Yuan Ming two generations，With the reform of the imperial examination system，The original interpretation system of Shizi reading compliance shifted from Hantang Note Text to the Song Dynasty Classics.。In the second year of Huanghuangqing (1313)，Reading with Cheng Zhu Xue — "Four Books and Five Classics" as the standard of the scholars，Ancient Note only as a form of reference。and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty，The imperial examination follows the old system，During the Yongle period，Mingcheng Zuyu Hu Guang、Yang Rong et al. "Five Classics" and "Four Books" (collectively referred to as "Four Books and Five Classics")，Make the status of notes in Shuxuan's text will be more strike。

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty，The implementation of scholars on the implementation of the imperial examinations, which causes scholars to avoid refuge、No objection to the bad atmosphere of the ancient note，The disadvantages of emptiness brought by Wang Xue，Carrying out the original Code Return Movement。On the one hand, the recovery of the Han and Tang ancient note text that is foundation as the original literature of Confucianism，On the other hand, pay attention to the recovery of the Song and Yuanjing who has not been deleted by the Ming Dynasty.。

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The text recovery movement of the return of the original code，Zhao Qi Yu Qiu Jun、He Liangjun and others attach great importance to the ancient and Tang Dynasty's attention and appeal。He Liangjun thinks，Cheng Zu has cultivated the "Four Books and Five Classics"，Then I learned to go to Han Confucianism，Dedicated for Cheng Zhu Chuan Note。Shizi only adds a slight performance based on this，together to make eight shares，Platinum Ceremony No. 1，Forgot the fundamentals of fame and fortune。Therefore, he strongly advocates the tradition of recovering the scriptures of scriptures，Leading Shizi to read for reference，Do not partial the saying of Song Yuanru。Bet365 app download Ming Dynasty Zhengde、During the Jiajing period，Yuan Ten line "Thirteen Classic Note" old boards can be repaired by the printed line，Jia Jingshi also has Li Yuanyang's move to engrav the Mindian in the influence of the revival of Sinology，During the Wanli years，Ming Shenzong ordered Beijing Guozi Supervisor School to issue official recognition、The Thirteen Classic Supervisor "Thirteen Classics Note"。and then there are Chongzhen years, Mao Jinju Gu Gujie "Thirteen Classics Note" is popular in the world。Qian Qianyi wrote a preface to praise Mao Jin's goodness carved "Note" —— "Table Relics", "Respecting Saint System", "Vulgar Study"，Send expectation Yu Shizi to read，This "trace the source flow of the classics，Refutation of Popular Study "，Under the dominance of the Standard of the Division of the Division，Shizi Li Jing Tao、Teacher today is not ancient wind。

Reading，Mingchengzu's order "Four Books and Five Classics"，In an attempt to highlight the merit of a generation of teaching，Open the Berry Confucian Forest，But only the Cheng Zhu Zhishu is slightly deleted，Not recorded ancient note sparse and different things，Taoist surgery is one。Doctoral disciples use "Four Books and Five Classics" as the industry，The way to rule the classics is increasingly narrow。The head of the "Four Books and Five Classics" is huge，Destiny selection，Although it is presented in school，But after being published, it did not get a wide range of circulation。In the middle and late Ming Dynasty，For the supply of scholars' reading，The publishing form of the reading books in the scriptures，Mainly manifested as the engraving of the reading books of the Song and Yuan Confucianism，As Huang Xixian during the Jiajing period、Xu Jie engraved "Five Classics Collection Notes"，Recognition Cheng Yi、Zhu Xi、Cai Shen、Chen Yan wrote a five -class reading book, one hundred volumes。Fang's science reading is prevailing in the Ming Dynasty，But only the disadvantage of the "Four Books and Five Classics" is corrected in the form of editing，The content of the content is still the main Cheng Zhu Jing said，Still limited。

This type of compilation bet365 best casino games of this single -class dedication from official repair to Fangjing，Social atmosphere that reads with Shizi is utilitarian，Gradually caused reflection in the academic community。Taking Zhang Ye, a scholar of the complex at the end of the Ming Dynasty as an example，Zhang's disadvantages of the compilation of the scriptures brings imprisonment to Shizi reading、Harm of empty learning style and other hazards pay great attention，and believed that the social and political crisis at that time was closely related to this。For this，members of Zhang and Fu Society played the banner of "Xingxu Guxue"，Call for the scholar group "respect the legacy", "read the holy book", "derogatory learning"，Rebelling the Study Fun，Revitalize the spirit，Rescue the court's danger。Zhang's on the one hand re -compiled "Five Classics Note and Related Complex", "Four Book Injects and Related Complex"，On the other hand, plan to compile three scriptures，Including the "Ancient Solution" of the Tang Dynasty from the Tang Dynasty,，Including Song、"Tong Jie" said in the Jing Zhu's Classics，Including the "National DPRK Classics"。But unfortunately，The compilation plan is not implemented，Zhang's death has died，Leave only the unfinished "Note Diagram Complete Complex"。Zhang's attempt to collect the saying of the Han and Tang Dynasties and the Song Yuanru Scripture，But because it is only in the "Four Books and Five Classics", the official reading book is arranged，Although it intentionally increases the injection position ignored by the people，I still failed to break the compilation form of the banknote compilation of the "Four Books and Five Classics"，It has not been completely restored to the diversified pattern。

Social turmoil in the late Ming Dynasty，The party fights for scourge，Zhang's Scripture Plan is also not asked，But Xuelin's famous reflection on the disadvantages of the Ming Dynasty did not stop。Inherit the Ming Dynasty Yang Shen、Jiao Yan、Fang Yizhi and others re -examined the academic tendency Huang Zongxi、Gu Yanwu、Yan Ruoxuan and others made a series of reflection on the academic ecology at that time，With Gu Yanwu, "Reading the bet365 Play online games Nine Classics Self -Examination，Kaowen self -knowledge beginning "is the strongest representation and slogan of returning to the original class in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，Leading scholars return to the original code，Follow the fundamental，Disposal of empty talk。

　　Development of the Return of the Original Code in the early Qing Dynasty

Shunzhi、During the Kangxi reign，Xiong Ci, who was studied in the late Ming Dynasty、Li Guangdi et al.，Gao Ren "Zun Zhu" banner，Accordingly, "Science" won the official status in Kangxi。Emperor Kangxi ordered Confucianism to compile a large number of scientific reading books，For example，Published "Zhu Zi Book" and "Sexuality Extraordinary" Books。22 years of Kangxi (1683)，Guozi Jianjiu Wine Wang Shizhen called the Guozi Supervisor Tibetan Supervision Board，Live for a long time、The condition is not good，In order，Repairing matters are imminent。But Kangxi's re -repair may be changed to the title on the basis of the Ming Dynasty monitoring、Annual model，The content of the line is no different。It can be seen that Kangxi's attention to the text of the original note is far less than Cheng Zhu Lixue's reading。Although these academic activities have contributed to the emphasis on the original classics of the classics，but failed to fundamentally break the rigid academic pattern。

At that time, the academic circles urgently hoped to restore the classic original appearance of the imperial examination since Yuanming。Scholars in the Qing Dynasty inherited the retro thought tide of academic circles in the middle and late Ming Dynasty，In Huang Zongxi、Gu Yanwu and other leaders of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，Review more thorough original classics，Carried out an academic practice throughout the Qing Dynasty: First, the school repair of Hantang Note text。The scholar of the Qing Dynasty took the school carving of the "Thirteen Classics of the Thirteen Classics" as the preliminary practice，Made in the official engraving text that is better than the previous generation; in the copy of the "Thirteen Classics" of "Siku Quanshu"，In an attempt to establish a model of contemporary text; represented by Ruan bet365 live casino games Yuan during the Jiaqing period，For Qianjia Shi Huidong、Lu Wenzheng and other scholars collated the various types of collation of the text of the "Thirteen Classics" texts for summary、Integrated，Comprehensive optimization of the original text text。Second, the editorial compilation of the reading of the Song and Yuanjing。During the Kangxi reign，Xu Qianxue gathered at the time of elite scholars' groups to engage in "Tongzhitang Scriptures"，The urgent appeal of the original appearance of the Song and Yuan dynamics that the academic community was destroyed by the imperial examination at that time was solved。Jiaqing、Daoguang years，Ruan Yuan Organization Scholars Candidly "Qing Bible Solution"，Dedicated to involve the contemporary scriptures involved in the original classic text、Reading The training materials of the material network compile，Scholars take this fine school blog test，Concentrate to study。In the past generation text、During the recovery process of reading，Scholars continue to summarize the scriptures、Test，It has also carried out the creation of reading books for contemporary scriptures，For example, the compilation of "Three Rites and Religious Shutdings" in the third ceremony of the Earlier Year of the Qianlong year，and the Qing Dynasty's Thirteen Classics of Xin Shu。

History of the Thought of the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Research on Academic Tide，In particular, paying attention to the discrimination of "Song Xue", "Sinology", "Science" and "Pu Xue"。In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty，Scholars are mainly committed to correction of Wang Xue、Critical。Early Year of Kangxi，Da Sheng of Temple Story，Highly preach "Song Xue" thought，From the perspective of cultural history，Reflect that the Qing Dynasty's recognition of the Central Plains culture，Recommended for this、Cultivated a large number of outstanding scholars。But as far as the process of academic development is concerned，Progressiveness is difficult to reflect。Different from Xiongci Lu、Li Guangdi et al.，Xu Qianxue collected scholars' help to compile "Tongzhitang Scriptures"bet365 Play online games ，Rather than responding to the product of the mainstream ideology of the court "Song Xue"，It should be regarded as the inherent requirements of the Song and Yuan Jing of the Song and Yuan Scriptures at the time。

Qianlong mid -term，After the temple academic degree passed through the Xiaosheng situation of the Kangxi dynasty，Dechatal weakness。At the beginning of the country, Gu Yanwu、Yan Ruoyi and others' beginnings of Chuangtong，Yihuidong、"Sinology" represented by Dai Zhen's "Sinology" research school has risen rapidly in the folk。Compilation of a large number of screening for previous generations in the "Siku Quanshu"、Clamp、copy recording，and under the influence of the school ministers of the school，Emperor Qianlong's academic concept shows the trend of transition from "Song Xue" to "Sinology"，Official and folk academic concepts further integrate，The situation of the so -called "Sinology" Da Sheng was formed。

But in the decades after the completion of the "Siku Quanshu"，The enthusiasm of the "Sinology" research in the academic community at the time gradually signs of retreat，and formed a part of Sinologists to maintain the orthodox status of "Sinology"，Some Song scholars regain the "Song Xue" belief，The situation of the disadvantages of "Sinology" refute。Jiang Fan's "Guozhuang Sinicap in China" and Fang Dongshu's "Sinology Commercial Exchange" two books performed the most typical。and Jiang、The clear positions of "Sinology" and "Song Xue" held by the two people are different，Ruan Yuan Organization Scholars carried out the work of the "Thirteen Classics Note" and "Clean Malisman"，Rather than the product under the guidance of "Sinology" consciousness，It should be regarded as the highest achievement of the return of contemporary original classics。Ruan's expectation to compile these two books，Provide as much comprehensive data reference for the scholars of the academic world，to create a reading book representing the academic science of the Qing Dynasty。

Various academic activities above，If you only regard it as "Sinology" and "Song Xue" concept、Products of the romance of learning，I ignored the inner reasoning bet365 Play online games of academic development。Study on the two generations of academic thoughts of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Pay attention to the conventional academic activities of mainstream scholars under the guidance of mainstream ideology，It is also necessary to notice the elite academic group's deeper reflection on the current academic ecology，and the conventional academic practice that it develops，Breaking and supplementing the traditional conventional academic activities restrained。other，Knowing the classic interpretation of the Qing Dynasty，It is not limited to enthusiasm for research under political high pressure，Need to be clear，Qing people's text of the scriptures、Reading the results of the compilation of a large number of school carved，It is from the original text text、Decisions of the Reign of Recommendation。

(Author Unit: School of Literature, Nanjing Normal University)