Since the 1990s，To make up for the shortcomings of the nation-state research framework，Get rid of the influence of Eurocentrism，There is a “bet365 Play online games history turn” in the field of world history，Began to write bet365 Play online games history from the perspective of interactions between regions and regional events。However，While strengthening the awareness of “interaction” and “network”，bet365 Play online games history has also attracted criticism。Critics think，bet365 Play online games history mainly relies on the writing of second-hand historical materials，The demonstration of the "connection" between historical events mainly relies on theoretical construction and lacks empirical evidence。In response to this criticism，The bet365 Play online games history community has made a lot of efforts。Among them，The rise of “bet365 Play online games local history” is one of them。So-called “place”，Refers to a set of identifiable、Unique natural geography、Specific combination of social and cultural characteristics。Because "local" is a part of "region" and "country"，So “place” is originally the foundation and key concept of national and regional studies in world history。But after the rise of bet365 Play online games history，“Place” research has new vitality。"bet365 Play online games local history" can be divided into: "Globalization portal" that focuses on understanding the impact of globalization from the local perspective、Three research methods: "bet365 Play online games perspective of local history" which focuses on the combination of local experience and bet365 Play online games experience, and "bet365 Play online games micro-history" which shows bet365 Play online games flows from the perspective of individuals or groups。

　　Globalization portal

“Portals of globalization” by Michael Geyer、Proposed by scholars such as Matthias Middell and Katja Naumann。They think，The "Globalization Portal" is a real person、Product、“Places” with high intensity of bet365 Play online games interaction in terms of culture and ideas，From this "place"，You can observe the changes that occur when different levels of space and bet365 Play online games scale dimensions are connected，You can also observe how local activists react to these changes。Therefore，They emphasize that the examination of bet365 Play online games connections should be observed in specific places，Local history has thus become an entry point for the implementation of "empirical research" in bet365 Play online games history。At the same time，Claudia Baumann and other scholars believe，The game between “bet365 Play online games mobility” and “local control” can also be studied，Especially pay attention to people’s agency in specific spaces、Establishment of power transfer and supervision mechanism。

　The "globalization portal" method does not strictly set specific criteria for becoming a "portal"。Scholars such as Jochen Lingelbach believe，This method advocates using the perspective of "entry" to examine the dynamic development of "locality" under the influence of globalization，Especially how “places” that originally performed certain local regional functions were “deterritorialized” and transformed into “regions” that performed certain bet365 Play online games functions。To be specific，First，Watch when bet365 Play online games connections begin to challenge the otherwise stable “local” order，How “local” elites guide and try to control this external bet365 Play online games connection and influence。Second，To observe how "local local connections" and "bet365 Play online games external connections" revolve around "people、Transfer of control over the flow of goods and ideas、Struggle for and produce new “local” orders and systems。Therefore，It is both a process of de-territorialization and re-territorialization，It is also a struggle for flow and control rights。

The "globalization portal" method reminds historical researchers that globalization is an imbalance、"Localization"、The process of heterogeneity and multipolarization。Therefore，This approach emphasizes the important role played by “agents” in different “parts” of the world in shaping globalization，Thus trying to overcome "Eurocentrism"。From the current research，Research on developed countries is mainly concentrated in London、Chicago、Cities such as New York and Tokyo，Discuss how these cities have lost their urban functions under the previous nation-state city network，And transformed into responsible for finance in the bet365 Play online games city network、Functions of power and capital centers；Research on non-Western countries，focuses on understanding Asia、The "Cultural Transfer" Problem Facing Africa and Latin America。

　　bet365 Play online games perspective of local history

"The bet365 Play online games perspective of local history" (glocality/gplaces) emphasizes people's local life experience，This is the basis for people’s perception of bet365 Play online games or national impact。Therefore，Cannot oppose or separate "local" and "bet365 Play online games"，But the two should become one，So there are concepts such as "glocality" and "gplaces" created by combining "bet365 Play online games" with "local" and "place"。Based on the author’s understanding，These two concepts represent two complementary ideas in the "bet365 Play online games perspective of local history": on the one hand，People always understand bet365 Play online games changes based on local life experience，This can be called “glocality”；On the other hand，Local changes are affected by bet365 Play online games changes，This can be called “bet365 Play online games dimensions of local change” (gplaces)。

In terms of “bet365 Play online games locality”，It values ​​“local” and “bet365 Play online games” experiences equally。Because places closely related to people’s lives are actually part of an interactive bet365 Play online games system，So local experience contains universal meaning。As Dominic Sachsenmaier said: "Like bet365 Play online games politics，There is no single globalized world or bet365 Play online games history，bet365 Play online games history must be understood from a local perspective。”Some historical events seem to be “local knowledge” and “local issues”，But analyzed from the perspective of bet365 Play online games historical perspective，It becomes a "social category" with a more universal significance。For example，Annoyance or quarrel about someone smoking in a “place” or “space”，It can be transformed into the struggle between smokers and non-smokers through the perspective of bet365 Play online games history、The struggle between the general public and tobacco multinational conglomerates。bet365 Play online games locality pays special attention to how "place" is related to territory through the connection between multiple "places"、Country、Globally build interactive，Especially how to actively participate through local real people、This complex relationship was established through negotiation。

In terms of “bet365 Play online games dimensions of local change”，“Local bet365 Play online games history” emphasizes that the understanding of “local” social changes should be viewed in a bet365 Play online games context。1965，Wilbert Moore made it clear in his presidential address to the American Sociological Association，“To an increasing extent，Individual lives everywhere are affected by events and processes everywhere”；In "Research past events within a specific geographic area、Based on "person or group"，Local history needs to expand local and national history to the level of the history of interaction between the country and the world，And converge with the research trend of bet365 Play online games history。

The significance of the "bet365 Play online games perspective of local history" method is: first，Remind bet365 Play online games history researchers when summarizing the general concepts of “interaction” and “connection” in bet365 Play online games history，Need to take more account of local experiences and perceptions；Second，Prompt local history researchers to pay more attention to the scale and dimension when constructing "historical situations"。Previously，Mainly consider “local” people、thing、Things are enough。But，Now you need to pay more attention to the situation，Attach importance to those “absent” people in the bet365 Play online games dimension or the “regional interactive connection” dimension、thing、Object。

　　bet365 Play online games micro history

bet365 Play online games microhistory is bet365 Play online games history and new narrative history、A combination of new cultural history，Known as “demonstrating fluidity under the microscope”。This perspective illuminates broad historical structures and processes through the trajectories of individuals or groups in the bet365 Play online games dimension，Thus showing the interactions and connections between "places"。

The research method of bet365 Play online games micro history mainly comes from the "archive tracking method" of new cultural history，Also known as "Nomination Method"。This method was first proposed by Carlo Ginzburg and Carlo Poni in 1979。Analyze a person’s life trajectory by “tracing” their name in their files，Turn it into some kind of "thick narrative" or protagonist in a biography，Thereby revealing the social and cultural context in which the individual is involved。“bet365 Play online games Microhistory” expands the writing horizon to the bet365 Play online games dimension，It is a "personal life story in a bet365 Play online games context"。Thick narrative writing method that pays attention to details and symbols，Revealing the importance of “local” contexts in the bet365 Play online games trajectories of individuals or groups。For example，"Hu Ruowang's Questions" by Shi Jingqian、"The Downfall of Elizabeth Marsh" by Linda Colley and "The Wanderer's Deception" by Natalie Zemon Davis, etc.，They all focus on one person’s travels between different cultures，And with the help of the protagonist’s adventures，Exploring cross-cultural connections and bet365 Play online games change。

and New Cultural History、Different traditional local histories，The innovation of bet365 Play online games micro-history is that its tracking of individual activity trajectories often breaks through the limitations of a single "place" and enters the dimension of bet365 Play online games history。It is also different from bet365 Play online games history，bet365 Play online games history often distinguishes religion、Ethnic or racial identity is considered fixed，But bet365 Play online games microhistory treats identity as mutable。

In addition to writing "individual life"，bet365 Play online games micro-history also focuses on specific groups，Analyze how they move through regional and bet365 Play online games spaces through networks and circuits。At the same time，Also pay attention to analysis such as long-distance trade、How the spread of religion and competition between empires in the early modern era of globalization gave these groups the motivation to migrate，To reveal previously unnoticed historical connections between different “places”。For example，How bet365 Play online games donors transformed Constantinople through their own activities、Linking London and Buenos Aires。Focus on the bet365 Play online games micro-history of groups，The focus is mostly on cases that do not conform to the general migration patterns of bet365 Play online games history。

Works of bet365 Play online games microhistory blur biography、The boundary between micro history and bet365 Play online games history，Use the lives of individuals or groups as a keyhole into the world they live in。But，The dilemma of bet365 Play online games micro history is，Micro history tends to detail and "thick narrative"，bet365 Play online games history tends to be "simplified，To achieve generalizability"。The combination of the two risks oversimplifying the complexity of past cross-cultural encounters。

Summary，bet365 Play online games local history embodies the attempts of world history researchers to explore the bet365 Play online games context、Efforts to build closer ties at the regional and local levels，This can make up for the shortcomings of bet365 Play online games history and local history research to a considerable extent。The shortcoming of bet365 Play online games history is: excessive use of secondary documents，Insufficient empirical research，The construction of "connections" between things often relies on theories, etc.。The shortcoming of traditional local history is that it often refuses to interpret local history in a more general sense，And only pay attention to the details、Interesting anecdotes and local characteristics，And establish strict "boundaries" for "places"，To frame the scope of your research，Only focus on case studies and ignore academic theories, etc.。Therefore，"bet365 Play online games local history" is exactly the answer to bet365 Play online games history、Useful correction and development of deficiencies in local history。

(This article is a phased result of the Tianjin Social Science Fund Project "Research on Urban Space Production in Modern Tianjin" (TJZL17-004)

(Author’s unit: Institute of History, Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences)