Thucydides confidently declared shortly after the beginning of "History bet365 sports War"，His work will be "an eternal treasure"。But he also admitted，Due to "no legend"，This book will be "less interesting"，I’m afraid it’s difficult to attract the attention of ordinary people。Then，This serious and difficult work on ancient Greek history，How has it been passed down to this day after more than 2,400 years？

　　Pyrus Period (4th bet365 sports BC - 6th bet365 sports BC)

Thucydides probably died in the early 1990s of the 4th century BC。According to Diogenes Laertius，Before Xenophon published Thucydides’ History bet365 sports War，It has not attracted the attention of the world yet。Xenophon not only made Thucydides and his works famous，And Xenophon's "History of Greece" is a direct continuation of "History bet365 sports War"。The first sentence of the opening chapter of "History of Greece" is "After this，Not many days passed，Humeharis brought a few ships from Athens”，The following is the historical scene at the end of "History bet365 sports War"，The situation after the Battle of Cenocema at the Hellaspont in 411 BC。Xenophon probably played a key role in the transmission of Thucydides's works。4th century BC，Except Xenophon，Both Cratippus and Theopompus wrote "History bet365 sports War"。Fragments of the "History of Greece by Oxilynchus" (created in the 4th century BC) unearthed in Egypt in the 20th century，Also continues Thucydides’ political and military history writing。

In the ancient Mediterranean world，Pyrus is the main writing material。The earliest fragment of the "History bet365 sports War" manuscript discovered so far was copied during the Hellenistic period，Two pieces in total。One is Thucydides Papyrus No. 32 (Π32)，Now in the Library of the University of Hamburg，Copied in the 3rd century BC。The other is now in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University (accession number: P. CtYBR 4601），Copied in the 3rd century BC or early 2nd century BC。They were only about a century after Thucydides wrote，Therefore extremely precious。About the same period，Scholars at the Library of Alexandria divided Thucydides' text into the standard form of eight books，The curator Aristophanes of Byzantium probably further edited the History bet365 sports War。

At the end of the Roman Republic，Thucydides's works were already famous among the Romans。Lucretius’s description of the plague in Athens in Book 6 of On the Nature of Things，Almost all quotes from Thucydides。Salust in Catiline's Conspiracy and Jugurtha's War，There are obvious traces of imitating Thucydides。However，No papyrus manuscript of the "History bet365 sports War" from the 1st century BC has been found so far。

After entering the Roman Empire，Some speeches and chronicles in "The History bet365 sports War" are regarded as models of historical writing and selected as textbooks for rhetoric schools。Quintilian、Both Plutarch and Lucian commented on Thucydides，Both Josephus and Tacitus drew on "History bet365 sports War"。In the early days of the Byzantine Empire，Priscus、Historians such as Procopius and Agassias directly imitated Thucydides' writing，Especially the "Siege of Plataea" and "The Plague of Athens" episodes。According to statistics from the professional papyrus research website "Trismegistos"，As of May 2022，A total of 92 papyrus fragments of the "History bet365 sports War" from the 1st to 6th centuries have been compiled and published。These all reflect Thucydides’ influence at the time。

　　Animal skin paper period (4th-16th bet365 sports)

In the period of transition from ancient Europe to the Middle Ages，Animal skin paper and papyrus are often used together，The copy of "History bet365 sports War" is no exception。There are currently 7 fragments of animal skin manuscripts of the "History bet365 sports War" from the 4th to 6th centuries AD that have been released to the world。

6th century later，Latin scholars in Western Europe are increasingly alienated from Greek literature，It is unlikely to study the difficult ancient Greek text "History bet365 sports War" again。Middle Ages，The copies and successors of Thucydides’ historical works are mainly Byzantine scholars whose native language is Greek。7th century to early 9th century，Civil strife caused by the invasion of Arabs and other foreign nations and the "icon-destroying movement"，The academic and culture of the Byzantine Empire suffered a severe impact。During this period，The spread of "History bet365 sports War" has also been affected，No manuscripts from the early 7th century to the mid-9th century have been found yet。

642 years，The Byzantine Empire completely lost Egypt。Afterwards，Europe’s imports of papyrus have been severely affected，Animal skin paper gradually replaced papyrus as the main material for copying classics in Europe。In the middle and late Byzantine Empire (7th to 13th centuries)，Although Byzantine historians no longer imitate Thucydides’ writing，But the copying of the History bet365 sports War by scribes was restored in the late 9th century。The handed down manuscript of "History bet365 sports War" from the Middle Ages and the early modern period (about the late 9th century to the 16th century) (the entire text、Fragments or fragments)，More than 100 items in total。Among them，The most important 7 items，Respectively called the Paris version (A version) by modern and modern classical collationists，About 11th-12th century)、Vatican version (B version)，about 11th century)、Laoleng Zuoben (C version，circa 10th century)、Paladin version (E version，About the end of the 9th century to the 11th century)、Munich version (F version)，about 11th century)、Another Munich version (G version)，13th century) and London version (M version，About 10th-11th century)。These 7 most important manuscripts are divided into two major copying systems: C and G are the Laolengzuo system，A copy、B version、E version、The F version and the M version are the Vatican system。

To the end of the Byzantine Empire，Emperor John Cantacuzenus、Historians Laonicus Chalcocontilis and Cleitobulus, among others, revived the imitation of Thucydides。In addition，The last Byzantine intellectuals also directly influenced the restoration of the copying and research of "History bet365 sports War" by Western European scholars during the Renaissance。Greek teacher、The writer and scribe Michael Apostolios (c. 1420-c. 1480) is a typical example。He escaped during the fall of Constantinople，Exile to Italy，Moved to Crete。1461 years，He returns to Constantinople，A manuscript of "History bet365 sports War" was copied there，And brought to Crete，Thus affecting the copying of "History bet365 sports War" in Crete。At that time，The Venetians occupy Crete，Therefore some manuscripts were sold to Venice，Thus, this ancient historical book spread to Italy。

　　Print Period (15th-20th bet365 sports)

1452 years，With the patronage of Pope Nicholas V，The famous Italian humanist Lorenzo Vara completed the first full Latin translation of "The History bet365 sports War"。About 1483，This Latin translation is printed and published，Remained the standard Latin translation until the mid-19th century。1502 years，The Aldine Press in Venice publishes the first Greek printed version of the History bet365 sports War。1564，French classical scholar and publisher Henri Estinier published a more scholarly Greek printed version of the History bet365 sports War in Geneva，With comments。1588，He published a revised second edition。

After entering the 16th century，Scholars from various European countries have successively translated "The History bet365 sports War" into national languages。1527 years，The French political thinker Claude de Sessel translated Valla's Latin translation into French。This is the first modern language translation of "History bet365 sports War"。1628，British political philosopher Thomas Hobbes published the first English translation of "The History bet365 sports War" from the original Greek。

Early 19th century，With the development of classical philology，European scholars have conducted more systematic editing and collation of Thucydides’ text。1821，"History bet365 sports War" (Volume 1) edited by German classical philologist August Immanuel Beck was published in Oxford。In "Editor's Preface"，He collected the manuscripts of the "History bet365 sports War" from the Middle Ages and early modern times that he knew were stored in various countries at that time，Numbered in Western capital alphabetical order。Same year，Ernst Friedrich Bobo published his edited History bet365 sports War (Volume 1) in Leipzig。He gave the abbreviation based on the location of the "History bet365 sports War" manuscript at that time，Like "Ar.”(British Museum Arundelburn)、“Chr.”(Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford)、“Pal.”(Paladin version) etc.，and conducted careful identification。Alphabetical numbers and abbreviations used by Baker and Bobo for the History bet365 sports War manuscript，Although it was modified later，But most of them are still used today，Became a popular symbol for studying the circulation and revision of Thucydides’ texts。Afterwards，European scholars also edited the commentary on the medieval manuscript of "History bet365 sports War"。1927，The Danish classical scholar Carl Hood absorbed previous research on the commentary on the manuscripts of "The History bet365 sports War"，The most important medieval manuscript commentaries have been organized and compiled，So far the authoritative work in this field。

Since the 20th century，Thanks to the discovery and publication of papyrus and more animal skin paper fragments，European and American classical scholars have further revised the "History bet365 sports War"。British "Oxford Classics Series"、France's "Budai Series" and Germany's "Teubna Greek and Roman Library"，Both have released a well-researched text of "History bet365 sports War"。1972-2000，Italian classical scholar Alberti successively published the three-volume "History bet365 sports War" edited by him。In the introduction to each volume written in Latin，He meticulously lists all existing papyrus and pelt manuscripts of the History bet365 sports War up to that time，And comprehensively sort out the circulation process of the medieval and early modern manuscripts of "History bet365 sports War"。This should be the most detailed study on the genealogy of the "History bet365 sports War" to date。

　　Internet era (21st bet365 sports)

Since entering the 21st century，With the development of digitization and network technology of classical documents，An unprecedented new phenomenon has appeared in the circulation of "History bet365 sports War"。

First，Many papyrus fragments of "History bet365 sports War"、Animal skin paper codex、Early printed copies and modern research documents have been digitized。This is conducive to preserving these precious documents，It is also convenient for modern scholars to check and research at any time through the Internet。

Secondly，Some specialized websites related to bet365 sports research have appeared，For scholars。Through such websites，Researchers and enthusiasts of bet365 sports can easily obtain academic information summarized and compiled by predecessors。

Finally，There are many online courses and lecture videos on the study of Thucydides and "History bet365 sports War"，For young students、Scholars learn and understand。

In short，The Internet provides a large amount of information about "History bet365 sports War"，Scholars can further classify and sort out the details。

(This article is a copy bet365 sports text of Thucydides, a project bet365 sports National Social Science Fund)、Research on Comments and Imitation” (18BSS009) Phased Results)

(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 sports, Anhui Normal University)