In the History of Politics in the United States、The early history research field of the United States，Professor of History at Yale University Joanni B. Joanne B. Freeman is a pretty good scholar。She has long been committed to early American political history and political culture research，In recent years, it has been particularly concerned about the problem of American political violence and political polarization。She has been known in the book "AFFAIRS of Honor: National Politics in The New Republic"，The impact of honor culture on honor culture on early American political participants。The book was published that year (2001)，Obtain the best book award for the Society for Historians of the Early American RePublic。September 2018，She also published the new book "Bloody: The Field of Blood: Violence in Congress and the Road to Civil War, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2018）。This book is her new attempt in the early American political and cultural field，Further explore political violence with honor culture as the core，Provides readers with a new perspective of the federal political ecology before the American Civil War。

Frima's diary and letter of Benjamin Brown French with Benjamin Brown，Digging in many violence in the 1930s and the United States bet365 live casino games Congress。In her opinion，Congress violence is not only a political means for members of Congress to solve personal disputes，More comparison of different interest groups。initial，The cause of the violence of Congress is mostly the political opinions between the Hugege and the Democratic Party。Northern Democrat Jonathan Cilley and the Southern Hugegians William J. Graves duel，Just to conflict on the party's political opinion。With the continuous expansion of US territory and economic development，The contradictions produced by slavery in the south and the north are mixed in the parliament。The conflict description between Thomas Hart Benton and Henry Foote，Even in the Democratic Party of the South，There are also differences in attitudes to slavery problems。Republican Senator Charles Sumner was beaten by the Democratic Senator of the Southern Democratic Party, Preston Brooks,，It means that slavery has become the most prominent fuse of Congress's violence。In the process of the increasingly serious crisis of slavery，Members of the U.S. Congress cannot solve the various contradictions that appear within the country through procedures，Learn the normal function of Congress to be damaged。At the same time，The rise of the independent media has made the crisis within the parliament increasingly exposed to the public view，Political situation becomes intricate。The people's distrust of the Congress system、Differences between members、bet365 Play online games 2447_2454，It became an important feature of American political culture at that time。

Freman's discussion on the violent incident of the US Congress，Reveal the complex changes of political culture before the civil war，and trying to explain that the failure of the National Association's discussion function is one of the important reasons for the United States to move towards the war。The book is research content、Methods and sense is as good as the presence。

First，Fully excavate the violence of Congress。There were many research on the pre -Civil War Congress of the academic community。John L. Brooke "Political Party、National and Culture Breaking: The Crisis of the American Civil War (Party, National, And Culture Rutture: The Crisis of the American Civil War)、"Norman Ornstein) and Thomas E. Mann co -authored" Fracture Bond: How Congress Failor the United States to return to the right track " America and how to get it back on track)，From the perspective of the political function of Congress, it illustrates how the United States moves towards the war，Provided useful revelation to Friman。Introducing the violence of Congress into the interpretation of the origin of the American civil war，Is her innovation。At that time，Reporting reports on the violence of Congress often avoids the weight，Friman also said that newspapers and periodicals effectively filtered the violence of Congress，It makes it difficult for the public to understand the real situation within the Congress，bet365 Play online games so that it is difficult for us to distinguish the truth and lie today。Therefore，"Place of Bloody: The Violence and Road to Congress" the most important contribution is the study of the violence of Congress。Friman collects the collection of historical materials，Digging out more than 70 Congress violence ever hidden before the civil war。In these violent incidents，Members of parliament are gently abused each other，Dunction to death。Friman thinks，Such frequent and violent violence formed a political culture in Congress，The political function that caused Congress to lose negotiations，Frequent trust in the public，Responsible for the U.S. eventually rising to the war。

Second，Introduction of political and cultural research paths。Political and Cultural Research path is another difference between the book and other historical works of the civil war，Pay attention to explore the political concepts and political behavior of political actors through analysis of the language。Friman thinks，Historical figures generally understand and accept the concepts at that time，As a result, this accustomed intuition is rarely recorded，Researchers study the emotional mode of the time，Help to reveal the richer cultural truth。For this，She tried to restore the context at that time，Analyze the emotion behind the behavior of historical figures through language，Follow their subtle emotional expression in the specific historical scene，Digging bet365 live casino games the common values ​​and behavior mode of members of the members。In this book，Member to colleagues、Party School、The emotions of the hometown and the federation are part of the Congress's violent background，All kinds of emotions are fermented together，Make the outbreak of the civil war.。but，Historian's handling of emotion is always a problem。How to determine the authenticity of subjective records? Friman will newspaper、Congress Record、Private letters and diaries compare each other，Make sure that the records of each violence in the book have at least two historical materials for each other，To improve the credibility of research。

third，A new explanation of the origin of the American Civil War。The cause of the American civil war，The broad recognition of the academic circles is one of the reasons for the outbreak of the civil war。As for whether slavery is the root of the civil war，Different explanations of this problem divide the scholars into two camps in traditional views and correction factions。Friman got rid of the previous explanation framework in this book，It is difficult for her interpretation of the origin of the civil war to any camp。She placed the violence of Congress caused by honor culture at the core of the civil war，The function of Congress caused by it has become the origin of her civil war。During the demonstration process，She did not deny the role of slavery spread on the outbreak of the civil war，Nor did not ignore the cultural differences in North and South、Second bet365 live casino games political party system、The impact of factors such as media development。Frima integrates these factors with the violence of Congress，Through the research of political culture before the civil war, it provides a new perspective for exploring the origin of civil war。

The current turbulent political situation in the United States prompted Frigan from a new perspective to interpret the history of the pre -civil war.。As a commentator said，American Political Bureau is now "the root cause of the problem is that we lack trust in political institutions，Lack of communication between the two serious division of factions，This is the same as the past "。Today in US politics polarization，This book may cause readers to think more about the failure state of the US legislature。

Freman for more than ten years (2001-2018) grind a sword，Make the book a masterpiece in the field of early political and cultural research in the United States。As one of the most influential historians in contemporary America、Professor Eric Foner at the Department of History at Columbia University said at the London Review: "In view of the research on the civil war, it has been so vast，It is difficult for historians to say something new，But Friman did this。”

(Author Unit: School of History of Nankai University)