On the occasion of Shang and Zhou dynasties，Official appointment，Must be registered first，Order can be said to be an important system for the political operation of early countries。The "Si Ming", "Original Ming", "Lvchao Ming", "Wei Zi's Ming", "Brie Su Shen's Ming", "Jian Ming", "Cai Zhong's Ming", etc.，Mostly articles from "Guwen Shangshu"，The literature appeared relatively late，Authenticity is questioned by scholars。In a sense，The lack of horoscope literature，It is the main bottleneck restricting the research on the appointment system during the Yin and Zhou dynasties。Tsinghua bamboo slips are new documents，Among them, "bet365 champions league", "Feng Xu's Ming" and "Photographing Ming" are the documents of "registration"，respectively considered to be in the mid-Shang Dynasty、Early Western Zhou Dynasty and middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty，Provides a rare opportunity to study the evolution of the early ordination system。Let’s arrange the three in chronological order，Combined with bronze inscriptions and other materials，In portrait orientation、Long-term evolution，A glimpse into the laws and characteristics of the ordination system in ancient times。

　　Reinterpretation of Yin Zhou bet365 champions league Shu

Tsinghua Bamboo Slip "Book of Fate" Slip 32 records the time of registration、Location、Best groomsman and other information，There are two opinions in academic circles: one is that the brief article should be regarded as two articles，It is the relationship between the preface and the main text；Another opinion is that it is a document。Li Xueqin thinks，The Tsinghua bamboo slips "Shu bet365 champions league" plus the last slip form one document，Not two articles ("Talking about the style of Tsinghua Bamboo Bamboo Slips "Photography""，"Journal of Tsinghua University" 2018 Issue 5)。

A complete bronze inscription of fortune in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Generally includes the time of ordination、Location、Best Man、Declaration、Gift、Delegating responsibilities, etc.。But there are one or two items missing from the bronze inscriptions，Not uncommon。Rushi Mountain Pan、Lü Gui did not record the "right person" in the ordination ceremony；Shi Mao bet365 champions league Gui、Shi Dao Gui、Wang Chengui、Master borrows Gui、Zhao Gui and other inscriptions lack the specific ministries granted by the King of Zhou to the appointees；Dake Ding did not record the specific time when Ke accepted the ordination。The focus of our discussion is not whether the Tsinghua bamboo slips "Book of Life" is one piece or two pieces，But why it is written in this style？

Handover of destiny，Is an important part of the ordination ceremony。Inscription on the tripod: "Yin received (awarded) the king's order (order)，Ode to Wang Hu (Hu) Shi Guosheng Registration Order (Order)。” ("Collection of Bronze Inscriptions of Yin and Zhou Dynasties"，Inventor No. 9731) Yin handed the life letter to Wang，The king ordered Shi Guosheng to read the order book in court。According to this, it can be seen that before the appointment ceremony was held in the bet365 champions league，Fate books are usually made in advance。The making of the destiny book and the announcement of the destiny belong to different historians。Those who accept the ordination "receive the order (order)"，wear it out”，After returning home, "lay a memorial in the temple"，The Book of Orders，Engraved into bronze with inscription，Never forget，Let us teach future generations。

The Tsinghua Bamboo Slip "Photographer of bet365 champions league" says "Wang Hu (Hu) made a book and appointed bet365 champions league Bo to take the photo"，The king of Zhou ordered the book of appointment to be read out。Visible，The 1st to 31st bamboo slips of "Shu bet365 champions league" may be the life book written by Mingbo She, the emperor of Zhou Dynasty，And it was written in advance before the ordination ceremony。Although "Wang Yue" appears in many places in "Photography"，But at the ordination ceremony，The book of destiny was actually read by the historian instead of the king。After the ordination ceremony，A copy for the historian to keep，An important token as an ordination gift，Rewards to those who have been ordained。

Different officials in the bet365 champions league had different responsibilities。Choose an auspicious day for your destiny，Decided by the zodiac through divination。The historian is responsible for writing the order book，But there is no right to determine the date of ordination，You cannot write it in the destiny book in advance。We doubt the content of Chapter 32 of "The Book of Fate"，includes ordination date、The ceremony in which the benefactor and historian announce the emperor’s orders，This is a supplementary note after the ordination ceremony。Use Jane 31 as the boundary，The writing time of the two parts before and after "The Destiny" is different，Tsinghua Bamboo Slips "Book of Fate" No. 31、The 32-branch bamboo slips have separators at the end，Shows the original state of the two parts before they are combined into one article。

Ministers assist the monarch，Multiple meritorious deeds，The emperor will appoint ministers many times。Chen Hanping divided the destiny into the first destiny、attack、Reassignment、Increase life、Change fate、Six types of destiny pursuits ("Research on the destiny registration system of the Western Zhou Dynasty"，Xuelin Publishing House 1986 edition，Page 29-31)。Confirmed，The "Fengxu bet365 champions league" on the Tsinghua bamboo slips is the "original order"。When the Tsinghua Bamboo Slip is "Photographing the bet365 champions league", the king said, "Now that I have made it clear to you,"，Let the regent Bo handle government affairs first，Then "bet365 champions league bet365 champions league"——Formal registration。In the past, it was generally believed that dynasty officials must first accept ordination，Then you can be promoted to official position、Handling government affairs。Bo She is young，The emperor lets him perform his duties first，Repeated experience，Ordering will be carried out only after you are qualified，Specify their position。This kind of flexible "use first, life later"，Give us a new understanding of the appointment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty that is different from the past。

The three chapters of "bet365 champions league" on Tsinghua University slips are not the first、中、Lower relationship，How to position the relationship between them，It is a hot issue that scholars pay attention to。Generally speaking，There can only be one fortune book at a time。"Small Preface to the Book" says: "Gaozong's dream was told，Let Baigongying seek the wilds，Get Zhu Fu Yan，Written three chapters of "Talking about Fate"。"The "composition" of three chapters of "Shuo Ming" written by Emperor Gaozong，It cannot be understood that Wu Ding met Fu Shuo，Write three fortune-tellings in a row，It should be understood as a long-term process。Zhao Pingan regards Chapter A of "Fu Shuo Zhi Ming" as the "Preface to the Book"，Very enlightening。Tsinghua Bamboo slip "bet365 champions league" Chapter A，Part B、Part C presents a total fraction structure。Although Parts B and C are both destiny books，But the content is completely different，They may belong to two ordination in different periods。

Chapter B of "bet365 champions league Zhi Ming" on Tsinghua University slips says: Wang(Original) Bijuemeng，Said: "You (come) are only ordered by the emperor？"Gao (said) said: "Yunruo Temple (time)。”Wu Ding recalls the scene in his dream，Ask Fu: Are you here under God's orders？Fu said the answer is yes。Therefore we doubt the Tsinghua bamboo slips "bet365 champions league" Chapter B，This is the first time Wu Ding and Fu Shuo met，The fate word should be "Shi Ming"。

Chapter C of "bet365 champions league" on Tsinghua bamboo slips says:

(Crazy) bet365 champions league: ‘Yu Ke enjoys my life. 'ThenThe people bet365 champions league four directions are not able to be wise, but you only have ten thousand(Shou) bet365 champions league (in) Naizheng. Women are also capable of showing the sky,(昫)眔(瘝)小民,(middle) is a penalty，bet365 champions league are only prepared for all the blessings and karma (service)。”

(Crazy)”，Don’t rely on my faith，Arrogant and arrogant when handling government affairs。It can be seen that Wu Ding and bet365 champions league have been together for a long time。What’s more important is，“Si Fang Min” sentence，Explain that bet365 champions league’s jurisdiction covers Wangji，Applicable to people from all over the world。The status of Heaven in Shang Dynasty is extremely high，Wu Ding warned that "women can only conquer heaven"，(昫)眔(瘝)小民”，Let bet365 champions league show God’s will，Care about the sufferings of the people。bet365 champions league is in a high position at this time，The authority may be equivalent to that of "public"。

"Historical Records·Yin Benji": "(Wu Ding) got it and talked to him，fruit saint，Think of it as a sign，The great rule of Yin State。”Sima Qian’s account，It seems that Wu Ding appointed Fu Yue as prime minister at that time。actually，Chapter A of "bet365 champions league" says: "Shuo Tu (Come)，Since working in Yin，Wang Yongming said he was the public。"Fu said he was originally Xu Mi who built the city，It is impossible for Wu Ding to say anything upon seeing Fu，He immediately promoted him to public position。A sentence of "I am engaged in Yin"，It can be seen that Fu Shuo failed to lead the army in the expedition、Advice and advice，After establishing meritorious service for many times，He was appointed as a public official by Wu Ding。We doubt the destiny in Chapter C of "bet365 champions league"，Maybe it was the time when Fu said "promoted to be a public official"。Otherwise，The sentence mentioned in Chapter A, "The king uses his life to say that he is the public" has no explanation。

In short，Dialogue between monarch and ministers in "Order" documents，It is a field record。Book of Destiny，Including the emperor’s speech before the appointment，Mostly written in advance，It will be read out by the historian on the spot。Using Jane 31 as the dividing point，The two parts of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slip "Providing Life" were written at different times，What is shown may be the original state of the two parts that have not been processed into one piece。Three articles on Tsinghua Bamboo slips "bet365 champions league"，It has its own internal logical structure: Chapter A is an overall description of the background of Wu Ding's appointment and his political experience，Parts B and C are two fortune books with different ordination respectively。Part B is the book of "Beginning of Life"，Chapter C may be Wu Ding’s order book to appoint Fu Shuo as the Duke，That is, "increased life"。The "Short Preface to the Book" says "Wu Ding wrote three chapters of "Shuo Ming""，It cannot be understood as writing three orders at once，But from the long-term perspective、Interpretation from the perspective of multiple appointments。

　　Reflecting changes bet365 champions league ordination system

In the Tsinghua Bamboo slip "bet365 champions league", Emperor Gaozong of Yin named Fu Shuo as "Gong"，"Historical Records·Yin Benji" King Zhou appointed King Wen as the Count of the West，Shaanxi Zhouyuan Bone Divination"(Volume) Zhou Fangbo”。These records echo each other，It can be seen that the appointment system has sprouted as early as the Shang Dynasty。Now the appointment system of Shang Dynasty and bet365 champions league，Compare as follows。

First，The ordination ceremony is becoming more and more detailed、Stylized。Part B of "bet365 champions league" on Tsinghua bamboo slips says: "Shuo Tu (comes) from Fu Yan，In Yin。Wu Ding Chao Yu Men，Enter the sect。"Looking from the Tsinghua Bamboo slip "bet365 champions league"，Wu Ding appointed Fu Shuo in the form of a life book，Location is at Ancestral Temple。Basic characteristics of the appointment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Already appeared during the Emperor Gaozong。Although "years" and "years" appear in the inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty，But the Tsinghua bamboo slip "Fu Shuo Zhi Ming" only generally states that "it comes from Fu Yan"，In Yin”，Start the full text with events (Part A、Both Part B)。As for the specific time of the ordination、Whether the historian declares the king’s order，Not documented in detail。

Add moon phases to the fortune telling time，It is the outstanding feature of Zhou people。The Tsinghua Bamboo Slips of "Photographing Ming" says: "Only in the ninth month will I see Renshen，Wang Zaihaojing，Ge in the big room，Accession，Salty。Photo by Shibin Youbo，Standing in the middle court，Northbound。"The time of registering fate in Tsinghua Bamboo slip "Photographer of Ming"，Includes month、Moon phase、Three elements of stems and branches。The place of appointment is in Haojing，The king ascended the throne in the royal family，Shi Bin guides the uncle to take it inside，Then stand in the atrium，Listen to the historian’s announcement of the canonization。bet365 champions league Yue meets Wu Ding at the Ancestral Temple，There is probably someone to guide you，But businessmen did not pay special attention to this etiquette。"Yin Zhi Zhou Wen"，Businessmen focus on content，But neglected to record the form of etiquette。Zhou people emphasized the sense of ritual，Relatively complete ordination elements and etiquette have been formed，such as time、Location、Blesser、The king of the time announced the order (or the historian did it for him)、Reasons for destiny、Position or ministry、Reward items、Words of admonishment and thanks to the recipients, etc.。Regardless of content or program，These changes from rough to fine，Both mark the maturity and perfection of the appointment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty。

Second，Reduced metaphors and rhetoric，Political clichés emerge in large numbers。Due to the characteristics of the times or the personal character of the king，Mingshu of the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty show different language characteristics。Tsinghua Bamboo slip "bet365 champions league Zhi Ming" Chapter B Wu Ding said: "Ruojin，Use Weiru as a guide。…if there is a drought，You are doing it in a sexual way。if(full) water，Ru Zuozhou。"Wu Ding compared bet365 champions league to a whetstone、Ganlin、zhouji，Xun Gaofu said that he should do his best to help himself。Hit in Wu Ding Book，A large number of metaphors appear，Wide range of materials，Up to drought、flying bird，Down to Zhouji、Bing Jade，Vivid image，Leaved a very deep impression。After King Cheng of Zhou，Significant reduction in metaphors，There are a lot of clichés such as "Don't waste my life", "Respect Suxi" and "Making Zhou Houhou"，Strong political meaning，The language is a bit dull。

　Third，Changes in the main theme of thought。God is the supreme God of businessmen，The worship of ghosts and gods occupies their ideological world。Part B of "bet365 champions league Zhi Ming" on Tsinghua Bamboo slips says: "Wang(Original) Bijuemeng，Said: ‘You (come) are just the emperor’s orders？’Gao (said) said: ‘Yunruo Temple (time)。’”Wu Ding asked Fu Shuo，Is your arrival ordered by God？Wu Ding said yes。"bet365 champions league Order" records that Fu Shuo came to assist Wu Ding on the order of God，Full of ghosts and gods。Fu Shuo has no meritorious service、No qualifications、No blood background，Only by the will of God，You can be ordained。

The bet365 champions league "The Order of Fengxu" says:

(King Wen)... Yu (Yue) is bet365 champions league world，God urges him to die.，Xiang (Shang) (Pure) Juude，Accepting the great destiny，（) Yin Sifang...(King bet365 champions league)□Si Mingxing，李氒(Jue)猷，Only God，(Huan Huan) Pi Jing, strictly guard the bet365 champions league.

Since King Cheng of Zhou，The time of canonization usually goes back to King Wen、The virtue of King Wu，Describe the achievements of the recipient’s ancestors or himself in assisting the King of Zhou，"With virtue and merit, there must be merit"。Compared with Tsinghua Bamboo slip "bet365 champions league"，The color of witch ghosts ordained in the Zhou Dynasty was obviously weakened，And the rise of humanistic ideas。The contents of the fortune-telling mostly emphasize that the ancestors (or themselves) have contributed to assisting the Emperor of Zhou、Ordained for outstanding virtue。Respect Heaven and Protect the People、Praise for virtue and reward for merit，Has become the main theme of the concept of ordination in the Western Zhou Dynasty。

In short，From Shang Dynasty to bet365 champions league，Ordination time、Location、The records of the Blesser have gone from rough to detailed，The registration process is becoming more and more cumbersome，The sense of ritual is getting stronger。From worshiping ghosts and gods to tracing the virtues of civil and military affairs，From the way of heaven to the way of humanity，The changes in the appointment system of Yin and Zhou Dynasties show the early Chinese political system from one aspect、The development and changes of humanistic spirit。

　　(Author’s Affiliation: Confucius Institute of China)