Since the 20th century，One of the major changes in history is that the eyes of the researcher gradually moved down from the towering temple to the market folk，Expand the scope of cognition of human history。huge unearthed unearthed in archeological materials for more than 100 years、Introduction of Social Science Research Methods，It has also helped the deepening of the history of grassroots people's history，History becomes a more temperature learning。A large number of wooden simplicity unearthed from Dunhuang、Paper Literature provides extremely rich people's history information，It is undoubtedly an excellent case of studying the history of the ancient grassroots people。

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In the minds of people today，Dunhuang is famous。This should be attributed to the rise of Dunhuang in modern times，The eyes of the world focus on this small oasis，Make the Tibetan Scripture Cave up and get up，Dunhuang Grottoes once again rejuvenated artistic glory。But in history，Dunhuang is located in the northwest edge，The population is not much，There are very few celebrities emerging。If people give people 10 celebrities in Dunhuang in history，It is estimated that few people can say; even if they can cite the name，The listener may be unheard of。Reading the ancient Liu Ye's "Dunhuang Record" or today's Wu Yue "Dunhuang Historical Person" and other books，It does give people a impression of not many celebrities in Dunhuang，Especially the influential characters across the country are very small。

Twenty -five history can be found，Before the Sui Dynasty，Some influential celebrities have emerged in the history of Dunhuang。For example，Eastern Han Dynasty、Zhang Zhifu and son，Western Jin Sujing、Suo Yan Father and Son，Wuliang 骃 骃、Liu Ye，Northern Wei Suopu、Zhang Zhan，Northern Zhou Dynasty Linghu Fox Term、Linghu Xi Father and Son，All biography in the history。but，After entering the Tang Dynasty，No one in Dunhuang is passed on to the history of the history。This reflects the decline of the Silk Road on the land and the national economic center to the southeast，Dunhuang, located in the northwest, gradually declines。Although Dunhuang is the throat on the Silk Road，But in general，There are not many influential celebrities emerging。This is consistent with Dunhuang as an empire and even criminal exile。

Japanese scholar Tu Fei Yiyi for more than 30 years，Comprehensive collection of Dunhuang literature、Grottoes、The name of the person in the silk painting，A total of more than 30,360 ("At the end of the bet365 live casino games eighth century -the early eleventh century, the name of the Langhuang clan integration: the name of the clan name"，Jigu College 2015 edition)。In addition to the Return to the Jiedushi, Zhang Tide、Cao Shijin and others have occasionally described in the history books，Most of the beings are like the gravel in Gobi，Borrowing Anonymous in history，If the Tibetan Scripture Cave is not broken by the wall，Not known at all。But，It is these unknown generations that created a brilliant Dunhuang civilization。When we stand in front of each wall full of more than 1,000 bearers in the wall of Mogao Cave 428，Will the minimum warmth and respect for the Dunhuang ancestors more than 1400 years ago?

Dunhuang is a Buddhist sacred place，Dunhuang Grottoes famous news，The local monk Dade is not without，Such as the Western Jin Zhu Law、The Tang Dynasty Fa Cheng is a typical representative。Chen Yinque said，"Fu Chenggong is in Tubo，Yixin Yin to Zhen Dan; I don’t know there is Xuanzang today，Fa Cheng's name is annihilated and thousands of years "(" Mahayana Dao Suisuo Listening to Shuto "，"Second Edition of the Golden Museum Cong Draft"，Sanlian Bookstore 2001)。Lai Chen's decision is slightly hidden and the dazzling research hook Shen ("Research on Dunhuang Buddhism"，Fa Tibetan Hall 1990 Edition)，Monk Fa Chengcai is the world's value，Not obliterated in historical dust。

Dunhuang art world -famous，Plastic drawing skills are exquisite and superb。Although in Dunhuang Grottoes、Leave some plastic artisans in the literature、The name of the artist，Such as a plastic artisan expected Zhao Sengzi、Knowing the painter's painter as a white □、Shazhou craftsmen all hook up the painting home to make Zhu Bao，But no name for Dunhuang painter was left in the history of the handed down painting。These unknown folk artisans，Puppet Title Book in the Grottoes，or record in the Dunhuang literature，Only let today people know who their surnames are very famous。Made's "Research on the Ancient Craftsmen of Dunhuang" (2018 edition of cultural relics Publishing House) collected and disclosed the precious information of these artists，They are the real creators of Dunhuang art。

So，The significance of Dunhuang is mainly folk、Among the people in the underlying society，This is the spiritual source of the endless spirit of Dunhuang art and Dunhuang culture。Leaving the general public at the bottom of the folk，Dunhuang art will wither，Lost real vitality，Dunhuang art research will also become a passive water。Susan Whitfield, "The Great Age and Little Person of Historian Practice from History" (Hainan Publishing House、Sanhuan Press 2006 Edition) Select 10 characters on the Silk Road，Where，Nisu Miaofu、Widow Aaron、Official Zhai Fengda、Four people including the artist Dong Paode bet365 live casino games comes from Dunhuang，It is precious information for Dunhuang literature and grottoes。

For more than a century，Dunhuang studies have made great progress in various fields，Related results Khan Niu Chong Dong，Has made a huge contribution to the rich connotation of Dunhuang studies in all directions。Object about the current Dunhuang Study Research，The attention of "people" is mainly concentrated in Guiyi Army officials、big family、Artisan、Monk、Society、Hu Ren、Temple，and clothing, clothing, housing and transportation。But far from digging out the academic value of Dunhuang people's information，There is still a considerable space in the field of social life history。This is also the place where the most academic charm and research value in Dunhuang studies。Looking forward to one day，When tourists in all directions come to Mogao Grottoes to visit the tour，Can connect the mind with the Dunhuang ancestors who have already known in the heart，Rushe people。

　　The real life and emotional world of the people of Dunhuang

From ancient times to the present，The life of the people will always be alive，Whether it is luxury or poverty，Whether it is affection or snobbish，It was the real life reality of the society at that time。The significance of the history of the people lies in this kind of vulgar atmosphere that comes from，Make history feel temperature。People often say，The people of Dunhuang are the creators of Dunhuang culture，Is the actual carrier of Dunhuang's spirit。If you ignore the practical attention to the Dunhuang people，Not close to their lives and minds，Emotional Emotional World，It is difficult to truly understand the essence of Dunhuang culture they created。

The 1980s，Dunhuang Xue in China flourished by the spring breeze of reform and opening up。At that time, Ji Xianlin, president of the Turpan Society of Dunhuang, China，China in the world、India、Greece、Islamic four cultural systems，"There is only one place where these four cultural systems are flowing，It is the Dunhuang and Xinjiang area of ​​China，There is no second one "(" Dunhuang Xue、Turpan's status and role in Chinese culture history，"Red Flag Magazine" 1986, No. 3)。Enter the 21st century，With the development of the West and the "Belt and Road" construction，"Dunhuang" is the representative of the exchanges of Chinese excellent traditional culture and cultural exchanges between Chinese and foreign。Therefore，We must promote Dunhuang culture、Promote the spirit of Dunhuang，You must walk into the real life and emotional world of the people of the Dunhuang people，I realize the fresh history of all beings or joy or sadness of ancient Dunhuang。

兹 Take the Dunhuang Literature P.2504p1-4 as an example ("" French Tibetan Dunhuang Western Regions "Volume Bet365 app download 14，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2001 edition。Dunhuang literature is from this book)。This Dunhuang literature consists of four pieces of residual films，rich social life information，For the academic value of families and society in ancient Dunhuang。The first record of the family contradiction between the people Cao Fuying and his uncle's teeth。"Du Du Ya Jian has been an official for years，Everything is moist in the house "; but Cao Fuying and the widow live poverty，I have to sell the horses in the family to Cao Duya。Cao Du to deceive people with senior officials，Not only does it lower the horse price，And owe the remaining models，His son Cao Dingyan and even scolded the mother and child，Make it poverty。Fortune of Fuying，Said Uncle，Calculating "Fuliang, although the family is a little dependent，Long -term poverty，and live like this。The rich bullies，No Gate Institute "。Study in the academic community in the past study Dunhuang，Pay more attention to the overall characteristics of the family。but，Look at the situation of Cao Fuying and his uncle Cao Duya，The gap between the rich and the poor within the same family，Compression and exploitation between pro -family，Give people a sense of cold feeling without affection，More naked economic relations，But this is a true portrayal of the daily life of the people of the Dunhuang people。

The third is the style of Dunhuang monk Shi Daojian，Called its "collection of wives with crown，Nourishing Girls "; after the death of the mother，"His father marrys Zhang Yili"，阇 本 本 refers to the rail master，But this monk Zhang Yili is bad for，"One from nib，Sitting for treatment，Simply sorrow。Men and Women Hun House，Dividered "，"Not only does the face，Clothing and food breaks，Can men and women suffer □ "。Ancient Dunhuang Buddhism Xing Sheng，There are many quantities of monks and nuns，accounting for about 5%of the local population，much higher than the proportion of about 1%nationwide (Hao Chunwen: "Social Life of the Five Dynasties in the Five Dynasties in the late Tang Dynasty"，China Social Science Press 1998 edition)。Due to the small area of ​​the Dunhuang oasis，More than a dozen temples cannot accommodate more than a thousand monks live，Therefore, many monks and nuns lived but lived at home，and monks and nuns to serve、Drinking, etc.。Li Zhengyu even put forward the point of view of Dunhuang monks to marry a wife and child，Become a shocking theory for a while，But he did not find an example of the marriage of a monk in the Dunhuang literature，Therefore, it seems that Nigern still seems to be banned ("Late Tang to Song Dunhuang listening to the monk to marry a wife and having a child"，"Dunhuang Turpan Research" bet365 live casino games Volume 9，Zhonghua Book Bureau 2006 edition)。This assertion is also agreed by Shi Xiaoying, a monk who specializes in Dunhuang Nini，and speculated about the reasons from five aspects ("Research on the Dunhuang Niger Monk in the 8th to the 10th century"，People's Publishing House 2013 Edition)。But，It can be known from Shi Daojian's style，As a monk, he marries his wife and has a child，His father remarried as a monk Zhang Yili as his wife，The best case for the marriage and family research of Dunhuang monks and nuns。Academic research must be based on credible historical materials，Start from the scene of history，Observe objectively，or measure and verify with the concept of local area or inherent tradition; you must hold the attitude of seeking truth from facts，According to the solid material，attitude of "understanding sympathy"，Go to realize the real life and emotional world of the ancestors of Dunhuang。

The residual films attached to P.2504 unveiled the corner of the life of the Dunhuang people，Makes people feel the difficulties of the lives of the people at the bottom，truly show the actual situation of the people's lives。The marriage of the monks and nuns in Dunhuang、The coexistence of the monks and customs，It was also the real state of the Dunhuang society at that time。Dunhuang data value，Because of this, it looks real and precious。

　　History of the mentality of the Dunhuang people in the context of multi -ethnicity

Dunhuang is a multi -ethnic settlement area，Before the Western Han Dynasty conquered Hexi in 121 BC，There are Wusun、Yueshi、Huns and other ethnic groups live in Dunhuang。Emperor Hanwu，Migration of a large number of Central Plains population came to Hexi，Han people became the main residents of Dunhuang，But there are still many ethnic minorities here，To the Eastern Han Dynasty to become "Huali Hua Rong，Yidu also "(Sima Biao's" Continuation of Han Book · County Guo Zhi Five "Liu Zhao note" Old Ji "，Fan Ye "Hou Han Book"，Zhonghua Book Company 1965 edition)。Since then，氐、Lu Shuihu、Xianbei、Tubo、Sog、Back、Party item、Mongolia、The Manchu ruled its place one after another。For more than 2000 years，Dunhuang is indeed a veritable multi -ethnic blending place。

At most time，Dunhuang is the Bianzhou County County of the Central Plains Dynasty，Keeping synchronization with Central Plains in culture。From Dunhuang Jane、The content of the literature of the grotto and Tibetan Scripture Cave，Han culture undoubtedly occupies an absolute dominant position，The largest number of people、The most advanced Han people in culture lead the development of Dunhuang culture。At the same time，Many ethnic groups in the Dunhuang area，Especially as a throat on the Silk Road，Also affected by the culture bet365 Play online games and nomadic culture of the Western Regions。Under such a multi -ethnic context，What is the mentality of the people of Dunhuang? This is a question worthy of attention。

Because Dunhuang is located in the side，Some scholars emphasize the mentality of the border people in Dunhuang，I believe that they "have extremely strong national national consciousness" (Yang Jiping、Guo Feng、Zhang Heping: "Family and Family Relationships in Dunhuang in the Fifth -10th century" Chapter 7 "The Cultural Mentality of the People in the Ancient Dunhuang" (Zhang Heping wrote)，Yuelu Book Club 1997 edition)。This consciousness is indeed stronger in the Han Dynasty，Especially the Han Dynasty stipulated that "the old border people must not move inside" ("Hou Han Book" Volume 65 "Zhang Yan Chuan")。Dunhuang Zhang Yanli has the great achievement of calming and chaos，I hope to move to Hongnong Huayin，Get the franchise of the Emperor Han Ling，Only moved to the Mainland。Zhang Yan is a special case，In turn, it also shows that the general people in Dunhuang must not move internally，It does form a mentality of the border people。

But，Wei, Jin Sixteen Kingdoms，A large number of ethnic minorities in the north and northwest are influxed into the Central Plains，Make Huayi order changes tremendous。Dunhuang is also inevitable to be impacted and affected，Especially 376 years ago Qin Qin defeated before the cold，Occupy Hexi，The people of the Dunhuang faced the rule of ethnic minorities again after 5 centuries。The rule of Hexi has gone through the former Qin、Two Dynasties in the Low Cold，It is worth noting that the people of Dunhuang adopted a cooperation attitude towards the former Qin，Rudo、Soling Brothers and Song Hao and others are all in Qin，Even loyal to the country for the former Qin。This situation indicates，There is no completely ethnic gap in the hearts of Dunhuang people，This has been related to the alliances of Dunhuang since the Han Dynasty.，Cao Wei Dunhuang Taishou Cai encouraged "Hu Nu Marriage Han，Han daughter marry Hu，Two of them as a dear "(p.3636" Book of Books · Cangci Biography ")，It plays a great promotion role in national integration，It also affects the mentality of the people of Dunhuang to a certain extent。

786 years，Tubo set up the alliance under the city 11 years after besieging Dunhuang，Promise not to move the people of Dunhuang to him，Tang Dynasty military and civilians in Dunhuang City surrendered to Tubo。Tubo period，Many Dunhuang families accept the official position of the Tibetan authorities，Such as P.4640 "Tang Zongzi Longxi Li Family Revised Merit" Remember his great -ancestor Li Gan: "Although the clouds are flowing，Ju Rong without falling fur; temporarily crown Fan Dynasty，John of General General。Zi Cheng Enfeng，Father Nai Diao Chan "; P.4638" Danfan Hometown bet365 live casino games Dunhuang County Mogao Cave Yin Scholars' Public Repair "Remember his father Yin Bo Lun:，Zuo Xun moved; and at the beginning of the printed by Zhaofu，Dynamic Removal T post，The Fan Dynasty changed the Ambassador of the Taoist Tribe of the Saudi Daomen ...，Le has forgotten the death;，Light flowing age。"Li's、​​Yin's is the big family of the Dunhuang area，There seems to be no national difference in their eyes，Especially the previous part was written in the return of the Return Army，It can be seen that the mentality of the people of the Dunhuang at that time，The strong national state like the Han Dynasty realized that the Tang Dynasty had been greatly diluted。

Han people，The ethnic minorities of Dunhuang have taken further on the road of national integration, especially Sinicization。The Cao Jijin family who established the Cao's returning army is likely to be descendants of the Sogde，But look at the portrait portrait of Cao's Jiedjo in the Dunhuang Grottoes，Its appearance is no different from the Han people，Even the nations of the Western Regions of the Western Regions call themselves "Han Tianzi" or "Akagi Takatoshi, "The Generation of the Mility Commanders of the Guyijun from Cao Family", Dunhuang Studies: PROSPECTS and PROBLEMS for the Coming Second Century of Research， Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2012, p.10）。It can be said，The mentality of the people of the Dunhuang is with the change of national integration and the situation，Also changes constantly，This is an open mindset。

(The author is a professor at the Department of History of the School of Humanities of Zhejiang University)