Nan Ming Confucianism will leave Zhang Huangyan when he die, "，Covering the coffin is not too late "，The idea of ​​this kind of success after the judgment of the past and the judgment is quite prevalent in ancient China。The nickname is exactly the name of the commendation name given by the rulers of the dynasty based on the dead.，谥 Law is a complete set of regulations hidden behind the nickname。The reason why the method is linked to the "Condor Coffin"，Not only because the nickname is a few numbers, it can be called the silhouette of the good and evil of the deceased's life，Due to the "only" of the "nickname", it is irreplaceable enough to cross the historical rotation。But，When built in "Out of yourself，Famous Family Born in Man ", when the character plays the character Zang whether the function is functional，Another different sound- "Cushioning Coffin is not determined" also quietly sounded in history。Especially the Qing Dynasty，Change of the form of the law of the law、Emperor Emperor Emperor Reinforcement and the rise of folk public opinion，Official or folk's disapproval of someone and a certain re -judgment increased significantly，As a result, another side of the Qing Dynasty's law cannot be ignored。

　　Bet365 lotto review

谥 Fayer started in Zhou Dynasty。Han Dynasty established a public system，is the official unified system。Since then，In view of many politically considers, the gift cannot be implemented before the deceased funeral，The type of 谥 method breaks through the single "burial" mode，Gradually diversify -plus、Get、Change、Pursuing、Special。where，Special special，All represents Bet365 app download the emperor's "negation"。Different attitudes from the cautious attitudes from the past，The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty used to take the gesture and change，To safeguard the autocracy of the imperial power。

Get，Refers to the ruler who ruled by the deceased's premise that the rulers have been cut off for reasons。To beautify the imperial power to the greatest extent、Refreshment，The Qing court effectively imitated the Ming Dynasty to ban evil，At the same time, push it to the front end，With this sewing method, "punish evil" for "punish evil"。Qing Dynasty，A total of 16 cases in the section，Generally divided into two categories。

1 is the clan to win the 谥。For example，After the death of Dole，Emperor Shunzhi Zeng Zunzheng him as "the Emperor of the Emperor of the Multi -Dao Mao Mao Guo, the Emperor, and the Emperor of the Emperor"。Shunzhi Eight Years (1651)，Prince Zheng Jirhalang and others, "Anti -death" Dorr's crime before life，Quite "Bamboo of Nanshan，Book Sin is not poor "。Emperor Shunzhi immediately described Dole to cut Jue、Withdrawing the temple、、黜 Certificate。

Second, officials seize 谥。For example，Emperor Qianlong loves Shen De Qiancai，Zeng sent poetry "Jade Emperor's Case Today Cigarette Passenger，Emperor's Menno Sheng is even more old "。34 years of Qianlong (1769)，Shen De Qian Dian，Give "Wen Xun" (the meaning of "in the table as one")。forty -three years，Shen Deqian involved the case of Xu Shuyu's "text prison"，Emperor Qianlong is furious，Not only does it reprimand its "humble shame", "humiliation"，Also order to win。This is undoubtedly all the recovery of Shen Deqian's previous honor and praise。The reasons for the people in the Qing Dynasty were unspepped，But all are related to the political affiliation of Dang Dynasty。

Change，Refers to the ruler changing the original bet365 Play online games nickname of the deceased。Nurhachi is the only temple in the Qing Dynasty (that is, the last word，Judging the most important words of the emperor) Emperor who has changed。"Draft of Qing History" contains: "Emperor Wu of the first martial arts，Temple No. Taizu，Reform Emperor Gao，Tired of Cheng Tian Guangyun Shengde, Divine Gong Zi Ji Ren Xiao Rui Wu Duan Yi Qin and Emperor Gao Emperor。"This change is related to Emperor Shunzhi。Shunzhi died，Hanchen Sun Tingzhang proposed "the Emperor of the Emperor Longxing Zhongtu，Mixed 16 -in -six，Gongye is the same as pioneering，Yixi is the Emperor Gao "。They hope to use the "Gao" (the meaning of "merit is grand")，That is, the foundation of the kingdom of the kingdom of the king of the kingdom，The status of Emperor Shunzhi and its Chinese tendency，and intentionally split its contact with the period of the Guanwai period。This Minister of Manchuria, headed by Aobai, opposed，They fixed the "chapter" of Shunzhi Emperor Temple (the meaning of "respect")，and change the "Wu" 谥 of Taizu (the meaning of "causing trouble") to "high" 谥。

other，Qing Emperor still as a text、Wu Er Sheng's more fixed nickname。Emperor Ming Jiajing was the nickname of Confucius called "Master of the Holy Pioneer"。Emperor Shunzhi changed to "Dacheng to Shengwen Xuanxian Master"，Pay attention to Master Confucianism。Later，Considering the large complexity and simplification，change it back to "Master to the Holy Pioneer"。Shu Han's post -Lord Liu Chan is the name "Zhuang Miao" set by Guan Yu (the meaning of "brave and courage", "name and real")。Emperor Qianlong was changed to "bravery" (the meaning of "An Ren's government" and "seeing righteousness must be")，Later, it is evenly set as "loyalty" (the meaning of "taking" in danger "and" suitable for making things ")，Makes its nickname step by step to overflowing beauty。

　　Folk public opinion is different from the official law

Different from the official fixed nickname，When the official discourse reflected in the folk opinion and the law of the Qing Dynasty is huge differences，"Covering the coffin is not determined" will grow quietly。The more prominent the status of the historical figures，The alternative comments brought by their lives and deaths are often more and more diverse。

Emperor Qing Emperor's meaning of "Wen Zheng" (the meaning of "morality and news" and "keeping the Tao") is extremely valued，Only eight examples (Tang Bin、Liu Tongxun、Zhu Xi、Cao Zhenyu、Zeng Guofan、Zeng Guofan、Li Hongzao and Sun Jiayu)，and all "from Turn"。but，The folk has a lot of beaks to Cao Zhenzheng and his "Wen Zheng"。Zhu Kejing "Two Consciousness" contains: "Cao Wenzheng's old age，Models of Master，Models of Master。Please do it for a student，Cao said: ‘No him，But many hoe，Talking less ears。'"Zhu's emphasized" since Daoguang，World Wind Roman，Real book here "。Chen Qiyuan's "Yong Xianzhai Note" is even more direct to Cao's sarcasm: "Yong Yonglu Cao Ying Prime Minister。"" Wenzheng "，The slander of "unjust" appears in the folk- "焉 焉，Test volumes must be 黜，It is the text;，Getting charcoal and not donate，It is not right "。Obviously，This is very different from the official qualitativeness behind the "Wenzheng" nickname。Emperor Daoguang believes that Cao's "character side" and "solid work"，Praise its "beginning of pro -government，Advanced Positive Man。Mid -does，Attribute minister。Ask Xue Yuan Bo，Keqin Ke Shen。Keqin Ke Shen，First Palm Lun "。Visible，The "Campaign Correcting" of the official law enters the civil society，It is very likely to be "eliminated"。

This kind of folk voice with the official law，It is particularly prominent in the late Qing Dynasty，The reason is the rise bet365 live casino games of modern newspapers，Everyone hopes that the desperation of the time is greatly satisfied。In the first year of Xuantong (1909)，Zhang Zhidong's death。The Qing court used its "public loyalty country，Lianzheng Authenticity "，"Serving the official for more than forty years，Drawing fine，Difficulty Kuangji。Scripture is far，For a long time, it is common to China and foreign countries "，Give "Wen Xiang" (the meaning of "armor with labor" and "because of things")。There are only 14 cases in the Qing Dynasty，Most of them are given to military minister。Zhang Zhidong is lacking at the military skills level，can be given "Wenxiang"，It is indeed different。Visible，The Qing court used this to praise Zhang's meaning without doubt。Facing Zhang's death，There is also a voice in the sound of wailing。"Declaration" published article "The View of Zhang Wenxiang's Perception (Continue)"，It is pointed out that "the public has not tasted Shen Qian's new learning，Hunter，But the scales of the east to west;，But I have to from the East Student's Ear "。"The Daily" published article "The Conclusion of Zhang Xiangguo"，I believe that "Zhang Zhidong is a contemporary literary minister to follow the official，Not a politician of outstanding consciousness、Breakst on Diplomacy "。The article "The Confraduation of Zhang Xiangguo after the death of Zhang Xiangguo" bluntly stated: "Zhang Xiangguo has no purpose、No Government Opinion、Follow the current、Mei Lord who is for glory also。""，Zhang Zhidong after the death "Half of the reputation at home，It seems more than reputation "。

　　How can the coffin not be determined

Liang Qichao once said: "I have seen it for decades and hundreds of years after covering the coffin.。Each is what it is，Non -what is not，How will the person who knows it? "visible，With the death of historical figures，Bet365 lotto review The official "Cover Coffin Confusion" with the method of 谥，Occasionally, it will not be able to restrain it as "Luoshengmen" under the role of multiple parties。So，"Covering the coffin" why is it "not determined"?

On the one hand，The official of the Qing Dynasty was more fixed on the law of the law，It is the comprehensive solution of the old "coffin"。Under the protection of autocracy，The rulers of the Qing Dynasty would abandon the ancient training of "not to cover the great virtue"，Sacrifice the banner of "Getting the Puppet"，Or "re -establishment" with the "change of"，It is to correct the characteristics of the characters that do not meet the political ideas of the DPRK。So，It is not difficult to understand the Emperor Yongzheng who won from the "winning"，Why do you talk about the liver (hand over with the Eight Brother，Emperor Kangxi gave "Wen Duan") to win，and order to change the tombstone "The tomb of the insidious and sinister sinister"。As for the Qing Emperor claimed to be "from the middle of the middle to the right way，Strictly praise for the world "，It's just the pretty rhetoric of perfunctory subjects。

On the other hand，When the official、Different voices of folk sounds，"Cushioning Coffin" has evolved into "lid coffin theory"。Deepen from the feudal rule crisis，Especially in the late Qing Dynasty in the wind and rain，Folk public opinion has gone through the "tightening" in the early Qing and mid -term，Finally ushered in "Release"，Become an emerging force against the feudal dynasty。The rise of modern newspapers，It provides a strong support for it for continuous fermentation。This makes the folk's different voices of the same historical figures sounded。Non -official words surrounded by the voice of the official law，It just impacted the discourse interpretation of the declined and declined Qing Dynasty "Cover Coffin"。

Bet365 app download This can be seen，"Cushioning Coffin" may not be "settled"。The traditional Chinese scholars chased "but the king of the world，Win the name of the previous life "，At least "behind you" is not a rock。No dedication，Qualification of historical figures transmitted by the law of the Qing Dynasty，It will be deserved from the official internal or folk public opinion at any time。This kind of "variable" hidden in the law method，Although the "covering coffin set" to "discuss"，But it can be regarded as another interpretation of the Qing Dynasty's law。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Manchuria, Beijing Academy of Social Sciences)