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The Chinese imperial examination system is the product of the development of the imperial system and the centralization system to the advanced stage，It selects talents through the test，Therefore, the system completely denys and basically eliminates the impact of blood and skirt relationships in practice，Therefore, it has become the most objective and impartial selection system in ancient China，Become a weapon that condenses the society and consolidate the rule after the Tang Dynasty after the Tang Dynasty。Modern Britain and the United States and other countries learn from the Chinese imperial examination system to establish their civilian examination system，Therefore, the imperial examination is also known as the "fifth largest invention" contributed by China to the world。The reason why the imperial examination can achieve the above results and influence，It is inseparable from the continuous reform of all ages，Its main content is based on the following points。

　　bet365 Play online games There are three main performances: first，The combination of imperial examination talents and school education is becoming more closely，A considerable part of the regular candidates of the imperial examinations of the Tang Dynasty were "apprentices" from the central and local officials; during the Celebration of the Northern Song Dynasty, all candidates must have a certain "listening to the day"; Almost completely from Confucian students and Guozi Supervisor; at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty，The imperial examination and the school are completely integrated，It is manifested as "imperial examination must be from school"，Admission to become a prerequisite for applying for imperial examinations。This is of great significance for the cultivation of candidates' culture。

2，Gradually reduce the frequency and subjects of the imperial examinations，Increase its level。Sui and Tang Dynasties exam every year，Since the Song Yingzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, it is scheduled to take three years; so as to carefully prepare for the exam for candidates、Make time to improve cultural literacy。The Tang Dynasty Division of Scholars Divided "Changke" and "Manufacturing"，The former has the Ming Jing、Jinshi、Xiucai、Mingshu、Mingfa、Ming Calcium and other subjects，The latter is as many as 80 subjects; Song Xining will take out the subjects，In the bet365 live casino games end, only the one of the scholars is the one。Tang Dynasty science points "Museum Study、Township Tribunal Test "and" Provincial Test "test; the Song Dynasty was divided into" interpretation test "," provincial test "and" hall test "test。Two years of Yongle of the Ming Dynasty，Based on the temple test, it added from the two、Three Jinjin Selected "Museum Selection"，During the orthodox years, the "scientific examination" of the selection of trial candidates for the selection of township has been added;、Township Test、Will try、Hall Test and "Museum Selection", including the "Five -level Examination System"。The above changes have a promotion effect on improving the training and selection quality of talents。

third，To improve the quality of talents，The imperial examinations of the Ming Dynasty also created the internship and training system of the person who chose the talents，The former is the "Jinshi Watching Political" system，The latter is the "Ji Jishi Teaching" system，All inherited from the Qing Dynasty。

　　Continuously improve the subjective test、The objective fairness of the evaluation and admission。Prevention and punishment cheating is the prerequisite for ensuring objective and fairness。For this，As early as the Tang Dynasty，There is a system of entry and inspection system for candidates and the "locking hospital" system for the examiner; there are also measures for candidates who have a relative relationship with the examiner.，"Twenty -four years of Kaiyuan，The servant of the Ministry of Rites move the test skills，It is said ‘别’ ”。Song Dynasty，Admission check、The examiner "Lock Institute" and "Boss Test" are all customized，and strictly prohibit "roll" and "public recommendation" behavior，to eliminate the involved in the minister of the noble and noble ministers; in order to prevent the examiner and the candidates on the test paper, cheating，It also created the sealing of the test paper、誊 誊。The Yuan Dynasty further increased the investigation strength of candidates，Each candidate sent a sergeant to conduct a "one -on -one" monitoring; to prevent recording cheating and clear responsibility，It also stipulates "Fanxu records of test papers in parallel text，All Zhu Shu "。The examiner was founded in the Ming Dynasty、The collective alliance oath system of the deacon after the "lock the hospital"，Make full use of people's psychology of respecting the sky and fear of God, which contributes to its "admonishment" state;，provides conditions for improving the fairness of the scroll; during the Wanli years, the examiner also established a collective inspection and review of the exam.、Return to the Test of Test Candidates for Test Candidates、Unconsispy to the Ministry of Ritual Survey and Re -examination, there is a system of cheating suspected candidates。

Another，To achieve the regional fairness of the imperial examinations，The Song Dynasty has implemented a system admitted by the fixed -rate admission; the Yuan Dynasty was admitted to the Ming Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty.，Founding will be tried to divide South、North、Mid -volume admission system according to proportion;。Ming and Qing Dynasties' punishment subjects have also been strengthened，If cheating for candidates，During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the "枷"，After Wanli, it is designated as "three months of heavy yoguk，Faying Extraordinary Smoke Smoke Local Charge the Army ";，Underworld exile，Chopping，Unprecedented severe。

　　Constantly expand the openness of the imperial examination，Promoting positive social flow。As the imperial examination of the Tang Dynasty，"Winter Winter every year，State、County、Hall、Supervisor the successful person，Send the province of Shu Shangshu; and the scholars of the election cannot be available，Hometown tribute，All Huaizhang is listed in the state county "。This means theoretically，In addition to the "turbid officials" and "people of industry and commerce" in the Tang Dynasty，Fanxiang Gong Restaurant、Supervisor，As long as there is no loss and the limit of mourning，All qualifications to apply for imperial examinations。As the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, Yuan Zai，Family Bitzin，Alternative to learning，Alternative to learning，Energy Text，Tianbaochu，Xiazhu Mingzhuang Lao Liewen Four Soning Scholars，Carrying into High "。Prime Minister Wang Pi in the late Tang Dynasty、Niu Sengyu、Linghu Chu、Bai Min's medium is also through the Dai people through the minister。In the Song Dynasty, the restrictions on the prohibition of "people of industry and commerce" from participating in the imperial examinations，Give all the qualifications for the official learning and imperial examinations of all men's good people，The examples of the Hanshi entered the high -level ruling executives through the imperial examinations are even more common，Therefore, there is "Chao Tian She Lang，Mu Deng Tianshitang "widely circulated。

Near 80%of Jinshi from the Ming Dynasty came from the non -Jinshi family，43.34%of Jinshi from the previous three generations of families，Many famous cabinets，Ru Yang Rong、Jin Youzi、Yang Ye、Peng Shi、Li Dongyang、Liang bet365 Play online games Chu、Fei Hong、Zhang Juzheng、Zhang Siwei、Shen Shixing、Xu Guangqi, etc. are all families from the previous three generations as civilians。Social flow caused by the imperial examinations of the Qing Dynasty has slowed down，But the jinshi from civilians still accounts for 37.2%of the total number of scholars。The above description，The imperial examination really opened the gate of participating in politics for the people of the good people in ancient China，Not only selects a large number of ruling talents，and bring positive social flow，This significantly improves the stability of society and the cohesion of the court。

　　Ensure that Confucianism is the main content of the test.Tang Dynasty Discipline of the Ming Dynasty and the science subjects of the Department of Studies Main Exam Confucian Classics，Most of the other subjects are examined with Confucian content。The content of the science test of the Song Dynasty is gradually moving towards the scriptures、Book meaning and theory、Strategy concentration，and Classics、The meaning of the book is mainly，Each candidate is selected in the Five Classics Once Test，Called "Book Sutra"，To improve the depth of the "Book of Sutra"。Improve the classics of Confucianism and the cultivation of its contained、Qi、Governance、The proportion of Ping theory in the imperial examination，and pass the test "theory" and "strategy" to explore the understanding of the candidates for the rise and fall of the rule of the rule of the past and the strategy of reality.，Obviously it is more conducive to selecting talents used in the world than only testing poetry。The Yuan Dynasty finally established the orthodox status of Cheng Zhuxue in the imperial examination。Emperor Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty also ordered Confucianism to collect Cheng Zhu Zhi and the biography of the family，Edited "Five Classics and Four Books" and "Sexual Law"，Issuing the World，The basis for the question of the examiner and the candidate answers as an imperial examination examiner; although Zhengde has risen in the future，and "Zhu Xue" contradictory the interpretation of Confucianism，But the two sides are consistent with the ethics and morality of Confucianism and the idea of ​​governing the country。The imperial examinations of the Qing Dynasty and the re -journey of Zhu Lixue in the Qing Dynasty。

　　Continuously strengthen the control of imperial power on the imperial examination.Tang Dynasty Wu Zetian appeared an imperial examination test by the emperor himself- "Hall Test"，but very control。Song Dynasty Establishing Hall Test System，Become "Grace to You" as "Encountering the Lord"，Initial elimination，Since Song Zhezong Yuanyou's eight -year hall test, it will not fall，and the "Power -Zhizong Range" who presided over the provincial test is also temporarily dispatched by the emperor。Ming Dynasty Township Township、Test the examiner and the palace reading officials will be appointed by the emperor，To the thirteenth year of Wanli，The examiners of the Township Test of the Thirteenth Provincial Township are also appointed by the emperor;、The "enter the question" system will be trial，To ensure the timely understanding of the emperor's test questions; one of the three places for testing the Temple，Initially only three volumes，The Jiajing period was increased to twelve volumes，The Chongzhen period increased to twenty -four or even forty volumes，And the emperor should interview in person。In short，The control of the imperial power of the imperial examination is constantly strengthening。

text、Martial Arts Relieve and set，but mainly in the louts。Wuju began in Wu Zetian Changan for two years，Subject to the Ministry of Military Affairs，The content of the exam is horseshot、Step shot、flat shooting、Mae、Law, etc.，Chinese people are awarded military officers。During the Five Dynasties, abolition of martial arts，Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty，From the Southern Song Dynasty, it will not be abandoned。In the early days of the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, there was no martial arts，Ming Dynasty Wuju germination in Tianshun、During the Chenghua period，Initially formed in the Hongzhi period，Established during the period of Zhengde，Continuous development after Jiajing，Martial arts still set up in the Qing Dynasty。Wuju as Tang、Song、Ming、A lot of military talents have been drawn，As the Tang Dynasty Guo Ziyi，Song Dynasty Xue Yi、He irrigated，Ming Dynasty Qi Jiguang、Yu Dazhen，Qing Dynasty Haronglong、Gan Guobao, etc.。Although the martial arts ages are tied with Wenju，But none of them reached the point where they are equal to the text，It reflects the intention of the rulers "to control the martial arts with Wen"。

　　Continuous improvement of imperial examinations.Different test results，The name of the imperial examination also moved from the monopoly of the Tang Dynasty to multi -layered。Songs of the Song Dynasty have been divided into five，Three names in the Southern Song Dynasty，"The first place and No. 1，Eye of the second place，Third place to explore flowers ";，One Jia three is the same as the Southern Song Dynasty; the Ming Dynasty formed the top to include the champion、Eye、Explore Hua、Ji Jishi、Ergan Jinshi、Trina Jinshi、A total of seven levels of imperial examinations and prisoners、Nine -level merit system, including the fame of the two -level school of students，Not only is it all generated by the exam，And the above -mentioned birth of officials，Government grade grades and their merits are roughly corresponding，Such as the champion (from six grades)，Eye、Editors of Tanhua (from seven grades)，Although the students have no official qualifications，But enjoy the preferential treatment of "avoiding the two dings of the family"。From this，Not only does the form of the officials be fair to the unprecedented height，and also the most limited at that time at that time to soothe the imperial examinations，Effective weakening or even eliminating dissatisfaction that the huge group may produce，It is of great significance to stabilize society。

　　The continuous improvement of the construction of the tribute institute.Gongyuan is a place to hold imperial examinations，It has been set up as early as the Tang Dynasty，It shows the following four prominent features in development: First of all，Construction of tribute institutes in strict accordance with the rules of the imperial examination，Its high wall spines，Strictly prevent the interior and outside;、Most of the places where the papers are located and the candidate test house，Both of the door walls are separated，Strictly separate; candidates will give up all their lives、Differential exams, etc.。Next，In order to adapt to the continuous increase of candidates，The scale of the tributary also continues to expand。The largest tribute in the Ming Dynasty should be Nanjing Gongyuan，More than 7,000 tests for 10,000 tests，Small people like Guizhou also have more than a thousand rooms。Fifty years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty，Zhejiang Gongyuan Ruzi Zuzi increased to "12,766 rooms，There is no too much in Zhejiang "。again，The building materials and building methods of the tribute court are continuously improved。Ru Shuntian Yuan，Tianshun eight years ago, built by the reed mat，Then change it to "Ban She"，Jiajing gradually changed to brick and tile building，More strong and durable，Safety continues to increase。Last，Not only the tribute institutes of the Beijing Division and the provinces，There are also tribute institutes。If the existing Hebei Dingzhou Gongyuan is a state -level tributary founded in the three years of Qianlong，Its establishment is to meet officials such as students and other officials to hold test members、The needs of various exams such as Gongsheng and Township Test Candidates。

Although the imperial Bet365 app download examinations have continued to reform the imperial examinations，Therefore, the imperial examinations have always maintained the objective fairness of the selection of talents under different era conditions，Uniform、Condensing and consolidating social consensus has played a huge positive role。but，Due to its long -term content of its test content, it is limited to the traditional humanities field with "Four Books" and "Five Classics" as the core，Learn the lack of scientific and technological talents and the backwardness of the country。In the background of global integration in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The late Qing Dynasty was forced to "internal and external problems"，It is urgent to change the world to maintain the rule，The imperial examination system of the eight shares can not only meet this requirements，Instead, the opening of schools that teach new learning knowledge such as technology。September 1905，is "Guangxin Xue、Public Wisdom "，Yuan Shikai contacts Zhang Zhidong, please abandon the imperial examination，Approve the Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu，And announced that the abolition of the imperial examination system from the next year。Since then，Implementing more than 1,300 years of imperial examination system is officially abolished。

　(The author is a professor at the School of Social History of Fujian Normal University、Vice President of the Chinese Ming History Society)