Olga Rapoport, Israeli scholar，Professor of History Department, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan。Worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies bet365 ohio promo code Russian National Academy of Sciences from 1989 to 1993。Committed to the comparative perspective of world history and culture，Through archeology、Art、Documentation、Systematic research on ancient Chinese history and pre-Qin culture and other related issues using ancient texts and other materials。In recent years, it has been proposed that Jianghan civilization is the earliest native civilization in China、Xia and Tang Shang were ancient countries in Chu、The theory that the Yin and Shang royal family came from the grassland wandering tribe。Representative works include: "Gods and the Way of Heaven and Earth: The Origin of Witchcraft and Taoist Beliefs and Traditional Thoughts", "Xia, Shang and Zhou - From Myths to Historical Facts", "Benevolence and Destiny: Seeing the Transformation of Pre-Qin Confucianism into "Classics" from "缁衣" ""wait。

How countries originate？Why do humans create countries?？This issue has been discussed for a long time，Different theologies emerged、Philosophy、Psychological Theory。Among them，The most discussed thing among scholars is the emergence of the country，The cause is violent relations between and within groups，Formed a compulsive organization，Or it can also be understood as a natural result of human cooperation and coordination。Among them，Karl Wittfocker proposed a theory bet365 ohio promo code early 20th century，That is, the natural environment and social development are closely related。The origin process of nations is based on the fact that humans can improve their own environment。Improve your own environment in order to settle down and live，The easiest thing to do is to control water。This kind of discussion is relatively accurate，Because the origin of most civilizations is based on agricultural irrigation systems。He thinks，In dry climate、In an environment with insufficient water，A few people control water resources，So they can become rulers，Manage others。

But，If you observe the process bet365 ohio promo code origin of civilization，Early agricultural countries did not appear in areas lacking water，On the contrary, there is sufficient water、Area with superior natural environment，The early origins of farming appeared。Also，Intensive agriculture cannot be separated from water control。Water control requires people’s cooperation，So only those who cooperate can increase productivity，Only can we feed more people。History，The country’s rulers did not rely on violence，But rely on everyone’s cooperation to control the water。

The origin of China is about 6,000 years old，First occurred bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River，The level and age of its development are no less than those of Sumer and ancient Egypt。Whether it’s ancient Egypt、Sumeer or the early country in the Yunmengze area bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River，They are all organizations that rely on water。There is a longer history before the origin of early Chinese states。Probably between 15,000 and 10,000 years ago，A few people choose not to hunt anymore，Instead settle in a safe waterside area，Expand your own recipes，shooting birds、Fishing、Collection。What are the important implications of this choice？Broad-spectrum recipes reduce violent fights between groups。At the same time，Replacing competition in nature with settled cooperation。Since 10,000 years，This type of people find that the food collected naturally is not enough during the process of population expansion，So they have further choices。They may leave this area to continue hunting，Or start cultivation and domestication in this area。It is these people who choose to cultivate and domesticate，Avoided financial exploitation，Violence between crowds is also avoided，And start producing your own food。

A society based on rice farming emerged bet365 ohio promo code Dongting Lake Plain，More than 8,000 years ago，Early rice field technology has been developed。Pengtoushan culture is one of the miracles that can be seen bet365 ohio promo code entire world。Because these people gave up hunting and domesticated rice，Start to settle down，Cooperate with your own rice production，Creation Calendar，And their settlement is a trench farming settlement with a systematic structure。This area，This is now the Dongting Lake Plain，Rice was cultivated 10,000 years ago。Until now，Dongting Lake Plain is also an area full of rice fields。Agrarian revolution occurred in this area，There were also urban revolutions。These are the people who once chose to cooperate without politics (conflict and war)，Created early countries bet365 ohio promo code long historical process。These people live in this area，Naturally related to water and soil。This "soil" feeds them，So this is the earliest concept of national territory。

With population expansion，In the same environment，They started to pioneer。As the settlement time becomes longer and longer，Production and living technology are getting higher and higher，They began to develop irrigation systems，Learn advanced pottery kilns and smelting techniques。Of course the production of these high technologies needs to be managed。At this time，We naturally need a process of mutual cooperation and management。But，We found a feature，Although smelting technology was already available 6000 years ago，But the settlers bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River did not make weapons。Why？Because there is no war in the development process of this country。About this，We can compare with other regions。The space between the two rivers is not that wide，So there is a lot of competition。Their way through the country，Organizing struggles through territorial differentiation。Settlers bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River use this method to avoid violent relationships，And decide the common rules of the game、Common space-time relationship。This development is due to the division of labor and cooperation within the family、Coordination，Develop all the way to cross-region、Cooperation across a single population。Because such a process can be formed，Only humans have the ability to control resources，Only cooperative groups can control water，Only then can you arrange your own living space，Talent is endless。Such a process，Start from one’s own family identity，Developed to be recognized by all mankind。We can see from history，Settle down first，The origin of the country later。One step further，These small countries formed a united city-state bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River，Expand territory with peaceful relations。Only those who are good at irrigation facilities can open up wasteland。Therefore，Between 6000 and 5000 years ago，Many city-states and united city-states were gradually formed，And these countries have a lot of room for expansion，There is no need to go to war with another ethnic group。So in the long historical process，This civilization has never experienced war。The national system bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River does not only carry out land reclamation on its own，Also affected the civilization process in other regions，Let it begin to arrange its own national system of different nature。Of course, this also includes mandatory ones、Some national origins of violence。

However，If compared with other major civilizations of the same era，We can find that there are quite few wars between the great civilizations bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River and the entire multi-civilization region of East Asia。For example，If you observe the urban layout of the two river basins，We can see it has several walls，The security facilities are quite complete。If we look at the Elamite region of ancient Iran，The city walls in the Elamite region reflect very advanced warfare technology。But if we look at Shijiahe City, which has a history of more than 5,000 years in East Asia，We will find out，This city is very big，Large population，Many people cooperate to dig wide trenches，Build a very tall city wall，But the combat effectiveness of this kind of city wall is not strong。Of course，This city wall has a defensive function，But it will only work if there are sporadic wars happening around you。So，What such a civilization develops is not real technology。What is the development?？Time and archaeological discoveries tell us，It develops large-scale specialized production，Their products are sold in various regions。The native civilization bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River developed very quickly，So the influence is getting wider and wider，The surrounding ethnic groups also participated，Different relationships formed，Including trade cooperation relationships。Of course，This also includes attacks and looting。4300 years ago，Farming civilization bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River encountered war，Experienced brief confusion，But developed again on the basis of collaboration，Established the Xia Kingdom、Shang Kingdom，And make the Yellow River Basin civilized。About 4300 years ago，The entire process of civilization in China includes different national systems。However，Among these countries，The national system bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River is the most developed，Highest technical level。So，The origins of the Xia Kingdom and the Shang Kingdom are bet365 ohio promo code reaches of the Yangtze River。Speaking of the Shang Kingdom，We need to understand clearly，The Shang Kingdom benefited from the development of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the river plains。

But there is another country, Yin Shang，The capital is Anyang。The Yin and Shang Dynasties are not the result of the development of ancient civilization，But the grassland wandering tribe brought carriages and war technology，Attacked many cities in East Asia，Finally defeated Shang。After，His people established a new political power for business。However，Except for technologies such as carriages and warfare，Other technologies and cultural connotations originate from ancient civilizations such as the Shang Kingdom。Although northern ethnic groups often use war to attack Chinese farming civilization，But，Higher technology was not created by these warlike groups。High-tech products originate from the Central Plains。The Warring States Period，There are many ethnic groups bet365 ohio promo code grassland that cause trouble to the countries bet365 ohio promo code Central Plains，But if we look at the high-level items of these groups，You will find that they all originate from the Central Plains，Includes iron castings、Gold casting、Silk、Lacquerware, etc.。Although the Xiongnu once caused great trouble to the civilization of the Central Plains，But they did not create a country that could develop for a long time。

Although bet365 ohio promo code process of civilization，War is inevitable，But the historical development context tells us，The origin and development of civilization are not based on conflict、War，It is based on the aim of avoiding war、Human cooperation to avoid conflict。