full use of people’s fear of heaven and God to promote their state of “obeying commandments but being cautious”；The "Eight-legged Essay" was also created as a unified style for the first app bet365 download，Provides conditions for improving the fairness of marking；During the Wanli period, a collective inspection and review system for examiners was also established、Return test papers to candidates who failed the provincial app bet365 download、Advise on the system of sending the app bet365 download papers with red ink to the Ministry of Rites for review and re-app bet365 download for candidates suspected of cheating。

Also，To achieve regional fairness in the imperial app bet365 download，The Song Dynasty had already implemented the "Fajie app bet365 download" system of admission based on quotas；The reason for the Yuan Dynasty；In the Ming Dynasty, while implementing quota admissions for provincial examinations，Established the Huixi Fennan、North、Proportional admission system for mid-term papers；In the Qing Dynasty, the app bet365 download was changed to direct admission to each province according to the quota。In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the intensity of punishing cheating in imperial examinations also continued to increase，If cheating on candidates，Prisoned with "shackles" during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty，After Wanli, it was designated as "three months of heavy yoke，Consigned troops to extremely smoky areas"；The Qing Dynasty punished cheating examiners and candidates，The lighter ones are exiled，In serious cases, behead，Unprecedented severity。

　　Continuously expand the openness of the imperial app bet365 download，Promotes positive social mobility。For example, the imperial app bet365 download in the Tang Dynasty，“Every midwinter，State、County、Pavillion、Those who supervise their success，Send to Shangshu Province；The election is not up to the library scholars，Called rural tribute，All of them are listed in the state and county with ultimatums”。That is to say, in theory，In the Tang Dynasty, in addition to "officials" and "people of industry and commerce"，Fan Xiang Gong Ju Ren Guan、Supervisor，As long as your character is good and you are not in mourning，All are qualified to apply for the imperial app bet365 download。For example, Prime Minister Yuan Zai during the Tang Dynasty period，The family is humble，And "Shao Gu"，Long-term and eager to learn，Work-related documents，Tianbaochu，Issuing an edict to promote the four scholars of Mingzhuang Lao Levin，Zai Ce enters Gaodi”。Wang Bo, Prime Minister of the late Tang Dynasty、Niu Sengru、Linghu Chu、Bai Minzhong also came from the common people and passed the imperial app bet365 download。In the Song Dynasty, the restriction prohibiting "people of industry and commerce" from taking the imperial app bet365 download was lifted，Give all good men the qualifications to take official academic and imperial examinations，It is more common for poor scholars to enter the upper echelons of the ruling class through the imperial app bet365 download，Therefore, there is "the court is the farmhouse man"，The widespread spread of "Mudeng Tianzi Tang"。

Nearly 80% of Jinshi scholars in the Ming Dynasty were born from non-Jinshi families，43.34% of Jinshi students were born in families where the last three generations were commoners，Many famous cabinet ministers，Ru Yang Rong、Jin Youzi、Yang Pu、Peng Shi、Li Dongyang、Liang Chu、Fei Hong、Zhang Juzheng、Zhang Siwei、Shen Shixing、Xu Guangqi and others all come from families where the last three generations are civilians。Although social mobility caused by the imperial examinations in the Qing Dynasty slowed down，However, Jinshis from common people still account for 37 of the total number of Jinshis.2%。Above description，The imperial app bet365 download indeed opened the door to political participation for people from all walks of life who were good citizens in ancient China，Not only selected a large number of ruling talents，And bring positive social mobility，Thus significantly improving the stability of society and the cohesion of the court。

　　Ensure that Confucianism is the main content of the app bet365 download.The "Ming Jing" subjects of the Tang Dynasty imperial examinations and the classics subjects of the imperial examinations mainly examined Confucian classics，Most other subjects tested also have Confucian content。The content of the imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty gradually changed to classics、Book meaning and theory、Concentration of policies，And by Sutra、Book meaning is the main thing，Each candidate can choose one of the Five Classics to take the exam，called "this classic"，To improve the depth of their mastery of "This Classic"。Improving the revision of Confucian classics and their implications、Qi、Treatment、The proportion of flat theory in the imperial app bet365 download，And through the app bet365 download "discussion" and "policy" to explore the candidates' understanding of the rise and fall of the past dynasties and the realistic strategies of governing the country，Obviously, it is more conducive to selecting talents who are practical and practical than just taking the poetry test。The Yuan Dynasty finally established the orthodox status of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in the imperial app bet365 download。Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty also ordered Confucian officials to collect the theories of Cheng and Zhu and the annotations of various schools，Compilation of "The Complete Collection of Five Classics and Four Books" and "The Complete Collection of Xingli"，Announced to the world，As the basis for imperial app bet365 download examiners to set questions and candidates to answer papers；Despite the rise of "Wang Xue" after Zhengde，Conflicts with "Zhu Xue's" explanation of the origin of Confucianism，But both sides still agree on the ethics and morals and governance ideas advocated by Confucianism。In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial app bet365 download was reorganized into one subject, Zhu Neo-Confucianism。

　　Continuously strengthen the app bet365 download power’s control over the app bet365 download examinations.In the Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Wu Zetian, there was an imperial app bet365 download personally presided over by the emperor - the "Palace app bet365 download"，But not regular。The Song Dynasty established the imperial app bet365 download system，Change "favor to Yousi" to "favor to the Lord"，There are still some eliminations at the end，He has not been deposed since the palace app bet365 download in the eighth year of Zhe Zong Yuanyou of the Song Dynasty，In addition, the "Quan Zhi Gong Ju" who presided over the provincial app bet365 download was also temporarily dispatched by the emperor。Two Capital Rural Examinations in the Ming Dynasty、The examiner of the joint app bet365 download and the examiner of the palace app bet365 download are all appointed by the emperor，To the thirteenth year of Wanli，The examiners of the thirteen provincial provincial examinations are also appointed by the emperor；Beijing Rural app bet365 download、All examinations have a "problem" system，To ensure that the emperor understands the test questions in a timely manner；The top three in the Imperial Palace app bet365 download，Only three volumes were submitted initially，In the Jiajing period, it was increased to twelve volumes，In the Chongzhen period, it increased to twenty-four or even forty volumes，And the emperor wants to interview in person。Anyway，The imperial power’s control over the imperial examinations continues to strengthen。

Text、Concurrent martial arts app bet365 download，But mainly in literary examinations。Martial arts app bet365 download began in the second year of Wu Zetian's Chang'an，Examined by the Ministry of War，Exam content includes horse shooting、Step shot、Flat shot、Carbine、Weight-bearing, etc.，Chinese-style people are awarded military attachés。Martial arts were abolished during the Five Dynasties period，Northern Song Dynasty Renzong set up again，It will not be abandoned until the Southern Song Dynasty。There was no martial arts competition for a long time in the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty，Martial arts exams in the Ming Dynasty originated in Tianshun、Chenghua period，Initially formed during the Hongzhi period，Established during the Zhengde period，Continuous development after Jiajing，There were still military examinations in the Qing Dynasty。Martial arts app bet365 download for the Tang Dynasty、Song、Ming、The Qing Dynasty selected many military talents，Like Guo Ziyi in Tang Dynasty，Xue Yi of Song Dynasty、He Guan，Qi Jiguang of Ming Dynasty、Yu Dayou，Hapanlong in Qing Dynasty、Gan Guobao, etc.。Although the martial arts examinations in the past dynasties were tied with the civil examinations，But none of them have reached the level of equal importance to Wenju，Reflects the ruler’s intention of “controlling military force with culture”。

　　Continuously improve the imperial app bet365 download system.Depending on test scores，Imperial app bet365 download honors also moved from being single in the Tang Dynasty to becoming multi-layered。Jinshi in the Song Dynasty were divided into five categories，First and third place in the Southern Song Dynasty，"The first champion and the first，Second and second place，The third place is the third best”；Jinshi in the Yuan Dynasty were divided into three categories，First, first and third are the same as those of the Southern Song Dynasty；In the Ming Dynasty, a top-down system was formed including the number one scholar、Second place、Tanhua、Shujishi、Second Class Jinshi、Top Three Scholars、There are seven levels of imperial examinations and supervising students、Nine-level merit system including two-level school merit for students and members，Not only are they produced by examinations，All supervisors and above are qualified to be appointed officials，The official rank roughly corresponds to the level of fame，Ru Zhuangyuan teaches compilation (from the sixth grade)，Second place、Compiled by Tan Huazhi (from the seventh grade)，Although students are not qualified to be awarded official posts，But enjoys the preferential treatment of "exempting his family from having to work as a corvee"。Therefore，Not only raises the formal fairness of official appointment to an unprecedented height，And also comforted those who failed the imperial app bet365 download to the maximum extent possible at the time，Effectively weakening or even eliminating the dissatisfaction that may arise from the large group of losers，Important for stabilizing society。

　　Continuous improvement app bet365 download construction of Gongyuan.Gongyuan is the place where the imperial app bet365 download is held，Established as early as the Tang Dynasty，It shows the following four outstanding characteristics in its development: First，Building the Gongyuan in strict accordance with the regulations of the imperial app bet365 download，His high walls are equipped with thorns，Strictly guard against internal and external collusion；The questions will be set by the examiner、It consists of two parts: the place where the app bet365 download papers are marked and the app bet365 download room for the candidates，The two are separated by a door and wall，Strict separation；Candidates will live forever、Separate exams, etc.。Secondly，In order to adapt to the increasing number of candidates，The scale of Gongyuan is also expanding。The largest Gongyuan in the Ming Dynasty should be Nanjing Gongyuan，There were more than 7,000 kashes in Wanli period，A small one like Guizhou has more than a thousand rooms。The fiftieth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty，Zhejiang Gongyuan Juzihao House increased to "12,276 rooms，There are no more direct provinces than those in Zhejiang Province”。Again，The building materials and construction methods of Gongyuan are constantly improving。Rushuntian Gongyuan，Tianshun was built from reed mats eight years ago，later changed to "banshe"，After Jiajing, it was gradually changed to brick buildings，More sturdy and durable，Safety continues to improve。Finally，Not only the capital and various provinces have tribute courtyards，There are also Gongyuan in each prefecture。For example, the existing complete Gongyuan in Dingzhou, Hebei is a state-level Gongyuan built in the third year of Qianlong's reign，It was established to satisfy officials such as Ti Xue who held examinations for candidates、Needs for various examinations such as Gongsheng students and rural app bet365 download candidates。

Although successive dynasties have continued to reform the imperial app bet365 download，This ensures that the imperial app bet365 download always maintains the objectivity and fairness of talent selection under the conditions of different times，To unify、Played a huge positive role in gathering and consolidating social consensus。But，Because the app bet365 download content has long been limited to the traditional humanities field with the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" as the core，Leading to the shortage of scientific and technological talents and the backwardness of the country。The Ming and Qing Dynasties were in the context of global integration，The late Qing Dynasty was even more forced by "internal and external troubles"，It is urgent to adapt to the changing times to maintain rule，The eight-legged imperial app bet365 download system for selecting scholars is not only unable to meet this requirement，On the contrary, it hinders the opening of schools that teach new knowledge such as technology。September 1905，For "Guangxin School、Open people’s wisdom”，Yuan Shikai contacted Zhang Zhidong to request the abolition of the imperial app bet365 download，Approved by Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu，And announced the abolition of the imperial app bet365 download system from the following year。Since then，The imperial app bet365 download system that has been in place for more than 1,300 years is officially abolished。

　(The author is a professor at the School of Social History, Fujian Normal University、Vice President of China app bet365 download History Society)