The first scientific revolution marked by the use of carbon fourteen annual technologies began in the middle of the 20th century，This technology can determine the absolute age of an object，Changes that can only be determined by layer relationships to determine the situation of relative ages。Ancient DNA technology, especially the development of high -throughput sequencing technology in the past ten years，Rebuild the genome sequence of the ancients into reality，Ancient Genome Studies Research Obstacles，The second scientific revolution that brings archeology。Previous archeology is mostly based on types of types such as type science and other objects such as utensils，But the people who create these archeological culture are relatively small，Most of the differences in the shape of the skull distinguishes different races。Ancient DNA Technology helps establish a human biological spectrum，Corresponding to the cultural spectrum that can be established in the past。other，Ancient DNA technology can help answer the traditional problems of archeology，If identifying the extinct ancient human beings，Provide direct evidence for the genetic hybrid of modern people and ancient humans，Tracking the prehistoric migration fusion incident in different regions of the world，Explore human civilization together。

Three technical changes in ancient DNA research。The genome contains all the genetic information of the organism，The similarities and similarities can be reflected from the molecular level，This can display the evolutionary relationship between groups。At the same time，DNA molecular chemical structure is relatively stable，Some genetic information after the individual will be retained in the organization with the DNA，Can leave evidence for biological genetic characteristics。So，Ancient DNA is a powerful tool for studying the history of human genetic origin and evolutionary history。1980，Hunan Medical College extracted ancient DNA，This is the earliest attempt to extract the ancient DNA from the ancient remains。

The 1980s to the present，Ancient DNA Studies under the leadership of different amplification and sequencing bet365 best casino games technology，After three technical changes。The emergence of molecular cloning technology has promoted the start of ancient DNA research，That is the first technical change。It will sequen the ancient DNA that will be extracted after the proliferation of the host fungus，However, due to the large amount of ancient DNA it required, there is very little DNA content in the human remains，As a result, it is difficult to succeed in this process。

1983，Plastic enzyme chain reaction (PCR) birth，It can achieve a large amount of extension of the target ancient DNA through a small amount of DNA template，so that the research of ancient DNA research quickly，Bring a second technical change。Research on this period began to solve the problem of controversy based on the mitochondrial gene or minority nuclear genes of ancient samples。

Under the leadership of the next -generation sequencing technology，With ancient DNA extraction、Progress of the construction and enrichment of the library，Ancient DNA Study began the third technical change，Since then entered the era of ancient genes。Ancient genome is applied in the field of archeology，Complete the genome sequencing by extracting DNA through the remains of the ancients，Use biological information technology to choose natural selection、Genetic drift change、Diversity of genotype and expression frequency in the process of mutation and gene flow、Change for analysis，Realized portrayal of events such as crowd migration integration。

Ancient DNA reveals the relationship between the extinction of ancient humans and modern people。1987，geneticists proposed "near Africa Late Africa"，The origin and evolution of modern people become the focus of attention，At present, there are two hypothetics: "near Africa near Africa" ​​and "multi -regional origin"。With the results of ancient DNA research, the results are continuously enriched，Related doctrine is also supplemented or corrected。Ancient genome provides direct evidence for the genetic mix of modern people and ancient human beings。

2010，Naandrt's whole genome draft release，It proves that it has generated genetic communication with modern people。The Danielsova genomic sketch released in the same year confirmed，Because the ancient human remains that cannot be made according to the form are a kind of ancient humans that have never been recognized。bet365 best casino games This is also the first ancient human humans confirmed by the ancient DNA。

With the continuous publication of high -quality genome information，Ancient DNA further provides more information about ancient human beings。Naandrte、Danielsova people are separated from modern people about 530,000 years ago，They also separated from each other about 400,000 years ago。Naandrte、Dennisova's genome data display，They had a genetic mixed with modern people many times before extinction，and this gene infiltration is two -way，The mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes of the Neanderthal are displayed in the replacement。People outside of modern Africa have a certain percentage of the Naandrt (1.8%-2.6%) and the Dennisova (0.2%-6%) genetic components，These ingredients come from three times the Naandrte and the genes of the Denisova at most four times to penetrate the genes of modern people。Modern people meet with Neanderthal also have related archaeological evidence support，The Moster Stone Cerebrates related to the Neanderthal found in Western Europe were then replaced by modern human stone artifacts。

The penetration of ancient human genes brings certain benefits to modern people，The genes that affect keratin synthesis among the modern people come from the Naandrte，It helps to adapt to the cold environment of Eurasia。Another example，A mutation of human hemoglobin production from the Dennisva people，Help people with high altitudes to adapt to the hypoxia environment。Another，Related genetic evidence also shows that there have also been mixed between the Nyandrt and the Denisova people。

Published by the extinct ancient human genome，Make the relationship between modern people and them clearer，Further shows that the origin and evolution of modern people is a complex process。To completely answer questions about the origin of modern people，More fossil materials and ancient DNA evidence will be needed in the future。

Ancient DNA technology reveals the history of modern human evolution。The publication of ancient human genome data starts from Europe，Subsequently from Asia、America、Oceania、Africa's data release。At present, more than 6,000 ancient genome data is published，Gradually constitute a human ancient DNA ground，Incorporate people of different time and space into a common framework，It provides an important reference for archeological research。

bet365 live casino games Ancient genomeology help outline the history of early modern people's genetic mixed history。The ancient human genome of 30,000 years ago has been published from Eurasia。In Russia、Romania and the Czech Republic three 40,000 years ago in ancient genome，Is by far the oldest modern person branch，But there is no genetic contribution to modern people。Other individuals have genetic contact with modern people。40,000 years ago, the pastoral and Mongolia 34,000 years ago Salkhit individual、Heilongjiang 33,000 years ago AR33K individual representative representative Asian genetic spectrum，and 36,000 years ago Kostenki and 14 individuals and 35,000 years ago, Belgium Goyetq116-1 individual representative representative European spectrum。about 31,000 years ago Yana individual and Mal ’Ta individual of 24,000 years ago represented the Northern Siberian genetic spectrum，They are closer to the European spectrum，and contribute to the formation of the Aboriginal people in the Americas。Pastoral people and AR33K individual、Goyetq116-1 individual sharing more equal genes，It can be seen that the end of the past ice -duration -related spectrum related spectrum has been widely distributed for a long time。

Since the last ice period，Most of the climate around the world is warm，Suitable for the survival activities of the crowd，In the period of the industry, the genomic group of the ancients reproduced the different interactive modes of people in various regions。Ancient genome shows that prehistoric European population has occurred multiple times。Modern European ancestral source consists of three main genetic spectrum systems: European hunting collection crowd、Early agricultural crowd and different proportion of Eurasian grassland people。Where，The migration of the Eurasian grassland crowd brings dramas，and the Indo -European language department may also be transmitted from it to Europe。Eurasian grassland people include Yamnaya、Afanasievo、Sintashta and Andronovo Crusades。The European population has been genetically mixed with the near -East agricultural population since 9000 years ago，It has been genetically influenced by these Eurasian grassland nomadic people。Eurasian Grassland Nomads Continue to East Expansion，Impact until Northwest China、Mongolian Plateau and other places。They also migrate to the west side bet365 Play online games of the Pamir plateau，Together with the earlier Iranian agricultural population, the ancestors of the people in the northern Pakistani population，Different from the indigenous people in the southern India。

Ancient DNA evidence revealed the process of integrating development with Asia and the Oceania crowd。After the last ice period，The genetic differences between the people of East Asia and North and South have formed，DevilScave、The northern component represented by the Mongolian Plateau New Stone Cross (Mongolia_n)，Fujian Qi and Dongren、Liangjima people and two southern components represented by Guangxi Longlin people。At least 8300 years ago，This genetic difference gradually decreases，also shows the characteristics of the two -way mixing of the crowd，Lile the basic pattern of the north -south crowd of China。In Oceania，Starting 3000-2500 years ago，The South Island -speaking crowd from the southeast of the Asian continent first arrived at the Maryana Islands and the Tanga of the Great Oceania、Vanuhu，Bring La Pitta Culture。About 2300 years ago，They met with the people of the indigenous Babu and generated a genetic hybrid，Continue to migrate later，Arrived in the Polynesia Islands，and finally arrive at New Zealand。Despite the genetic structure of the people of the Oceania, great changes have taken place，But the foreign Papua language did not replace the South Island language。

In Siberia，Uky individuals and Kolyma1 individuals 9800 years ago on behalf of the ancient Siberian，and KOLYMA1 is an individual who has a recent relationship with the ancestors of the American indigenous people.。Early and mid -to -mid -to -mid -term in the new world，New Siberians who expand north to replace the ancient north Siberian，New Seibicans mainly carry East Asian bloodline and different proportion of Western Eurasian grassland bloodlines。The co -ancestors of the people in the northern America and the southern America are mixed with the northern Siberians and East Asian people，Later via the Bailing Strait enters the Americas。An individual DNA display of about 12,600 years ago at the Anzick site in North America，The ancestors of the American crowd were differentiated near the southern region of the North American Bingjiao.，The latter quickly migrate south。About 5000 years ago，Gaining in most areas living in the North Pole of America，After being bet365 best casino games replaced by the new Eskimos about 800 years ago。

African modern people have the highest diversity，But limited to the preservation of ancient samples，It has less ancient DNA data，So the current research on the area is very limited，Research on its population structure and migration mode has just begun。Ancient genome display，Some early African populations have genetic connections with nearby people，Morocco individuals from 15,000 to 5000 years ago and East Africa 3000-1000 years ago、This kind of correlation is observed in individuals in South Africa。5000-1000 years ago，Multi -mixes between nomadic people south of Sahara, Africa，The population of East Africa today。This is one of the world's largest expansion incidents of agricultural crowds，and agriculture、Related ingredients in West Africa spread to most parts of Africa south of Sahara。

The ancient genome reveals the basic pattern of global human evolution，The interactive mode of crowds in different regions is different，mix inside the group，Or a number of crowd mixes and alternatives，Make complex evolution，Together with today's world crowd。

The future development trend of ancient genome studies。Current，Human evolution -based research based on the ancient base has achieved important progress。The moment when the development of ancient DNA technology is becoming mature now，Global specifications that need to be constructed by the use of remains，Discussion on its research ethics also expands accordingly。

2021，64 partners from 31 countries around the world discussed the ethical norms of human remains drafted on the nature，Five new rules of global applications are proposed，It aims to protect the relics of the ancients and carry out research more reasonably。In the future, we should pay more attention to research ethics，Scientific research on the basis of respecting the remains of the ancients。

Ancient DNA Technology is expected to solve more scientific problems，The relationship between the origin of the language system and agricultural communication，The cause of death of large -scale non -normal deaths in prehistoric people，Whether the changes observed in archeological culture are derived from pure cultural exchanges or both people mixed。Current，Professional ancient DNA laboratory is more and more，The number of professionals also increases，Related technological development Bet365 lotto review daily。In the future，Sampling should be formulated、Experimental related industry standards，Improve research science; and pay attention to optimizing the ancient DNA extraction、Building a library、Capture and other experimental technology levels，Improve experimental efficiency; strengthen the use of relevant biological information tools，Provides more powerful data analysis support for ancient DNA research; can expand the scope of research，For animals and plants、Ancient disease -ray bacteria and other development capture probes，Create a comparative database; it also needs to strengthen communication and cooperation with different disciplines，Linguistics、History、Physical Anthropology、Biological Information, etc.，Form research system，guided with big scientific problems，Explore the history of human development。

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(Author Unit: Xiamen University Social and Human Academy)