In Chinese historical documents，bet365 premier league odds (or bet365 premier league odds) are a relatively special genre。As the name suggests，bet365 premier league odds are moral/religious books that advise good and forbid evil。Since Song and Ming Dynasties，In the ideological atmosphere of the New Confucian movement，Shanshu combines the Taoist theory of "carrying on responsibility", "corpse theory" and "accumulation of good deeds"，And the "Three Worlds Theory" of Buddhism，Formated a self-sufficient explanation system about the relationship between the good and evil of human nature and the blessings and misfortunes of fate。By establishing a correspondence between morality and destiny，Effectively makes up for the shortcomings of the orthodox Confucian "immediate view of life"。In this case，bet365 premier league odds transcend social class、Barriers between religious affiliation and economic status，About the production and dissemination of bet365 premier league odds、Reading and practice become fashionable，Has a broad and far-reaching impact on China。Because of this，Good calligraphy received early attention from the academic community，There have been discussions since the 1920s at the latest，It has been nearly a hundred years so far。Reviewing the academic history of Chinese calligraphy research，You can briefly sort out the theoretical context and paradigm shifts involved。

　　Reflecting "bet365 premier league odds"

The study of Chinese calligraphy from the 1920s to the 1950s centered on reflecting “national morality”。Republic of China period，The study of Chinese calligraphy begins with the collection of documentary materials。This kind of data collection activity is first related to Japanese scholars in China，The earliest one is Jupu。At that time, Ju Pu was a reporter for "Beijing-Tianjin Daily News"，Due to the influence of Japanese folklorist Ehan Nakano，Being interested in Chinese Taoism。After witnessing the large number of bet365 premier league odds such as "Induction Chapter" in Chinese bookstores，Ju Pu visited Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren in 1923，The conversation between the two parties involved popular Taoism。Ju Pu believes that "Induction Chapter" is a classic of popular Taoism，Reflects the existence of “super-class” “national morality”。The social basis of this "national morality" is the lower class intellectuals and common people，The concept of realistic rewards and face awareness it displays are together，Determines the way of survival and the spirit of mutual unity of people living in Chinese society、Moral factors。The idea that Chinese bet365 premier league odds are considered to reflect "national morality" has also been inherited by Japanese scholars in China。For example, Tadao Sakai believes that "Induction Chapter" and "Yin Zhiwen" are "bet365 premier league odds of (Chinese) national Taoism"，Yoshioka Yoshitoyo clearly stated: “I really want to understand the religious thoughts of the people，In addition to asking for bet365 premier league odds，It can be said that there is no other way。”

In addition to the collecting activities of Japanese scholars，Pay attention to the relationship between bet365 premier league odds and "national morality"，It is also an important issue in the modern Chinese folklore movement。As an important pioneer in Chinese folklore research，Zhou Zuoren in his interactions with Japanese scholars (especially Yanagida Kunio)，Gradually became interested in “the study of the history of national life”，Visible in the perspective of folklore，bet365 premier league odds are still the first to have a connection with "national morality"。Zhou Zuoren hopes to "increase the collection of bet365 premier league odds and materials"，Study further""As long as you can see，Collect as much as possible”，In order to "reserve data for special important research"，Even suggested "if we can find many，It would be better to find another library for storage”。Influenced by the May 4th New Culture Movement at that time，Academia is keen on understanding、Criticizing and transforming national character，The discussion of bet365 premier league odds is inevitably affected by this。The so-called "citizens" at that time did not only refer to the general public，Also includes "literary officials" and "country gentry" in the traditional period。For example，Hu Shi believed that "the first good book", "Induction Chapter", is the same as the Six Classics，They are all "tools for making scholar-bureaucrats"，Fu Sinian said that "Induction" is "a textbook for country gentlemen"，They all see the impact of bet365 premier league odds on shaping "national morality"。

　　Pay attention to "bet365 premier league odds's norms"

Research on bet365 premier league odds in China from the 1950s to the 1980s regarded bet365 premier league odds as "popular norms"。Benefit from data collection from the 1920s to the 1950s，Since the 1950s，A number of integrated results in the study of Chinese calligraphy have emerged in the academic community，The research on Chinese calligraphy during this period was mainly represented by Japanese scholars。The most representative result is "Research on Chinese bet365 premier league odds" written by Tadao Sakai who has participated in social surveys in China，This is the most systematic study on Chinese bet365 premier league odds to date，It also established the basic paradigm for the study of Chinese calligraphy in the future。In "Research on Chinese Good Calligraphy"，Sakai Tadao regards virtuous books as books that objectively summarize popular morality in a popular form。For this reason, he wrote the Ming Dynasty's imperial edict、Discuss together the "Six Edicts" and the Qing Dynasty's "Holy Edict Preaching" documents (including "Sixteen Articles of the Holy Edict" and "Holy Edict Guangxun")，Advocates "the historical study of common people's society、Combining the historical research on the dynasty’s popular education policy and popular relief and welfare policy”，Conduct a comprehensive historical study。It can be seen that Sakai Tadao attaches great importance to bet365 premier league odds as a "popular norm"，So we emphasize the historical process of studying bet365 premier league odds as a moral and educational medium and promoting them as public norms。

After Tadao Sakai，Yuji Okuzaki, who has a background in religious studies, also continued the discussion on "popular norms"。In the book "Study on Chinese Gentlemen and Landlords"，Yuji Okuzaki chose Yuan Huang as the subject of discussion，Through the interaction of intellectual history and social history，Examine how bet365 premier league odds were compiled by gentry and landlords、Transformation and dissemination，Gradually developed into a public norm。Influenced by the theories of "community of powerful clans" and "gentry dominance theory" in Japanese sinology circles at that time，Compared to observing China’s “rich families” and “gentry” from the political or economic categories，Okuzaki Yuji emphasized the observation of the development of the "rich community" and "gentry dominance" mechanisms from the spiritual world。He revealed in his research: Beyond the bureaucratic state organization，An independent civil society exists and develops；Outside the national order maintained by national law，There is also the development order of civil society；Outside the world of national law，There is still a world where people’s moral standards exist。Therefore，After the emergence of research based on the paradigm of "popular norms"，The color of “popular morality” or “national character” analysis in the study of Chinese bet365 premier league odds is gradually fading，But it is the same as political history、History of Neo-Confucianism、Connected with broader research topics such as legal history。

　Reflecting the "bet365 premier league odds turn"

The study of Chinese calligraphy since the 1980s has been deeply influenced by the "Weberian turn"。The concept of retribution carried by bet365 premier league odds，Give it a certain degree of superstition。Influenced by scientism and radical anti-traditional movements，The study of Chinese calligraphy did not really develop greatly until after the reform and opening up。Whether consciously or unconsciously，The driving force behind this development is related to the "Weber turn"。Max Weber in "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"，Made a theoretical presupposition that affirms that spiritual and cultural factors play an important role in promoting economic and social development，Discussed the close relationship between religious concepts or Protestant ethics and the spirit of capitalism，And thus provides an explanation path for the rise of modern European (commercial) capitalism。Later in the book "Religion in China: Confucianism and Taoism"，Max Weber continues the discussion on “The Spirit of Capitalism”，Considers that Protestant ethics is the first driving force of capitalist economy，China’s Confucian ethics not only fails to promote but also hinders the emergence of a capitalist economy。This "Weber proposition" has a very strong color of Western centralism，But it naturally extends to the field of Chinese history with the help of "Religion in China: Confucianism and Taoism"，Caused by Thomas Metzger、Du Weiming、Lively discussion by Jin Yaoji and other scholars。

Shanshu is deeply influenced by Buddhism and Taoism，There is also a complicated entanglement with Confucian ethics，Inevitably influenced by "Weber's proposition"。The "Weberian turn" manifests itself in the perspective transformation from "reflection theory" (objective theory) to "influence theory" (subjectivity theory) in the field of Chinese calligraphy。Scholars are no longer satisfied with explaining the historical information "reflected" behind bet365 premier league odds，Instead, it advocates moving from the book itself to the specific group of people，Pay attention to the "impact" of bet365 premier league odds on readers and even the authors themselves。French scholar Catherine Bell clearly pointed out: "Books like bet365 premier league odds，Not just reflected，It affects their social world。”A series of studies reflect this paradigm shift。For example，Cynthia Brokaw's "Gong-Due Ge: The Moral Order of Ming and Qing Society" combs the textual context of "Gong-Due Ge"，Discussed the socio-economic and ideological and cultural context behind "The Grid of Merits and Demerits"；You Zian's "Encouraging Jin Zhen: A Study of bet365 premier league odds in the Qing Dynasty", "Goodness and Humanity - Charity and Education since the Ming and Qing Dynasties" and "bet365 premier league odds and Chinese Religion: A Self-Selected Collection of You Zian" are about You Shanshu、Good people、A systematic study of the "good system" composed of good halls and good deeds；Qi Tailu (Terry Kleeman) uses the Wenchang Emperor series of bet365 premier league odds as materials，Discussed the expansion process of Wenchang beliefs；Scholars such as Philip Arthur Clart and Paul Russell Katz focus on the study of Fuluan books，Trying to reveal the religious background and ritual context behind the bet365 premier league odds。Other than that，The research on “biography” mentioned by Tadao Sakai is also continuing，Benefited from the compilation of bet365 premier league odds and documents，Li Gang、Chen Xia、Zhang Yichen and other scholars have done innovative and in-depth research。

The study of Chinese calligraphy generally shows two trends: one is to get out of the rut of "superstitious theory"。Changing ideas、In the process of adjusting the viewing angle，Scholars gradually disenchant the superstitious color of bet365 premier league odds，Start the study of Chinese calligraphy from the perspective of academic rationality。The second is to escape the trap of "homogeneity theory"。The "homogeneity theory" believes that bet365 premier league odds "just persuade others to follow them"，“Sameness” or even just “one-sided words”。The study of Chinese bet365 premier league odds is after jumping out of the trap of "homogeneity"，From various politics、Social and ideological and cultural phenomena，To comprehensively understand good and evil、Induction and other good book issues。Future research on Chinese bet365 premier league odds，This academic philosophy should also be inherited，Based on the research of "biography"，Continuously promote the transformation of the study of good calligraphy from philological propositions to specialized historical propositions，Carry out in-depth research from multiple disciplines and perspectives。

(Author’s unit: School of Marxism, Fujian Normal University)