late 18th century，in France、The British -based Western Academy，A new discipline appeared -Oriental Study。Some countries and regions along the Silk Road，Once a Western colony，Its culture is relatively backward。So，Excavation of ancient culture、Research and even naming，Most of them are proposed or completed by Western scholars in the context of "Oriental Studies"，Ru Egypt Studies、Indian learning、Assyrian studies and other disciplines are like this。

The name of the "Silk Road" was the first proposed by German geographical scientist Li Xifen in 1877，Soon the approval of Oriental and Western scholars。But the "Silk Road" as a research object，It is proposed by Western scholars in the context of the modern Central Asian adventure，Its researchers are mainly France、UK、German and other Western scholars and Japanese scholars。The first book named after the "Silk Road"，It was also published by Swedish explorer Sven Heping in 1936。

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Lee Hohhin is a German geography scientist and geologist，May 5, 1833 Born in Karlsruhe，Today belongs to Poland)，After graduating from middle school, studying at the University of Bresu and Humboldt University of Berlin。After graduating in 1856，He has been engaged in geological survey。After obtaining the qualification of geological experts，He as the Secretary of the Embassy，Participated in the Prussian Expedition Inspection Team，Go to the world to inspect。

from 1860 to 1862，Li Xiphofen participated in the East Asian Inspection Troupe organized by the Prussian government to Asia。The inspection team has visited many places in Asia，such as Ceylon (Sri Lanka)、Japan、Indonesia、bet365 live casino games Philippines、Siam (Thailand)、Myanmar, etc.。Although Li Xiphefen failed to enter China this time，But through surveys of the Asian regions around China，He has a strong interest in China's geography。After he watched Yur's "China and the Road to China -Records of China"，It even aroused his strong desire to study China's geography，I hope to inspect the Chinese and Western transportation route involved in the book as soon as possible。

1868，Li Xiphove。After arriving in Shanghai，He is commissioned by the Shanghai Western Chamber of Commerce，For the first time, a comprehensive inspection of Chinese landforms and geography，Footprints spread in most parts of China。

Li Hoffen's inspection in Shaanxi，It is also planned to enter the Gansu Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang for inspection，However, due to the interference of incidents such as Shaanxi -Gansu and the invasion of Aguber, it was not realized。Although not arrived in Gansu、Xinjiang and other northwestern regions，But in the inspection, he put forward many suggestions for building railways，Among them, there are plans to build railways along the ancient Silk Road，That is, from Xi'an Mansion -Lanzhou Prefecture -Suzhou -Hami，then divided into North and South Road， Viaxianshan southern foot and northern foot of Tianshan，Enter Central Asia，Hami and other places along the way are also distributed with rich coal mines。

After returning to Germany in 1872,，Li Hohafen is mainly committed to writing "China -Personal Travel and Research Achievement" of the 5 -volume "China" (hereinafter referred to as "China")，Published first before the death (October 1905)、2、Four volumes。The third and fifth volumes are compiled by his students after his death，All published in 1912。In the first volume published in Berlin in 1877，He first proposed a "Silk Road" for the first time。

Bet365 app download By sorting out the relevant content of the first volume of "China" in Li Hohafen，It can be seen that the term "Silk Road" has appeared 4 times。That is, there is the "Malin's Silk Road" on the catalog of the first volume; pp. 496 There is "the western part of the path in the early Silk Road"; Malin's Silk Road "; between pages 500 and 501，A "Map of Central Asia" drawn by Li Xiphein in 1876，The description text of the map is "Malin's Silk Road"。On this map，He draws a basically straight "Silk Road" with a thick red line，It is said that this is the geographical situation of Lislis and Malilus from Ptolemy's "Geography"，But the actual direction of the "Silk Road" does not meet。

From this we know，Although Li Xipifen proposed the concept of the "Silk Road"，But it is only briefly mentioned in the first volume of "China"，No special discussion and research。

　The academic background proposed by the "Silk Road"

Among the items output in ancient China，The most loved Westerner is China's silk。So，Ancient Greeks、Romans call China "Seres"，means "Silk Kingdom"。

As early as the late 1 century BC，The Roman Emperor Augustus (reigned 27-14 years ago) wanted to be established in Patia (that is, the "rest" in Chinese and historical books) and the right to dominate Arabia，Once sent Greek geographical scientist Isado and others to investigate the source of the Persian Gulf。One of the survey reports of Isador is "Patia Post Cheng Zhi"，This report records the main transportation road from the northern Iranian plateau to the northern Iranian plateau to reach Central Asia。

Starting from the 1st century AD，Some records related to Cyris have appeared in the West，Among them, the most credible is the ancient Greek geographical scientist Malilus recorded a road to Ceris，Depart from the Kuala River Ferry Exit，A business road from the east to the State of Seliis。After the 1st bet365 Play online games century AD，Ancient Greek geographical scientist Claude Ptolemy (about 98-168) who grew up in Egypt (about 98-168)，According to the records of Malilus, it is corrected，recorded the La La River Basin to Serica (Silk Kingdom，That is China) route，Among them, Dunhuang and Luoyang。This businessman recorded by Malims and Ptolemy for silk to go to Silk Kingdom，Later became the basis for creating the word "Silk Road"。

late 16th century，After the rise of European capitalist forces，Continue to expand to the east colonial expansion，and incorporate China into their scope of activities。Another，After the Jesus failed to fight against the new education reform movement，It also turns missionary activities to the East。With the large -scale expansion of the missionary cause，Europe's understanding of China is constantly expanding and deepening。

From 17、Starting from the 18th century，Christian Master、Diplomat、Businessman、Explorer、Traveler and scholars continue to come to China and other oriental countries，Military for Eastern countries in European colonialism、In economic aggression，Research on cultural research from related countries，So it formed a new discipline in Europe -Oriental Study。

Among European Orientists，British scholar Henry Yul's "China and the Road to China -Records Compilation of the Middle Ages" brought together all the records and translations of China about China in ancient West，When it exceeded Ptolemy's "Geography"，It disclosed all the information on the road of Malilus's Study Road。Although Yur did not use words such as the "Silk Road" in this book，But for the first time, he conducted a detailed research on the road of Cyris and Cyris, the road to China and China，It laid the foundation for the emergence of the term "Silk Road" later。

Yur's "China and the Road to China -Records of the Middle Ages on Bet365 app download China" and "Translation of Marco Polo Travel"，It has aroused European oriental scholars to Oriental Society，Especially the adventure enthusiasm of Central Asia，Among them, German geographic scientist Li Xiphefen。

　The political background proposed by the "Silk Road"

The appearance of the name of the "Silk Road"，is the product of Western colonial culture，That is, the West to the East in military occupation、Cultural aggression on economic plunder at the same time，It is also the Western "imperialist" in the "Eastern Studies" in "Eastern Studies" in "Eastern Studies".。

After 1840，China has gradually reduced to a semi -colonial semi -feudal society，While military and economic aggression，Also dispatched a large number of inspection groups、Experts come to our country for inspection。With the big opening of the modern country，Military in Western powers、At the same time of the infiltration of economic forces，A large number of missionaries、Examiner、Explorers, etc. in deepen in China in various names、Collect information，Services for the powers invading China。Li Xiphefen's inspection in China has seven times，Starting from the end of 1869，He received four years of travel provided by the Shanghai Western Chamber of Commerce，The condition is that he must write a report on the Chinese economy, especially the coal mine resources in English。So，Start from the fifth inspection，Li Xiphefen wrote what you saw and heard in English in English when traveling intermittently，Send it to the Shanghai West Chamber of Commerce，Later, it was collected into a book，Two "Baron Baron Baron Barry Collection"。A large amount of economic intelligence in this book，full of attractiveness to the Western powers at the time。You can see from Li Xiphene's inspection report，The inspection of his travelers in various bet365 Play online games places has strongly provided intelligence to the powers、The purpose of facilitating its economic expansion。

Although the "travel" of Li Xipifen is legal，But as a Prussian，He regards the unity and strength of the German Empire as the highest ideal。As early as 1868 visiting Zhoushan，He realized the importance of its traffic position，I wrote two suggestions to seize the report of Zhoushan，Please transfer to Prime Minister Bismarck for Consul General in Germany。His suggestion has aroused strong interest in the Prussian government，But because Britain regards Zhoushan as its sphere of influence，Coupled with the outbreak of the French war war，This plan was not realized。

After the plan to occupy Zhoushan fails，Li Xiphefen turned his eyes to Jiaozhou Bay, located on the Peninsula of Shandong。1869，Li HHHHHEN proposes to Germany，Get the right to build the railway and its surrounding railways，Can make cotton in North China、Iron and coal are more convenient for Germany。1897，German excuse missionary was killed，Departure to occupy Jiaozhou Bay，Draw Shandong as its sphere of influence。In the military plan approved by Emperor William I，The German Navy Commander, Jilpitz, has cited the conclusion of Li Xiphin's inspection。

Geological Survey on Li Xipifen，Lu Xun pointed out in "China Geology A Brief Theory": Li Xiphene "lasted three years，Its travel line is stronger than 20,000 miles，Three volumes of reports，So the name of the world's first carbon (coal) country，Nai noise in the world。It means: The mainland of the branch is carbon，and Shanxi You Sheng;，Shouguan transport，But Jiaozhou，Then the mining of Shanxi，Therefore, the division branch，Taking the first of Jiaozhou as the first "。So，Lu Xun lamented: "Gaiti (Li Xi Hoffen was originally translated as‘ Lifen ’)，Jiaozhou has long been my 矣。”

Bet365 app download Although the "Silk Road" appears in the context of the oriental studies，It is the product of the West in the context of the Eastern occupation and aggression，But it is undeniable，The proposal of the "Silk Road" or the study of "Silk Road" has a unique scientific value，Therefore, it is recognized by the academic community。

(The author is a professor at the School of History of Zhejiang University、Vice President of the Turpan Society in Dunhuang, China、Vice President of the Chinese Tang History Society)