German historian Gentler Frank in "Silver Capital"，Re -examined the close economic connection between Asia and Europe, which is born in modern Asia (mainly China),，It is believed that China has occupied the center of the world economy in the previous industrial era，and this will refute the "European Center theory"，It has had an important impact internationally。The interesting one is，During this period, the silver circulating in Asia originated from Spain's large -scale colonial plunder in the Americas。1542，The Spanish royal family sets up the Governor of Peru。Subsequent，Poseis, Peru, found a rich reserved Rika Silver Mine。1545 years，Poetoxi City Certain，Spanish King Charlie V incentive "World Treasury"。The era of the world economy entered the era of silver soaring in the Americas，Canadian scholar Bu Zhengmin referred to the era of "Silver Century" that Politi Silver gave birth to。

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1561，Philip II ordered the establishment of Politi into the "City of Emperor"。two years later，The mining of Wanka Vavida mercury mine has stimulated Potori's sharp expansion。The colonists flock to this，Construction of various types of ore、Reservoir、Canal、mill、Refinery，Government's residence、City Hall、Mint、Bank and hospital gradually complete，Luxury House、Town、Market、Plaza、Church、Dance Hall、slum、Casino、Brothes have emerged。With Ricovishan mining camp as the core，The colonists built an international industrial city at 4,000 meters above sea level。Governor Tryo's first statistics time，There are 120,000 people in the local area，increased Bet365 lotto review to 160,000 in 1650。Peng Mulan in the book "The World of Trade Creation"，Quoting the proverb of "wealth is like Poto" in English，I believe that the Portic heritage "Reduced the World Map"。

Politi's historical writing is deeply affected by the two paradigms: "black legend" and "white legend" in Spain。1552，Doming, my priest, Batolome De Las Casas, revealed all the atrocities of Spain in "Western India Destruction Strategy"，Open the narrative of colonial destructive "Black Legend"。After 1583，The book is translated into English、method、Lotus、De and other languages，"Black Legend" goes across，Widely spread in the new religion world in the anti -Spain。The 16th century，Pedro Samineto De Gantho、Hu An De Martono defended colonialism，It believes it brings "civilization" and Catholic beliefs to Latin America，Proclaimed that the colonists are generally "humanitarian" for Indians，Even if there are certain crimes，It is also in line with the trend of the times。This narrative is called "white legend"。As early as 1560，Domingo de San Tomas recorded in the book "The Peruvian Indians Defender and the Apostle" recorded the tragic situation of Indians in service。At the end of the 18th century，Conkololvo, who was born in the Indian tribe, declared，Destroyed Indians are "caused by their own lingering life"，It has nothing to do with Spanish colonists。After the 1940s，Scholars from labor、Elite Class、Trade and other perspectives depicts indigenous and colonists through the establishment of trade routes、Promote economic globalization to reproduce the complex historical scrolls of the "City of Emperor"。2019，The book "Polisi: The Silver City of Change the World" by Professor Chris Lean at Dulan University in the United States is from the perspective of globalization，Discussion on the history Bet365 lotto review of development of international cities that unexpectedly become "intertwined with various production factors in the world"。

　　Pry the globalization process of trade

From the end of 16th century to early 18th century，Possey's population scale、mining metallurgy industry、Consumption level and cultural undertakings are not inferior to London、Amsterdam and other European cities。1545-1810，Only official cash tax taxes reached 875.4 billion peso，Each pizza weighs about 1 ounce，It accounted for nearly a quarter of the world's known silver output。Potori takes the Americas as a hub，Connect to Intercontinental Trade Network，In the labor structure、Technical application、Consumer varieties and cultural and religious areas have promoted the globalization process of the former industrial era。

Popotcy's labor and technology presents global characteristics。Politi Mine Owner、The master of the refining plant、The owner of the mill is from Spain，The Basque people who are good at iron smelting control the refining plant，The Krea people participate in competition。Poatsi labor structure diversified，Miners、Mo Fang workers and refined workers are mainly Indianoma，The implementation of the Mita system in 1573，135,000 people were recruited to the mill、Mine work。There are still fewer for it、relatively free Indian "Ming Jia"，Another black slave from Africa and other places and Brazil。Meta Requires is the source of excess profits。1650 years，40,000 Mita standby on the suburbs，The colonists regard Mita as the benefit of subsidizing the private mine owner。Potori started to follow the traditional Indian mining method，The introduction。18th century to ensure the stable supply of silver ore，The authorities introduced the German team to try Feng Berne's silver refining method，but did not achieve results，bet365 Play online games Potoris returns to strengthen the old road to strengthen exploitation of Mita workers。

Potori promotes the globalization of intercontinental trade and consumer goods。14th -15th centuries of Asia -Europe long -distance trading lacks precious metals，Potorician silver provides stable hard currency like a lubricant。West belongs to the Americas with Popoti as the base，Forming a trade route that spans the Atlantic and Pacific。The Atlantic routes are divided into two north and south: the north line arrived in Port in Peru, Peruva from Politi，Rotate Sea Road via Panama to Cardis, Spain。Southern Line from Potori Era Road to Laplata (Buenos Aires) — Sacraono and Rio de Janeiro，Back to Seville、Lisbon。A large number of tax "official banks" and illegal private silver (about a quarter) exported from Poto to the western end of Europe，Later flowing into London and Amsterdam，Last flowing to the East。Potori also promoted the Pacific "big sail trade" route from the city of Mexico -Lima -Popotsey to Akapurko and the Philippines，shipped out of silver to exchange the oriental products。

Pototi Nai "Bado"，100,000 people、Locoma and other livestock need to consume a lot of fuel、Food。The rapid gathering of mining wealth promotes showing off consumption，Credit economy active，supporting South America's largest consumer market for a long time，Its consumer goods come from all over the world，Including Spanish wine、olive oil and iron，Hats in Britain and France、Flander's tapestry and mirror、Glass of Venice，Oriental spices、Textiles，Chile、Argentine wine and livestock，Ecuador's fabric and local coca and corn beer。

Potoris becomes a symbolic land and religious culture of global wealth。On the one hand，Politi found huge silver news spread in various documents。In 1553 Pedro de Sesa De Lyon drawn in Ricovishan bet365 Play online games printing in Seville，Subsequently translated into a variety of text，Lian's copy of the Osman Empire also joined it。Popotcy's wealth image spread in the global cultural circle，Even Matteo Ricci to the Emperor Wanli's "The Map of the Kanyu Wan Guo" is recorded by "North Mountain" (Yinshan)。On the other hand，The gathering of population and wealth has promoted the development of culture and religion，A copy of the inventory book of the local bookstore in 1614。early 18th century，There is also a masterpiece "Potisi History" written by Batoloma Alzus、Melcho Perez Olgu painted religious art works, etc.。Catholic Church built more than 30 magnificent churches，Wealth continuously nurture Spain and overseas missionary，expanded the global territory of Catholicism。Charlie V watch it as a "World Treasury" that compete with the Protestant World，The Governor of Peru's Governor Mendosa called it as the "pillar of the kingdom" in Spain。

　The covered ecological price and moral burden

Economic globalization that is greatly accelerated after geographical discovery，Once regarded as Western Science、Progressive products of rational and adventure。But，Early industrialization led in the West also caused ecological destruction、Cruel exploitation of non -Western and moral loss。The large -scale mining and plunder of the colonizer to Potori Silver Mine，generated serious ecological costs and moral consequences。

Portician mining development has caused serious ecological costs。The ecosystem itself is fragile，ore mining、Members、Refinement and daily life of residents need to consume a lot of fuel supplies，The forest nearby was cut off，Forest plant quilts in farther areas are also sharply reduced。More than 5,000 ores go deep underground，Tailing ore waste residue continues to increase，Environmental pollution、Soil and soil loss、The bet365 Play online games collapse of the surface is extremely serious。Silver Mine smelting needs mercury，Casting with mercury can produce a large amount of poisonous gas wastewater，The furnace of the furnace is smoky to make the Fangyuan Sixth Spain Liger's Cao Grassless。1570-1820，Wanka Valley mercury output is about 50,000 tons，Most of the smelting of Popotci silver，Wastewater waste residue penetrates underground，Its influence continues to this day。

Poto Simita system also contains huge moral costs。The strong Mita worker shaped the same slave，Except high intensity、Excessive workload，Miners have suffered ore difficulties for a long time、Dust and other fatal threats。The intensifying discrepanation leads to a large number of casualties，Many Indians escape，Rural population has shrunk or even disintegrate。These are torture the conscience of the Spanish royal family and the Catholic Church。1819，Bolivar launched a revolution、After establishing the Republic of Bolivia，Mita system was abolished。As early as the middle of the 16th century，Spanish priests with conscience call it "hell entrance"。But，The royal family and the church either deliberately see it，Either tolerate indulgence。So，Uruguay writer Galiano in the book "Latin America's Cut blood vessel"，Sharp Critic "In the three centuries time，Ricovishan exhausted 8 million life "。

In the early days, the American city represented by Potori rose rapidly，This is Spanish colonial America、Plundal silver、The important stage of expanding intercontinental trade，"Silver Century" promoted the arrival of the global trade era。But，Former industrial era colonists were modernized by plundering valuable metals，Surgery wrapped in indigenous residents、Exploitation、Sale or even ethnic extinction，Wrapped with environmental destruction and difficult to smooth bet365 live casino games the moral price。As Marx said in "Capital Theory": Discovery of Gold and Silver Origin of America、indigenous residents were destroyed、The slavery and buried in the mine，It marks "Dawn of the Era of Capitalism"，and "The process of these idyllic poetry is the main factor of the original accumulation"。In the early days of Iberian colonial expansion, promoting capitalism in global activities，But it also destroyed the foundation of the civilization of the local indigenous residents、Ecological environment and human itself。

(Author Unit: Institute of American History, Fujian Normal University)