Since the 1990s，To make up for the shortcomings of the national research framework，The influence of the European central theory，"Global History Treatment" in the field of world history，Start writing global history from the interaction perspective of various regions and regional events。But，While strengthening the "interaction" and "network" consciousness，Global History also caused criticism。Critics think，Global history mainly relies on second -hand historical materials，The argumentation of "connecting" between historical events mainly relies on theoretical construction and empirical is insufficient。In response to this criticism，A lot of efforts in the global historical community。Where，The rise of "Global History" is one of them。The so -called "place"，Refers to a set of recognition、Unique natural geography、Specific combination of social and cultural characteristics。Because "local" is a part of "region" and "country"，So "local" was originally the foundation and key concept of countries and regional research in world history。But after the global history starts，"Local" research has new vitality。"Global Local History" can be divided into: "Globalization Entrance" that pays attention to the influence of globalization from local understanding,、"Global Vision of Local History", which pays attention to the combination of local experience and global experience, and three research methods of "global micro history" that shows global flow from the perspective of individual or group。

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"Portals of Globalization" is Michael Geyer by Michael Geyer (Michael Geyer)、Matthias Middell (Matthias Middell) and Katja Naumann and other scholars made。They think，"Global Entrance" Bet365 lotto review is a person、Commodity、Culture and thoughts with high -intensity global interaction "places"，From this "place"，You can observe the changes that occur during the connection between the space at different levels and the global scale dimension，You can also observe how the local actual activists in these changes react。So，They emphasized that the inspection of global connection should be observed in specific places，And local history has also become a entry point for the implementation of "empirical research" in global history。At the same time，Claudia Baumann and other scholars and other scholars believe that，You can also study the game between "global flow" and "local control"，Especially paying attention to the ability of people in the specific space、Establishment of power transfer and regulatory mechanism。

The "Globalization Entrance" method does not strictly set the specific standards that can become "entrances"。Scholars such as Jochen Lingelbach (Jochen Lingelbach) and other scholars think，This method advocates the dynamic development of "local" under the perspective of "entry" to investigate the influence of globalization，Especially the "place" that originally assumed a certain regional function, "how" is "out of the domain" and transformed into a "region" that undertakes some kind of global function。Specifically，First，To observe when the global connection starts to challenge the original stable "local" order，How does the "local" elite guide and try to control this foreign global connection and influence。Second，To observe how "local local connection" and "global foreign connection" surround "people、Products and Thoughts "flow control rights transfer、Combat and generate new "local" order and system。So，It is a process of de -regional and re -regionalization，It is also a competition for flowing and controlling rights。

"Globalization Entry" method reminds historian Bet365 lotto review researchers to note: globalization is an uneven、"Localization"、The process of heterogeneity and polarization。So，This method emphasizes the important role played by the "motion" played in different "places" in the process of globalization，To try to overcome the "European Center theory"。From the current research，Research on developed countries is mainly concentrated in London、Chicago、New York and Tokyo cities，Discuss how these cities have lost the urban function of the previous national city network，and transformed into finance in the global city network、Power and Capital Center; research on non -Western countries，focuses on understanding Asia、African and Latin America's "cultural transfer" problem。

　　Global Vision of Local History

"Glocality/GPLACES) emphasizes people's local life experience，This is the basis for people to perceive the influence of global or state。So，Do not oppose "local" with "global"，should be two as one，Therefore, the concepts such as "Global" and "Local" and "Place" are combined with the concepts such as "Glocality" and "GPLACES"。According to the author’s understanding，These two concepts represent two complementary ideas in "Global Vision of Local History": on the one hand，People always understand the global changes based on local life experience，This can be called "Glocality"; on the other hand，Local changes are affected by global changes，This can be called "GPLACES)。

As far as "global locality" is concerned，It attaches equal attention to the experience of "local" and "global"。Because the place that is closely related to people's lives is actually part of the interactive global system，So local experience contains universal significance。As Dominic Sachsenmaier said: "Like global politics，There is no single globalization world or global history，Must understand global history from a local perspective。"Some historical events seem to be" local knowledge bet365 live casino games "and" local issues "，But analysis of the perspective of global historical view，It has become a "social category" that has more universal significance。For example，The annoyance or quarrel of someone smoking in the "local" and "space"，can be transformed into a struggle between smokers and no smokers through the global perspective、The struggle between the general public and the tobacco multinational enterprise group。Global Local Local Focus on how the "local" is in the area through the connection between multiple "places"、Country、Global Interaction，Especially how to participate through the ability of local reality people、Establish this complex contact through negotiations。

As far as "Global Dimensions of local changes" are concerned，"Local Global History" emphasizes the understanding of "local" social change should be placed on the global background to observe。1965，Wilbert Moore (Wilbert Moore) explicitly put forward in his speech at the President of the American Sociology Association，"To an increasingly extent，Personal life anywhere is affected by events and processes in any place ";、Character or Group "，Local history needs to expand the history of the local and the country into the history of the country interacting with the world，Convert with a global research boom。

The meaning of the "global vision of local history" is: first，Reminds that global history researchers in generalization of "interaction" and "contact" concept in generalization of global history，You need to consider more local experience and perception; second，Promote local history researchers to pay more attention to the scale and dimension when constructing "historical situations"。Previous，Mainly consider "local" people、Things、。but，Now you need to pay more attention to the situation，Pay attention to those "not present" in the dimension of global dimension or "regional interaction" dimension、Things、object。

　　Global Micro History

bet365 live casino games Global Microhistory is the history of global history and new narrative、A combination of new cultural history，Known as "display liquidity under the microscope"。This perspective clarifies a wide range of historical structures and processes through the activity trajectory of individuals or groups under the global dimension，to show the interaction and contact between each "place"。

The research method of global micro history mainly comes from the "Archive Tracking Law" in the history of new cultural history，Also known as the "Nomination Method"。This method was first proposed by Carlo Ginzburg and Carlo Poni first for the first time in 1979。By "tracking" a person's name in the file to analyze this person's life trajectory，turn it into a certain "thick narrative" or the protagonist in the biography，to reveal the social and cultural background that individuals are involved in it。"Global Micro History" expanded the writing field to global dimension，is a "personal life story in the global context"。"Thick narrative" writing method that pays attention to details and symbols，Reveal the importance of the "local" background in the global activity trajectory of individuals or groups。For example，Shi Jingqian's "The question of Hu Ruowang"、Linda Kori's "Elizabeth Mashh History" and Natalie Zemon Davis's "The Walker Tao"，All focus on a person's travel between different cultures，and use the protagonist’s adventure experience，Explore cross -cultural connection and global change。

History of New Culture、Different traditional local history，The innovation of global micro history is that its tracking of personal activity trajectory often breaks through the restrictions of a single "place" and enters the dimension of global history。It is also different from global history，Global history often religious、Ethnic or race identity is deemed to be fixed，But global micro history treats identity as variable。

bet365 Play online games In addition to writing "individual life"，Global Micro History also pays attention to specific groups，Analyze how they move in regions and global space through the Internet and circuits。At the same time，Also pay attention to analyzing remote trade、How the competition between religious communication and early modern globalization era is giving these groups to migration，This reveals the historical connection between different "places" that has not been noticed before。For example，How the global givingler will use Constantinople through their own activities、London and Buenos Aires are linked。Follow the global micro history of the group，Focusing is mostly those cases that do not meet the global historical migration mode。

The works of global micro history are blurred with biography、The boundary between micro history and global history，Use the life of individual or group as the keyhole of the world where they live。but，The dilemma of global micro history is，Micro history tends to detail details and "thick narrative"，and global history tend to "simplify，To achieve universalization "。The combination of the two may cause simplifying the complexity of past cross -cultural encounters。

Summary look，Global Local History reflects world history researchers trying to be globally、Establishing more close efforts in the three levels of the area and local area，This can largely make up for the lack of global and local history research。The lack of global history is: Too much use of second -hand literature，Insufficient research on empirical research，"Contact" construction between things often relies on theory, etc.。The deficiencies of traditional local history are: often refuse to interpret local history from a more universal sense，Pay attention to the details、Fun Wenyi and local characteristics，and set up strict "boundary" for "local"，Form your own research scope，Only bet365 Play online games pay attention to case research and ignore academic theory。So，"Global Local History" is exactly the history of global、The beneficial correction and development of the lack of local history。

(This article is the "TJZL17-004) phased achievement of the Tianjin Social Science Fund project (TJZL17-004)

(Author Unit: Institute of History of Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences)