About whether there is a system of discussion in the pre -Qin period，Currently there is still controversy。A point of view，The Subject System is not a system that the pre -Qin Dynasty has implemented，but a theoretical fiction of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Son of the Warring States Period。(Liu Zehua、Wang Liansheng: "The theory of the pre -Qin period and the monarchy"，"South China Open Journal" 1982, No. 1) Another view of it is considered，Starting from Western Zhou，A institutionalized "regulatory" tradition has appeared in political culture，Both make "regulations" become the rulers of the rulers、An important concept of preventing the people，It also constitutes a doctor of scholars and the monarch、Just way to guide the people's conditions。(Chen Lai: "The World of Ancient Thought and Culture"，Sanlian Bookstore 2009 edition，pp. 297) For the system of discussion，Ethics is undoubtedly an important part of its component，The development process of the two should be generally synchronized。Taking the eunuch as the starting point，It can be generated to understand the system of the pre -Qin Dynasty.、Development provides new ideas。

　　Bet365 lotto review

About Agreement，Most of the documents of the two Han Dynasty dates back to Huangdi、Yao Shun era。For example，Bet365 lotto review "Tuzi · Gong Gong Question" mentioned the discussion of Huangdi Litai，Yao has a question from the room，Shun has the good news of good deeds，Yu Lijian Drum in the DPRK，The court of the Treantry Street，The King of Wu Wang You Lingtai。Similar records are also seen in Shangbo Jian's "Rong Chengshi", "Dai Dai Rites · Baofu", "Lu's Spring and Autumn · Self -knowledge", "Historical Records · Filial Period", "Huainanzi · Main Spell" Bet365 lotto review and other documents。These materials reflect the ancient times (mainly referred to as before the Western week)，The Holy King provides channels for the people in various ways，To know the negligence in the process of administration，so as to be learned as a warning。This kind of text has been the Han Dynasty as early as the Warring States Period，reflected the cognition of the scholars at that time at that time，Based on this, it can vaguely outline the history shadow of the ancient discussion system。

The reliable ingredients are geometric，Non -Belongs Non -Moly。But，The common points of the above materials are more obvious，All shows that the kings of ancient times pay attention to listening to the opinions of the people，This is quite consistent with the military democratic style of the primitive society，It is credible。Some scholars are recorded according to "Shang Shu · Yao Dian"，I thought the "Na words" when Emperor Shun was the prototype of the eunuch。(Li Xinke: "Spring and Autumn" The "Spring and Autumn" Theory，"Learning Theory" 2010, No. 20) "Shang Shu · Yao Dian" Original works: "Emperor said: Dragon，堲谗 堲谗 殄 殄，Shocking Master，Destiny Ru Na Na Word，夙 朕 朕，Wei Yun。""，Emperor Shun's Life Dragon is Na Word，The purpose is not adopting words，but forbidden to say bad words、谗。Besides, "Shangshu Yao Dian" is the pursuit of ancient history of future generations，There is currently no conclusion in the age of the book。This can be seen，It is difficult to establish the view of the eunuch with "Na Yan" as an ancient eunuch。

　　Spring and Autumn Period officials shared the responsibility of the discussion

Before Spring and Autumn，Below Emperor，Up to Gongqing，down to civilians，All have the right to participate in the discussion。"Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong's 14th year record: "The king below，Each has each father, brother and child，To bet365 live casino games check its administration。History is a book，瞽 Poem，Remarks，Doctor rules，Ji Rumor，庶，Business Travel in City，Hundred Gong Arts。"" Similar records are also seen in "Mandarin · Zhou Yu", "Jin language six"。This can be seen，The full -time eunuch before the Spring and Autumn Period has not appeared，The functions of the discussion are mostly shared by various officials。Below with historical officials and music officials as examples to further discuss。

The examples of historians are more common in the literature with their duties and regulations，As mentioned in the above quotation, the "History Book" and "Shi Xianshu" and other have the function of discussion。Roughly speaking，Historian officials shared the functions of the discussion from three aspects。One is notepad。such as "Book of Rites · King": "Great History Ceremony，Keep Jane，Taboos。"Tai Shi recorded the king's words and line through the record，Monitoring、The role of the discussion。Second, organize the collection of hundreds of officials' opinions on the king。Such as "Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong four years，Zhou Tai Shixinjia "Life Hundred Officials，Guan Zhen Wang Ji "。Third is to talk to the king regularly。"The Book of Yi Zhou · Historical Records" is the record of Zuo Shirong's history of Zhou Mu.，A total of 28 historical lessons for the decline of the ancient state of the ancient state。This is the cultural resource that historians use their mastery，Through processing、Arrange History，Provide a discussion for the king，。Look at the sharing of the fun of the official's official。"Mandarin · Zhou Yu" "瞽 献 …… …… …… ……，瞍，Recitation "，Teacher mentioned in the quotation、瞽、Mongolian and other are music officials，"Zhou Li · Chun Guan" has a description of their specific responsibilities: "Master's palm six laws、Six Tong，bet365 live casino games The sound of Yin and Yang ...、鼗、柷、敔、埙、Xiao、Tube、String、Song ... 瞽 瞽 鼗 鼗、柷、敔、埙、Xiao、Tube、String、Song，Smooth recitation poem、Shilai，Gulin Se。""，Legision plays the music of the chapel、Poems of the Commandment，It is also a sharing of the functions of the eunuch。

"Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong's fourteen years mentioned "Hundred Workers' Arts"，Du Yu Note: "Dedication of its skills，Metaphor for government affairs。"Mandarin · Zhou Yu Shang" Yun "Hundred Workers"，Wei Zhao Note: "Those who do things are also。谏，Tutoring things。"" Hundred Gong "tutoring persuasion king，and historian、Legislators，To a certain extent, the function of eunuchs is shared。

　　Full -time eunuchs appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period

Spring and Autumn is a storm、The era of inheritance and post -opening，Full -time eunuchs are produced in this context。"Mandarin · Chu Yu" records that Wei Wugong of the year of the 耄耋 also made "Ziqing below for the chief" to command him，He asked "the rules of traveling in the public，The Ceremony of the Persons and Teachers in the position，Relying on a few chants，The Demon of the bed in bedtime，Director of History of History，Recitation of Teachers and Workers in Banquets "。It can be seen that the Wei Guo in the early spring and autumn still maintains the ancient tradition of discussion。About early spring and autumn，A full -time eunuch appeared in Qi Guo。According to "Tuzi · Xiao Kuang": "The color of the offender，Joining will be loyal，No death，Discounted and rich，Chen is not as good as Dong Guo teeth，Please think it is the official of the big。"" Lu's Spring and Autumn · Don't Bow ":" Flea enters Yan Jiu，Color of the offenders，Joining will be loyal，Do not avoid death，Not Healthy，Chen Guo Ya，Please think as a big minister。"" "The officials (or big priests) are full -time eunuchs in Qi State。Bet365 lotto review "Tuzi · Gong Gong Question"，Qi Guo set up an institution that specializes in processing the words of advancement -啧 室，Responsible for Dong Guoya。If the above materials are true，So this is the earliest record of full -time eunuchs and institutions during the Spring and Autumn Period。

I am unique，"Zuo Zhuan" Xuangong recorded the post of "Zhen Yin" in the four years of Chu State，Du Yu Note: "Zhen Yin，Official name。"" Lu's Spring and Autumn · Don't Bow "Gao Laoyun:"，也 也。"Yin Yin also as a needle Yin。Ding four years of acupuncture Yin Gu is also the proverb of Yin Gu for 16 years。visible "Zhen Yin" is "Needle Yin"，It is a Chu State eunuch。From the record of "Zuo Zhuan"，The well -known Zhao Yin Youke Huang、Gongzi Chasing Shu、Gu Sanzi，They should be the earliest batch of full -time eunuchs in Chu Kingdom。At this time，The full -time eunuch of the Jin Dynasty also gradually formed，For example, "Zuo Zhuan" became the eighteen years of "Cheng Zheng is a horse"，"Mandarin · Jin language seven" "Know the Cheng Zheng Duan instead of adultery，And good but not hidden，Make a praise "，"Mandarin · Jin language seven" Wei Zhao Note: "Praise，Take the horse Yuye，Six 驺。"" "Riding Horse Royal", also known as "praise"。The responsibility of "ride the horse" in "Zuo Zhuan" is "to make the training group know the gift"，and "Mandarin" mentioned that the selection criteria for this official is "endless but not obscene", "good but not hidden"，It can be seen that the riding horse and horses in charge of the car and horse should also assume the persuasion function。So，Ride in the horse (praise) is equivalent to the eunuch of the Jin Dynasty，But this official did not have a full -time discussion at that time，It may still be under development。

　　Gradually fixed during the Warring States Period

Regarding the development of the Warring States Penters，The relevant records of "Historical Records of Zhao Shijia" provided us with some clues: "King bet365 live casino games Wu Ling Shao，Failure to listen to politics，Bowen Master Three，Three people left and right。"Dong said" Seven Kingdoms Exam "Volumes:"。"Yan Zi Chun Qiu" Volume 3 "Inner Question" "Yan Zi Qi Jing Gong asked" also said "Si Tao Sin"，It can be seen that "Division" has a long history。According to "Historical Records of Zhao Shijia"，Division is not only divided into left and right，And there are clear numbers。This makes us slightly glimpse the development of a full -time party of the Warring States Period on the basis of spring and autumn。"Zhou Li · Di Guan · Bao's" cloud: "Bao's，Palm King Evil。And the nation -to -country son is the way，The six arts of Naijiao ...。"" also cloud: "Bao's，Doctor of the lower doctor，Chinese scholars，House two，Shi two，Six people，Sixty people。"" Bao's "Division persuaded the king's wrong words and deeds，There are also doctors below、Chinese Shi、House、Shi and other officials and office staff，Its scale is more idealistic than Zhao Guo's "Division"、institutionalization。There is no conclusion on the book of "Zhou Li".，It is generally considered，It is a structure to be structured for the blueprint of the Zhou Dynasty system。If the book is written in the Warring States Period，So naturally it is inevitable to use a full -time eunuch like "Division" and use it with reference。

To sum up，Before the Western Zhou Dynasty and the entire Western Zhou Dynasty，No full -time eunuchs have appeared yet，At that time，Military Democratic Residual remnants still play a certain role，Officers at all levels、Persons of all colors can provide discussions，To a certain extent, the function of eunuchs is shared。Spring and Autumn Period，Qi、Chu and other countries have appeared in full -time eunuchs。The Warring States Period，Further development of the eunuch system，Professional Division such as "Division" has appeared、Fixed full -time eunuchs with a relatively bet365 Play online games fixed number of people。From the perspective of the development of the eunuch，The development of the pre -Qin discussion system in the vassal states is unbalanced，It has experienced it from scratch、From not very complete to the gradual complete process，It is the Yuan of the ancient Chinese discussion system。

(This article is the 65th batch of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation on the 65th batch of the "Special Research on the Qin Culture and Sports Issue of the Qin Dynasty under the Threshold of Jianjian Visiting" (2019M652764) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, South China Normal University)