After bet365 sportsbook review materialism was introduced to China in the early 20th century，With its scientific halo、The power of logic and the great cause of changing reality，Won the heartfelt admiration of more and more scholars。bet365 sportsbook review materialism has had a profound impact on the development of the discipline of modern Chinese history，Not only provides a scientific view of history and methodology，Constructed a strict logic、Interlocking interpretation system of modern history，And to a certain extent, it regulates the researcher’s subject position and value orientation，Guided the research perspective and research topics。Among them，Attach importance to the bet365 sportsbook review role of the people，Is the core essence of bet365 sportsbook review materialism，As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in his important speech at the meeting celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China: "The people are the creators of history，Is a real hero。”The most important conceptual change brought by bet365 sportsbook review materialism to the study of modern history，It is to write "the history of the working people" with a downward view。The focus of bet365 sportsbook review attention turns to the lives of the lower classes，Focus on describing the people’s economy、Social life and its resistance struggle，Thus, the subject position and value orientation of bet365 sportsbook review research have undergone profound changes。

　　Changes in the way bet365 sportsbook review is written

Compared with the Republic of China，After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, modern history research has undergone significant changes in both the research focus and the perspective of bet365 sportsbook review materials。Since the late Qing Dynasty，Many scholars advocate writing "civil history"。As early as the beginning of the 20th century, Liang Qichao denounced the shortcomings of "Jun's History" obliterating "People's History"，Rebuke "Jun Shi"、Advocating "civil history" has become one of the key points in the reform of new bet365 sportsbook review concepts。But，This kind of promotion is mostly for political purposes，The advocate “doesn’t seem to have a real change in his heart in this direction”，Therefore, the “civil history” in the initiative has not been substantially developed，bet365 sportsbook review research still focuses on the upper class elites。

Those who truly reverse the pattern of elite history from a practical perspective，It is Marxist history under the guidance of bet365 sportsbook review materialism。bet365 sportsbook review materialism emphasizes that history is first the history of the producers of material materials，The workers and peasants engaged in the production of material materials are regarded as the "creators of history" and "the masters of history"。Jian Bozan made it clear，"Through the history of China into one line with the people as the main body，Taking economy as the mainstay，On the mainstream driven by class struggle”，“We should stand from the standpoint of the working people”，Establish a new bet365 sportsbook review perspective that “centers on working people”。Lin Zengping also emphasized，“First of all, we must study the history of the Chinese working people’s struggle for production and class struggle in the past hundred years，In particular, the Chinese people’s anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary struggle must be regarded as the main body of history in the past century”。

　　The focus of bet365 sportsbook review research has shifted downward

Under the guidance of this concept and orientation，The focus of bet365 sportsbook review attention has shifted downward to the people at the bottom，Historians have begun to write "the history of working people"。Research on modern Chinese history under the guidance of bet365 sportsbook review materialism，Pay close attention to the people at the bottom in modern times。Republic of China period，Famous scholars who study modern Chinese history such as Chen Gonglu、Jiang Tingfu and others，Both hold an elitist stance，Underestimating the role of ordinary people。Jiang Tingfu thinks，“All new undertakings are promoted by a few prophets，Take great pains，I worked hard slowly”。Chen Gonglu on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom、They all have a negative attitude towards violent resistance from the lower classes such as the Boxer Rebellion。Marxist scholars who accept the guidance of bet365 sportsbook review materialism，Both attach importance to the bet365 sportsbook review role of the people。"Modern History of China" published by Li Dingsheng in 1933，For the peasant uprising、Popular anti-imperialist movement、Labor political struggle spares no effort in writing，As for "the changes in the palace、Bureaucrats’ crimes、The merits of a warrior、Hero’s words and deeds，In other history books, heavy volumes are used to describe the narrative，But we here don’t pay attention to it”。"Modern History of China" written by Fan Wenlan，Also based on the people-oriented stance，Focus on the struggle of the lower class people，Ruping Ying Tuan Struggle，There is no place in Jiang Tingfu’s works，It is described in detail in Fan Wenlan’s work。

　A bet365 sportsbook review view of “working people as the center”，Popularized and strengthened after 1949，Heartily accepted by most bet365 sportsbook review researchers，Become a self-evident consensus。Even a relatively old school scholar like Jin Yufu has a deep understanding of this，He is engaged in the compilation of bet365 sportsbook review materials of the Republic of China，Emphasizes that “when we compile bet365 sportsbook review materials, we distinguish between revolutionary bet365 sportsbook review materials and counter-revolutionary materials，It is to focus on the revolutionary bet365 sportsbook review materials，That is, it is placed on the working people of workers and peasants engaged in production”。

　Discussion of modern bet365 sportsbook review from 1954 to 1957，Is crucial to the academicization of modern Chinese bet365 sportsbook review。After heated debate，Hu Sheng’s concept of “Three Revolutionary Upsurges” is widely recognized。The "Three Revolutionary Upsurges" essentially highlight the Taiping Rebellion that has symbolized the popular resistance struggle in modern times、Boxer Movement、Revolution of 1911，Highlights the resistance struggle of the people (especially farmers)，Regard it as the fundamental driving force for the development of modern bet365 sportsbook review。Shao Xunzheng pointed out: Give the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and other working people’s resistance struggles “sufficient status and weight”，It can illustrate that "the Chinese people have been unyielding for more than a hundred years、Keep up the heroic struggle”。

The discipline system marked by the concept of "three revolutionary upsurges"，It is very different from the modern bet365 sportsbook review research centered on the bet365 sportsbook review of Sino-foreign relations during the Republic of China，Has a guiding influence on the study of modern Chinese bet365 sportsbook review，Direct attention to the lower class people and their resistance movements。From the perspective of academic research in the field of modern bet365 sportsbook review from 1950 to 1970，Most research works focus on the "Three Revolutionary Upsurges"，And the three thematic societies of modern Chinese bet365 sportsbook review are the Chinese Taiping Rebellion bet365 sportsbook review Research Society、China Boxer Research Association、Research Society on the bet365 sportsbook review of the Revolution of 1911。

　Collect bet365 sportsbook review materials from ordinary people

Research on modern history during the Republic of China attaches great importance to archival bet365 sportsbook review materials，Luo Jialun、Jiang Tingfu、Fu Sinian and others particularly focus on official politics、Diplomatic bet365 sportsbook review materials，Reflecting the vision of elite history。The mainstream academic circles in the Republic of China ignored the lower class people，The investigation of modern bet365 sportsbook review events is too unprepared。Wang Qingcheng criticized，“The Kuomintang did not pay attention to academic research during the reactionary rule years，Not engaged in organized bet365 sportsbook review investigation，Causing irreparable losses to bet365 sportsbook review research”。With Luo Jialun、Jiang Tingfu and others are different，Research on modern Chinese history under the guidance of bet365 sportsbook review materialism，Due to changes in subject position，His perspective on bet365 sportsbook review data has also changed。Taking "working people" as the main object of the narrative of modern Chinese history，We must focus on collecting information about ordinary people。Previous historiography was basically “elite” oriented，The lower class people are basically in a state of aphasia。Therefore，Although there are so many written materials in modern times，But the bet365 sportsbook review data about the lower class people are quite limited，And most of these limited information are recorded by the "landlord class"，Often biased and distorted，Often considered “unreliable” under new eyes。This way，Writing "the history of working people" may become "cooking without rice"。

Want to solve this problem，Must find another way。Research on modern history under the guidance of bet365 sportsbook review materialism，In terms of how to obtain bet365 sportsbook review materials, concepts and orientations that are completely different from those in the Republic of China were formed: namely, the emphasis on libraries、The archival documents in the archives have shifted to emphasize seeking bet365 sportsbook review materials from field bet365 sportsbook review investigations。In terms of time，After all, the characters and bet365 sportsbook review events of "modern times" are not far behind now，Between “the world you see” and “the world you hear”，Some people who experienced it are still alive，Or it was passed down orally from his father and ancestors，Conducting bet365 sportsbook review investigation interviews is practical and feasible。Hua Gang once pointed out in an article，“Passengers on the boat of modern Chinese history、Oarsman and helmsman，There are still many alive now，As long as we are willing to investigate and visit，You can get a lot of fresh bet365 sportsbook review materials，As a basis or reference for our research”。Ma Changshou, who once personally conducted the investigation of the Hui uprising, pointed out，"Facts proved，my country’s history in the past hundred years，By investigation method，can solve some or most of the problems。...In order to correct the fallacies of bet365 sportsbook review data and further comprehensively and deeply understand the truth，bet365 sportsbook review investigation has become an urgent task”。

1950s and 1960s，Field bet365 sportsbook review investigation is favored by modern history researchers，The scientific method is regarded as "having a decisive role in fully reflecting the true bet365 sportsbook review situation"。Liu Yaohan went through many field investigations，Complete "The Development Process of the Social and Economic Structure of a Yi Region from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to Liberation"，Fan Wenlan wrote "Introduction to a Manuscript Waiting for Words in the Boudoir" and greatly appreciated it。Fan Wenlan compared the bet365 sportsbook review materials obtained from the investigation to "a young girl in the mountains who is still alive in front of her"，Think of the beauty of Liu Yaohan’s article，The materials used are almost all taken from field surveys，No bet365 sportsbook review record”。

Field investigation has become a common practice

This period，bet365 sportsbook review investigation teams with various names have been established，The Taiping Rebellion Movement belonging to the “Three Revolutionary Upsurges”、Boxer Movement、The Revolution of 1911 naturally attracted the most attention，These three major bet365 sportsbook review events involve all parts of the country，Many provinces and cities have organized multiple related bet365 sportsbook review surveys。In addition，In modern history, large and small uprisings by lower class people against the Qing Dynasty have become the basis for bet365 sportsbook review investigation，The people’s anti-imperialist struggle has also received great attention from investigators。Field investigation of modern Chinese history has become a common practice，The survey results often receive great attention from the academic community。The flourishing modern bet365 sportsbook review surveys are mostly organized by provincial and municipal government departments，The main force of the investigation is researchers from bet365 sportsbook review research institutions and teachers and students of history departments in universities，Wide coverage、Large scale。The Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Sciences, as a national bet365 sportsbook review institution，Want to make a difference。Fan Wenlan attaches great importance to bet365 sportsbook review investigation，Already arranged to attack the Boxers in 1955、Revolution of 1911、Beiyang Warlord、May 4th Movement、bet365 sportsbook review investigation of major bet365 sportsbook review events such as the First Civil Revolutionary War，The Institute of Modern History formulated an investigation plan in 1958。In Hu Qiaomu、Yang Dongchun、With the active promotion of Liu Danian and others，In May 1964, the Institute of Modern History formally established the "Modern Chinese Social History Investigation Working Committee"，Developed ambitious plans，First of all, declare: "Social bet365 sportsbook review investigation is an extremely important link in the research of modern Chinese history。Due to incomplete documents and archives in old China，And most of them were distorted and fabricated by the landlords and bourgeoisie，Only based on written records，It is difficult to delve into many major bet365 sportsbook review issues。Therefore，Only planned nationwide、Carry out organized social bet365 sportsbook review investigation，Establish a good academic style，In order to gradually overcome the shortcomings in past research work，Raise the study of modern Chinese history to a higher level。"due to various reasons，The work of this committee was interrupted。

1950s to 1970s，Many modern history researchers accept the concept of writing "the history of working people"，And actually invest in bet365 sportsbook review investigation，Acquire bet365 sportsbook review materials for ordinary people。The rise of social bet365 sportsbook review investigation in the field of modern Chinese history，Cannot be attributed solely to top-down organizational push，It is not a product of the "politicization" of history，Mainly lies in the core of bet365 sportsbook review materialism - the profound embodiment of the "people's view of history" in the field of modern history。Pass bet365 sportsbook review investigation，In modern times, a large amount of bet365 sportsbook review materials on the resistance struggles of the lower classes have been unearthed，Become an important bet365 sportsbook review material basis for the research and writing of modern Chinese history。

bet365 sportsbook review materialism has had a profound impact on the development of the discipline of modern Chinese history，Writing "the history of working people" has become an exciting slogan，Won the heartfelt admiration of most modern history researchers。1950s，The reason why the discipline system of modern Chinese history was formed to pay attention to the resistance struggle of the modern people、Attach importance to the basic aspects of social bet365 sportsbook review investigation，Also derived from the internal logic of bet365 sportsbook review materialism。This orientation is consistent with the perspective and value stance of "looking from the bottom up" in European and American historiography after World War II。After reform and opening up，Research on modern social history is developing rapidly，Introducing theoretical methods from European and American circles，At the same time, it is also the inner spirit of bet365 sportsbook review materialism、The continuation of the Marxist bet365 sportsbook review tradition。Although the theoretical methods of modern history research tend to be diversified，But we must firmly adhere to the guidance of bet365 sportsbook review materialism on bet365 sportsbook review research。As far as the discipline of modern Chinese history is concerned，bet365 sportsbook review materialism has greatly influenced the in-depth way of thinking and the overall pattern of the discipline of researchers in mainland China，Thus, the study of modern history in mainland China’s academic circles presents a basic look that is different from that of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and European and American academic circles。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of bet365 sportsbook review Theory, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)